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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1. The thirty years of war against the Liberation of Tamil Tiger Eelam terrorism, affected many
aspects such as education, economy, health and social security of the life of people in the North and
East of Sri Lanka.

2. This conflict surfaces in different manners, one of them is military. It is well identified
through the conflicting interpretations were brought out by conflicting parties in the island.

3. After defeating the terrorism, there must be a post- conflict redevelopment together with
reconciliation programmes.

4. Sri Lanka's immediate goal after the conflict was the resettlement of displaced persons, as
well as economic development to provide livelihoods and new infrastructure development of the
Northern and Easternprovinces which were destroyed by the atrocities of the LTTE.

5. Sri Lanka is already adapting to the recommendations of the Lessons Learnt and
Reconciliation Commission (LLRC) and the government recently initiated to process to put the
commission's recommendations to work in "a meaningful way."

6. When it is considered about the challenges of post war, one of them is to strengthen sub-
national governance.A long-term approach to make Sri Lanka’s democracy more accountable and
responsive to people’s needs and concerns requires strengthening the capacity of local elected bodies
to plan, deliver better services, consult the public, and earn more revenue.

7. On the other hand, it is important to ensure that the human rights violations diminish rather
than grow in a post-war environment. This is sure to be characterized by the measures that the
government has taken to prevent continuous threats to public security, especially if the LTTE
regroups, which the government is determined to prevent.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

8. Sri Lankans suffered for thirty years because of the LTTE organization. The day today lives
of the Tamil community were getting messed up continuously during the same period.
Consequently, each and every villager had to send their family members to the LTTE organization.
In addition, if someone went against the LTTE he/she was killed in a brutal manner. At present, most
of the problems have been solved by the government with the help of the security forces. In addition,
with the help of the foreign aid, well-planned projects on health, politics, economy and education are
being launched to rehabilitate the people in the North and East.

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9. Introducing and implementing the development strategies to develop the Northern and
Eastern Provinces is one of the identified key challenges of the development agenda of Sri Lanka.
Therefore, requirements for standards and systematic plansand policies to develop the above
mentioned area is significant at present.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

10. The government is able to meet the challenges of the development in the economy,
infrastructure, education, security system, health and civil administration of the North and East.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

11. The main objective of this study is to identify and analyze the key challenges of post war
conflict and look forwaysto lead Sri Lanka’s North and East into a development process of
resettlement and rehabilitation.

12. The secondary objectives of this study are to:

(a) Identifythepost war conflict in Sri Lanka

(b) Identify the key challenges of the post war conflict
(c) Examine the past and present role of armed forces in the development process
(d) Understand the types of key challenges
(e) Identify the development strategies to develop the study area after the war
(f) Determine the methods of rehabilitating and resettlement process of
theCommunityofthe North and East

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

13. Even though the North and East development is studied from different perspectives,
documented scientific information on the key challenges for development is limited owing to
inadequacy of research publications. Moreover, previous attempts made so far have not scientifically
been established for the theoretical background of the topic. Since the authenticity of this
information is highly questionable, many problems had as to be overcome in attempting to collect
accurate data for this study.

14. There is a dearth of published materials for reference and the few available are not up to
acceptable academic standards was evident when collecting information. Majority of the plans and
regulations have been formulated and implemented without in-depth studies. Although
comprehensive data and statistics are available for the present investments of the study area, future
plans are highly questionable.

15. Further within limited time duration it was difficult to cover the whole spectrum of the
research topic.

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CHAPTER TWO

METHODOLOGY

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

16. Though Sri Lanka is a small island state it consists of a population belonging to multi ethnic,
multi-cultural and multi religious backgrounds. As a result of this multi ethnic and multinational
background there had been several conflicts among the people on temporary basis. The ever hugest
conflict was the war between LTTE and armed forces during the last three decades. Due to that
brutal conflict largenumbers of lives as well as the properties were lost. Since is no more war in our
country, all of us are being governed under one flag. Because of that this research is able to identify
the current situation in the Northern and Eastern development programmes and key challenges of
post war. Currently, the country is trying to overcome all challenges which caused by the war.

17. Furthermore, this research has analyzed the key challenges which were emerged as a result of
post war, and the ways and means to overcome those challenges successfully and the development
initiativestaken by the Sri Lankan Government to overcome the identified challenges have also been
identified.

18. Moreover, the responsibility of the Sri Lankan armed forces is also concerned through this
research. Mainly what were the challenges they faced soon after the war conflict and what are the
challenges they are facing now and the steps they took to overcome those challenges, will be
discussed in the research.

19. Not only the above,thisattempts to reveal the other important areas of this development
process by adopting to the views of the ex- LTTE cadres who fought during the last war, which will
be helpful to realize the actual situation in the North and East development programmes.

20. In addition to all above the views and ideas of the community of the study area has been
incorporated because it is more applicable for the community to participate in the development
process of the area. Finally few recommendations are drawn to the development arena of the North
and the East that will be helpful to overcome the challenges more effectively.

DATA COLLECTION

21. In order to achieve the main and other specific objectives of the study, both primary and
secondary sources and data collection methods were,

a) Primary sources. Information was collected by interviewing resource personnel

in the relevant directorates.
b) Secondary sources. Information was gathered from relevant books, journals, web
sites, treaties, conventions, symposiums as well as international and local enactments of
relevance.

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DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

22. In order to analyzethecollected data, both qualitative and quantitative analytical methods
were employed.

QUALITATIVE ANALYTICAL METHODS

23. Most of the information collected through the discussions and interviews cannot be
measured. Therefore the qualitative analytical methods, such as data presented by photographs,
summarizing and rearranging and presenting were used.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYTICAL METHODS

24. Quantitative analytical methods were employed for the analysis of measurable data collected
through the questionnaire survey and other secondary sources. Simple statistical methods such as
percentage were used for analysis of the data relating to development initiatives, investment and
other related data. In addition, the visual analytical methods such as charts, graphs and diagrams
were applied.

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CHAPTER THREE

DEVELOPMENT AND KEY CHALLENGES OF SECURITY

25. Sri Lanka armed forces able to defeat terrorist Organization LTTE. But they kept many
challenges to overcome to the armed forces. Such as, demining, rehabilitation of Ex-LTTE carders,
internal displaced people.

26. When we consider about the demining as a main challenge over 5000 km2 if not nearly 640
villages in both North and East Provisions have been laid suspected as infected with mines and other
explosive remnants of war.

27. As a solution for this key challenge the Government came up with Humanitarian demining
Programme. Through this they are hoping to make mine threat free Sri Lanka by the end of 2020.
There were several areas which were inflected to the mines, but these were the areas which were
heavily affected to the mines. Jaffa, Mannar, Kilinochchi, Vavunia, Mulathive.Through this
humanitarian Demining Programme we were able to demine 469 000 Anti-Personnel Mines, 1 399
Anti-Tank Mines, 400 000 Other Explosives Ordinance.

28. The status quo of this challenge is that 4,597 km2 already cleared and nearly 403 km2 have
to clear.While we were doing demining we had to face these kind of challenges, such as, lack of
specialist administration and technology, we had to large scale of area to clear, selection of the area.
For that, We got International support to the demining, as examples, The Danish demining Group,
The HALO trust, Mines advisory Group interconnect with our armed forces, And also the United
Nations Development Programme helped to assist the demining projects in Sri Lanka.

29. Not only that we got the specialist opinions to identifying the necessary areas. Furthermore,
we conducted mine awareness programmes to mitigate the harms to civilian who are living in the
mine affected areas. And also that Invaluable commitment of armed forces also helped lot for
overcome these challenges.

30. The next challenge is that, Ex-LTTE carders. In 2009 large number of LTTE carders came
along with civilians. More than 20,000 carders identified and they were reported rehabilitation
willingly.Not only that these included nearly thousand child soldiers. And for the rest of the Ex-
LTTE carders, we opened ‘Rehabilitation centres, Vocational Training Programmes, Counselling
Services.

31. When we consider about Vocational Training Programmes, the Government accompanied
with armed forces were opened training programmes such as computer education, mason, carpentry
and welding.Because of that they almost released nearly 17,000 Ex- LTTE carders after
rehabilitation. We interviewed most of them and now they are returning back to their normal life. It
means rehabilitation process is successful among them.

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32. The next challenge is that Internal Displaced People. Sri Lanka army rescued nearly 300,000
civilians and they were accommodated in rehabilitation camps.Asan example we can get Manikfarm
camp. But now this camp is not functioning. It was vacated.The successful efforts which were taken
by the Government with accompanied with armed forces. They we resettled step by step, because of
that more than 97% are now resettled.

33. Finally, the security forces are continuing the development process of the all the civilians in
North and East Provisions.

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CHAPTER FOUR

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT COVERS FEW IMPORTANT AREAS

a) Rehabilitaion& Reconstruction
b) Reintegration
c) Resettlement
d) Reconciliation

34. A crucial aspect in post-conflict scenarios is proper guidance and direction of social
development. After the total military defeat of LTTE in May 2009 that post-conflict rehabilitation
and reconstruction became a priority.

35. After the flushing out of the LTTE from the East, the government launched
‘NagenahiraNavodaya’. In the Wanni area, the Kilinochchi and Mullaitivu Districts were different as
they were under LTTE control. In June 2009, the Sri Lankan Government launched the ‘triple-
R’programnamed ‘UthuruWasanthaya’. It was meant to coordinate all the Government ministries
and agencies, international agencies, inter-governmental organizations and non-governmental
organizations.

REHABILITATION

a) Psychological exercises
b) Family concept
c) Vocational training
d) Education
e) Cultural and religious activities
f) sports

36. These are the practical examples which has been done by Sri Lankan government

DISABLE REHABILITATION
37. Disables are encouraged to take part in all sports and cultural activities. Mobile physiotherapy
clinics were developed within communities.

PSYCHOLOGICAL EXERCISES
38. The traumaand stress experienced by the target groups need to be addressed through
individual and group therapy programs.

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REHABILITATION OF TORTURE SURVIVORS

39. The Torture Survivors identified from the communities and within prisons and rehabilitated
through Psychological Disability Rehabilitation Programs.

REINTEGRATION
40. The challenges faced by Sri Lanka after defeating LTTE can be identified as possible future
threats from separatism challenges, post conflict resettlement, ethnic integration and regional
integration of the nation.Many efforts were taken to promote religious, spiritual and cultural
activities and places of workshops were established with special facilities being provided for all
clergy for a better reintegration.

41. For an example, vocational training centres were established in each welfare village to fully
benefit them from the dividence of peace.For a better reintegration of ex-combatants Sri Lanka
Army has followed effective way rather than directly releasing them into society,Segmentwise social
communities has been chosenand after counselling that particular community.The ex-combatants
successfully reintegrated in the same Northern Province.

42. Initially,there was a challenge to give job opportunities for the ex-LTTE combatants and
civilians who were affected for this conflict.Government had clear objective to groom them into the
country’s development drive.

43. The “job fair”for ex-combatants at Pompemadu Rehabilitation Center in Vavunia.They can
earn over 15,000 RS per month once completing their initial training period at company.Tri-Star
Apparels, Smart-Shirts Pvt Ltd, Lalan Rubber, Aqua Dynamics and many other companies were
presented at the "Job Fair”. Crab Flattering project was opened (24 Friday) in Jaffna-Kayts to create
job opportunities for reintegrated ex LTTE combatants and their relatives.

44. Doors now open for them to make their future success. Government has already taken
measures to give special loans with interest rates as low as 4% for them to start various forms of
self-employment.More than 7000 people applied for loans for various purposes.Formercadres,most
of them expressed their intention to start some sort of self-employment.

RESETTLEMENT

45. By the end of 2012,the government successfully resettled 237,672 peoples. A further 28,398
have chosen to like with host families in various parts of the country.The president appointed a
Presidential Task Force for reconstruction and resettlement in the North to expedite work in these
areas.Over past 3 years a great deal of work has been done to improve opportunities and access to
state services of all Sri Lankans irrespective of their ethnicity, religion, cast or place of origin.

46. Housing Scheme in the MaravanpuloVillage,InVanni Orphan houses were built to protect
Parentless, Single parented,orphaned or those who are in extremely difficult financial conditions. For
an example “The Blessed Virgin’s Children Home ”was bult at a cost of 5.9 million.By the
assistance from the federation of Malaysia Sri Lanka Organisation.That orphanage will house more
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than 50 girls age 6 to 20. The construction project was carried out with the 54 divisions.Specially the
25 SinhaRejement man power which enable the project to be complete in a short time at low cost.

RECONCILIATION

47. Reconciliation is a broader phenomenon that covers various aspects. The main element of
reconciliation is healing hearts and minds and restoring healthy social relations in the post-conflict
environment.Two years since the defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam (LTTE), Sri Lanka is

further from reconciliation than ever. To deflect criticism of its unlawful conduct in the final stages
of the war the government established a Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission (LLRC).
There is an important challenge we have clearly identified, that is to create the conditions needed to
pursue meaningful reconciliation among all ethnic communities.

RECONCILIATION HAS TWO MAIN SECTORS

a) Deal with Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism

48. Another crucial but complex issue that we faced how deal with Tamil nationalism in the post-
LTTE context. As a point of departure in the formulation of a proper response to Tamil nationalism is
coming to grips with the reality and accepting its existence and also its diversity.For an example a
former LTTE child soldier, SivnesathuraiChandrakanthan is the chief minister of Eastern province.
This participation in the political process demonstrates the robustness of Sri Lanka’s democracy.

b) Ethnic diversity in northern province

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49. The enumeration of Vital events-2011 concludes the total population of the Northern
Province to be 997,754. This table shows the distribution of population by Ethnicity and District in
2011. 56.9% or the highest percentageof the total Northern Province population lives in the Jaffna
district. And only 6.7% the least percentage lives in the Mullaithive district. All ethnic groups live in
5 districts with Sri Lankan Tamil being the majority. This chart illustrates the composition of people
in district by ethnic groups. Among the Sinhalese, majority 16,555lives in Vavuniyadistrict.Most of
the Muslim population16,130 lives in Mannar district.

DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY GENDER AND AGE GROUP IN

NORTHERN PROVINCE – 2011

50. Up to 19 years of age male population is greater than female but beyond that the male
population is less due to forceful recruitments of LTTE.This is a half sided population gender
pyramid of Northern Province.Its shape resembles typical population pyramid in a developing
country.Northern Province has a young population with the number of increasing towards lesser
ages.In every age group of population between 20 to 59 years of age male population is less than the
female population.

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CHAPTER FIVE

HEALTH SERVICE DEVELOPMENT

51. The government of Sri Lanka aims to introduce social infrastructures development
programmes of the Northern and Eastern Provinces to improve the local social infrastructures.
These projects cover five local authorities in the North (Jaffna, Mannar, Vavuniya, Killinochchi,
Mullaitivu) and three local authorities in the East (Batticaloa, Ampara,Trincomalee) providing
service for all ethnic group of the same. The ethnic composition of the population of the study area is
shown in the following figure.

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
Other
50% Muslim
Tamil
40%
Sinhalese
30%
20%
10%
0%
Mannar Vavuniya Trincomalee Batticaloa Ampara

Source: Department of Census and Statistic, (2011)

52. Those include few components like the development of the health sector, development of
education sector, reduction of poverty, facilities upliftment for refugees and other related social
infrastructure developments.

53. Health sector development is one of the main elements of social infrastructure development.
During the last thirty years a number of institutionsof health such as hospitals, dispensaries, rural
dispensaries, and family medical centers were destroyed or damaged. Sri Lankan Government has
taken responsibility to rebuild the health services of the affected areas in the post-war period. In that
regard, many developments initiatives have been made by the Sri Lankan armed forces by
conducting several medical campaigns such as eradication programmes for dengue, malaria.
Development activities have been initiated with the support of the Ministry of Health, Provincial
Council of the North and East and other agencies both government and semi government. As
example Mulathivu (118 million) and Kilinochchi (10 million) hospitals were upgraded with Amari
cares funds andat the same time Jaffna teaching hospital was upgraded with the aegis of JICA
organization. Reconstruction of outside patient division block at the base hospitals of Mankulam,

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Paravasakulam and Neriyakulam hospitals are worth to be mentioned. At the same time Mannar
hospital also was upgraded.

54. Several problems relating to the health sector have been identified. Some of them are the
increase in the virulent forms of malaria (more than 50% of the reported malaria cases from these
areas) declining of mother and child nutrition due to the food shortage, inefficient public health
services on mother and child health care, psychological traumas associated with the war, conflict,
violence, displacement, collapse of families and mental health problems.

HEALTH CHALLENGES

55. There are regional disparities in health indicators and they are compounded in the conflict
affected districts. Returned refugees are making a greater demand for health services, and this can
create new epidemiological challenges because of them being gathered in small enclosed areas,
leading to a higher probability of epidemics. Government has taken many steps to overcome these
issues related to the conflict affected areas.

WHY ARE THESE CHALLENGES?

MILITARIZATION

56. There is one member of the armed forces for approximately every ten civilians in the Jaffna
Peninsula. The heavy presence of the military continues to be the most serious concern in the North
and East. More than two years since the conclusion of the war, the government has still failed to
facilitate the proper transition of these areas from a situation of conflict to a ‘normal’ environment.
As evident in the following sections of the report, the high level of militarization in the North is
directly linked to most of the other problems prevalent in the area such as the breakdown in the
social fabric, land grabs and occupational problems relating to livelihoods of the people in the area
and illegal intrusion into the role of government including administration and dispute settlement.

DISPUTE SETTLEMENT

57. The military is involved in the settlement of disputes with respect to land in the Northern and
Eastern provinces. The Land Circular No. 2011/04 issued on 22nd July 2011 establishes certain
Committees of Inquiry responsible for resolving disputes regarding state land in the North and East.
The committees include in their membership the Area Civil Coordinating Officer and a
representative of the relevant Security Commander. Military personnel are also members of an
Observation Committee, which is established to assist the Committees of Inquiry.

LOSS OF LIVELIHOODS

58. Most of the northern and eastern provincial people were heavily affected by the 4th Ealm
war. Not only their houses and properties but all their belongings were destroyed by these rebellion
actions. Now, these people are returning to their homes and attempting to rebuild their lives after the
war and try to find themselves being prevented from pursuing their traditional means of livelihoods.

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Unemployment and resource allocation, restriction on Tamil fishing communities in Mullaithivu

area some arising matters.

NO BASIC FACILITIES

59. Communities that have been returned or resettled now find themselves without basic
facilities such as housing, sanitation, healthcare and education. Examples include Kokkilai in the
Mullaitivu District, and Krishnapuram and Vinayakapuram in the Killinochchi District. In the latter
two villages, as many as 170 out of 658 families still live in temporary shelters. The government has
also failed to provide food rations to a significant portion of families in need of assistance.
Conservative estimates reveal that at least 242 families are in need of assistance, as only 416 persons
are currently employed amongst 658 families.

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CHAPTER SIX

HOUSING AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

60. Geographic isolation and the concentration of low-income people in low-opportunity areas
have seriously affected the quality of life of the people in the Northern and Eastern
Provinces. Since, the conflict situation in the provinces have been caused to damage the
infrastructure of the area, new infrastructure development initiatives have been introduced. The
infrastructures are pre-requisite for any commercial, industrial, fisheries and agricultural
development.Under the housing and infrastructure initiatives attention has been given to develop
housing, transportation, irrigation water supply, sanitation, electricity, telecommunication,
postal service and urban development in two provinces. Figure 4.1 shows the funds allocation to
the infrastructure development of the Northern and Eastern Provinces.

Figure 4.1 - Fund allocation to the infrastructure development of the Northern and Eastern Provinces

700

600

500

400
R
s
. 300
B
i 200
l
l
i 100
o
n 0
s g rts n
ge in ity tio
n
io
n
io
id us tri
c
it a Po ca
t
ga
t
Br o ec n i
Irr
i
d H
El sa un
an d m
ds an c om
oa pl
y le
R
up Te
e rs
at
W

Source: Central Bank of Sri Lanka, (2011)

61. The North and East Housing Reconstruction Programme is one of the main initiatives
introduced by the government. It has estimated that 290,615 houses were damaged and destroyed
during the war. This project was initiated to rebuild 34,784 conflict damaged houses in the North and
East (North East Housing Reconstruction Programme, 2010).

62. However, the resettlement process has commenced in cleared areas of the provinces.
Since, the conflict situation has come to an end the resettlement process was accelerated and the
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resettled families were offered the most basic services during their resettlement process and these
families are awaiting a more decent and affordable shelter and restoration of social and
economic infrastructure facilities to create confidence in their mind to face problems ahead in order
to stand on their own. The extended family system prevails in the provinces results in the number
of shelters required for IDPs being less than the number of families returned for resettlement.

63. The rehabilitation of the social infrastructures like schools and hospitals and economic
infrastructure like roads, ports, electricity, telecommunication, post offices, water supply and
sanitation were found to be the real need to revive their livelihood activities to earn a living.

64. Transport is the essence of development activities and travelling and transport are directly
linked to the quality of living of the rural population. A good road network in the provinces
promotes marketing of products and people are likely to get a reasonable price for their products.
The existing roads were constructed about 60 years ago and their alignment and geometry are not
suited for the present volume and weight of the vehicles that presently ply on these roads. Different
agencies like Road Development Authority, Provincial Councils and Local Authorities are
implementing various projects for the road network development.

65. Construction of highways, expressways, bridges, and rehabilitation of existing roads with a
special focus on roads and construction of rural roads under the “MagaNeguma” programme
continued in 2010. Moreover, the road passenger transportation, rail and bus transportation, port
services and air transportation also recorded an impressive performance, reflecting a recovery in the
economic activities.In addition to the above “Randora” infrastructure development programme, the
“North and East Conflict Affected Area Rehabilitation Project” were launched. Further, the
“National Road Master Plan” programme focuses on the construction of expressways and highways,
widening of highways, reduction of traffic congestion, road maintenance and reconstruction of
bridges in the North and East. Eighty three km of national highways were completed under this
project by the end of 2010. Further, 170 km of national roads in the North Central and Northern
Provinces, and 140 km of provincial roads in the Northern Province will be rehabilitated under the
“North Road Connectivity Project. Rehabilitation of the “Kandy-Jaffna (A9) Road Project” and the
“Rehabilitation of Northern Roads Project” have been launched (Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 2010).

66. Transport is not confined to road transport only. The other modes of transport available in Sri
Lanka are the railways, sea transport and air transport. Railway is one of the other land transport
systems and it is considered as the mass transport system. But the Eastern and Northern Railways are
not popular with the people as they have failed to provide faster trains on the track. Speed
restrictions are imposed in these railways due to weak track on wooden sleepers and outdated signal
systems. Poor station facilities and lack of linking services (buses with trains) discourage people to
for railway transport. Since, special attention has been given to develop the railway transportation
too.

67. Several measures have been taken to increase the length of railways and total railway
services. Sri Lanka Railways has initiated the extension programmes for railways and train services
like ‘Yal Devi’ and ‘RajarataRajina’ up to the Thandikulam. At present,the highway is being
extended to Hambanthota and Arugambay while the Northern highway too is falling in to place

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while the rail way track too is being redeveloped. They supported the government’s ongoing
reconstruction process of the northern –bound railway and responded positively to the
challenge .The Nochimotte bridge was the second largest bridge between Thandikulam to
Kankasanthurai along the Northern rail way line which has been completed at the same time
Medewachchiya rail way line is in rapid progress and is due to be opened by late 2013 (Ravindra,
2011). Further, the service on the eastern railway sector has been improved by introducing two rail-
bus services between Gal Oya and Trincomalee and Gal Oya and Batticaloa, in the eastern province
under the NegenahiraNavodaya.

68. When civil aviation sector of the country is concerned, many domestic airports such as
Palaly, Vavuniya and Iranamadu were destroyed by LTTE. At present Iranamadu and other runways
have been upgraded and developed up to a satisfactory condition with the support and guidance of
the Sri Lanka Air Force.

69. Sea transport has a great potentiality in the provinces. The development of the second
largest natural harbor in Trincomalee, as a commercial port, can generate many employment
opportunities for the people of the Eastern Province and a passenger liner (luxury) from
Trincomalee Port can attract more tourists to the Province. The tourist arrival in the Eastern Province
shall be given a boost once the air transport is rehabilitated with the three domestic airports at
Trincomalee, Batticaloa and Ampara being brought into operational status, which can commence
early.

70. One of the main aims of ”NagenahiraNavodaya” programme is the hope for develop went of
the Oluvilharbour. It provides a more convenient and cost effective access to the North Eastern
region, and also it will form the South Eastern link in the development of the coastal harbours of the
country. The government initiated a mega development project to provide and rehabilitate the
electricity in the Northern and Eastern Provinces parallel to the resettlement and other development
projects. Further it has been target to enhance the quality of the life of rural population a lot
with the power connections.

71. Two provinces are far behind the national average level in for household power connections.
The excess transmission losses and limited generation of power are reasons for failure to provide
uninterrupted reliable and efficient electricity supply. The proposed coal power plant in Trincomalee
(500MW) may be commissioned on 2013. The availability of the alternative sources are the
renewable energy sources such as Solar, Wind, Bio mass which are to be exploited to generate
power. The Eastern Province has a very favorable wind potential and good climate to grow fuel
wood like Glirecidia for Dentro power plant.

DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION SCHEMES

72. Number of new irrigation schemes commenced in Ampara, Batticaloa and Trincomalee
districts the Eastern Province by investing a total cost of Rs.1, 190 million under the Eastern Revival
Programme. The target is to cultivate a total number of 14,457 ha and provide benefits to a total of
14,300 families. Further, under the “UthuruWasanthaya” Programme, several irrigation schemes

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commenced in the Vavuniya and Mannar districts in the Northern Province estimating a cost of Rs.
947 million. Total land extent of 14,270 ha will be cultivated under these irrigation schemes.

73. Under the development target of existing and damaged irrigation schemes, MavilAru, Radial
Gates, Verugal Bund and Left & Right Bank Bunds and Rugam Tank in Batticaloa district have
beenrehabilitated. Further with the aegis of the World Bank, with an estimated cost of Rs.340
million several tanks and irrigation cannels have been rehabilitated and developed. As examples;
Morawewa Cannel was rehabilitated at a cost of Rs.171.0 million, and the Puluganawa Tank was
rehabilitated ata cost of Rs.291 million.Further China CAMC Engineering Corporation has signed a
contract with Sri Lanka's Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources Management in Colombo to
build the Yan Oya water reservoir, one of the new water resources development projects undertaken
in Sri Lanka to boost the irrigational capability. The project would be a scheme similar to
Moragahakanda project, capable of solving water problems for areas including Kebithigollewa,
Padaviya, Welioya, and Medawachchiya. The project is expected to be completed in four years.

74. The Ministry expects to directly employ a skilled and unskilled labor force of 5,200 while
another 2,000 will find employment opportunities in support services during the construction
period.The project includes two main irrigation channels along the banks of Yan Oya and an Anicut
dam to release surplus water to the nearly 20 kilometers long channels. Once completed the Anicut
scheme would be able to feed more than 50 medium and micro scale tanks feeding 6,000 acres.
Additionally, the project is expected to provide potable water for people in the North and East
(Nizam, 2011).

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CHAPTER SEVEN

THE ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHERN AND EASTERN AREAS

WHAT IS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT?

75. Commonly people consider the definition of economic development to be vaguely related to
business attraction, industrial growth, home building, or some type of construction within your
nation, metropolitan area, or small town. To be precise, the definition of economic development
should be a net gain of money flow, called an "economic base", into the community. The economic
base derives from the production of goods and services in excess of local consumption needs for
that product, service, or activity.

THE SECTORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHERN AND

EASTERN AREAS

a) The economy can be divided into three main sectors. It can be categorized under the
following disciplines, they are
b) Agriculture
c) Industrial
d) Services

THECHALLENGES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NORTH AND EAST AREAS

76. The challenges under post war development can be categorized under previous three topics,
they are

a) Poverty reduction
b) Employment and skills development
c) Agricultural development
d) Expansion of tourism
e) Industrial development
f) Environment- and natural resource-based challenges

77. The economy grew by 8.3 per cent in 2011, the highest in Sri Lanka’s post-independence
history, sustaining a growth momentum of over 8 per cent for the first time in two consecutive
years.Over the past thirty years the development structure of the provinces suffered from extensive
damage which was compounded with Tsunami impact.Following graph shows the analysis of GDP
growth rate of year 2004 to 2011.

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ANALISIS OF GDP GROWTH RATE IN NORTH AND EAST AREAS FROM 2004
TO 2011

35.0

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0 EASTERN PROV-

INCE
10.0
Column2
5.0

0.0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
-5.0

-10.0

POVERTY REDUCTION

78. One of the most important challenges has been targeted as the social protection in the form of
meeting short term food, water, health and sanitation needs.IDPs cash and transfer programs have
been significant.Employment opportunities have been severely hampered as a result of the
conflict.The labor force participation rate for the Eastern and Province (41.3%) is significantly
lower than that of the rest of the country (49.5%).The unemployment rate among women and
educated individuals in the Eastern and Northern Provinces are much higher than in the rest of the
country, suggesting a lack of work opportunities in the region.

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ANALISIS OF PER CAPITA INCOME RATIO OF NORTH AND EAST

PROVINCES

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4 EASTERN PROVINCE

NORTHERN PROVINCE
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

EMPLOYMENT AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT

79. By developing employment and skills not only the inhabitants but the IDP’s and rehabilitated
ex LTTE cadres can get the various types of job opportunities from the rising job market. Up to now,
among them 2500 employees were recruited after the training and they will be joined to the Sri
Lankan labour force

AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT

80. According to statistics released by the Finance Ministry of Sri Lanka, contributions from
North and East provinces helped Sri Lanka's agricultural sector grow by 11.9% in 2011, up from
11.2% growth the year before.Since the end of the war, farmers have put 104,717 more hectares of
land into paddy and vegetable cultivation.Main objectives of these projects are productivity and
development.As the major income source in North and East areas, agriculture is very important.So
the government has given more attention to the agricultural development and has spent 33,050
million rupees on agriculture development.Considerable percentage of food production rice,
vegetable and paddy were grown in 300,000 hectares, of which over 100,000 hectares under paddy
cultivation.With the conflict the economic system collapsed.

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THE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT CAN BE DIVIDED UNDER THESE

COMPONENTS

a) Livestock sector development.

b) Fisheries and aquatic development.

LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT

81. North and east are one of the major milk producing areas. 15 of total milk production are
done in these areas.The development in livestock can be done by Importing high yielding cattle and
goats, improving artificial insemination services.The overall development goal is to strengthen the
provincial economy by increasing production and productivity in the livestock sector by accelerating
its annual rate of growth by 5.0 to 10.0 percent during 2012 - 2016 periods (Eastern Development
Plan, 2012-2016).The Government through the 'DiviNeguma' program e of the Economic
Development Ministry has allocated Rs. 1,117 million to promote livestock and fisheries sectors of
the country, according to the Rural Economic Development Division of the Ministry.

FISHERIES AND AQUATIC DEVELOPMENT

82. Before the war 43% of fish production in Sri Lanka was done by Northern and Eastern
provinces and it was decreased to 8% percent due to the conflict.In past two years the contribution to
the fish industry, by Northern and Eastern provinces increased by 6%.The government has allocated
Rs. 300 million for the development projects of the inland water fishing and the aquaculture industry
in the Northern and Eastern Provinces.Some of the projects are undergoing in these areas to enhance
the fish industry and fish industry based employment.NAQDA has taken measures to establish a fish
breeding center in a 30-acre land.

83. Released over 150,000 fingerlings to the Udayarkadduwa reservoir in the Puthukudirippu
area, spending Rs.2.2 million.The ministry had released 3.5 million fish fingerlings to the North and
East reservoirs in 2010 with NAQDA support.The two provinces provide 13 percent of the fish
harvest out of the total national production. All measures are in place to increase this to 23 percent at
the end of this year. The target is to double this amount by 2013.The government has started Cod
bay fisheries Harbor project in China bay, mangroves are being re-grown in to enhance prawn, crab
and lobster stock.Also opened Trincomalee central fish market complex spending RS.101 million
with all the infrastructure facilities, under international fund for agriculture development.

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CHAPTER EIGHT

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

84. It is very essential to talk about industrial development. Because it covers a significant area
of the overall development process. When we talk about industrial development, it consist of;
agriculture related enterprises’ and service industry development and agriculture related enterprises’
support activities are based on production enterprise development and it supports the major export
market.

85. So the government and private sector together have launched various projects to reestablish
the trade and services in the North and East provinces. Under those projects, following factories
were established Elephant-pass Salt Company, Paranthan Chemical Factory, Nawakkadul Prawn
Product Factory, Kareinagar fishing Equipment Company, and Tri Star Apparel Company.

86. The Tri Star Apparel Group has employed 200 former LTTE carders in its garment factory,
in Trincomalee. Also it has opened a training institute in the Poonthottam rehabilitation camp, to
train these women involved in the garment industry.

87. Also government has started power plant projects in the North and East provinces. Such as,
the Trincomalee coal power plant project and the Chunnakkum oil power plant project. The
Trincomalee coal power plant project is a joint venture between Sri Lanka and India, estimated to
cost 500 million USA dollars which will generate 500Mws. And the CEB (Ceylon Electricity Board)
has begun construction of Chunnakkum oil power plant project which is 30.5 million USA dollars.

88. When we talk about the service industry development, “Tourism Development” is very
important. So the government has provided 125.4 million USA dollars for small and medium scale
enterprise development in these provinces. So in developing tourism, we have to pay much attention
about challenges in the tourism industry, some of these challenges are developing the poor quality of
transport links to the North and East provinces, tourism products must be carefully designed without
harming the society and facilities, in war affected areas, other than that, the government has opened
a new tourist resort in Pasikuda named “MaaluMaalu”, there are 40 luxury chalets and 3.5 million
USA dollars have been spent for construction purposes. Not only that, there are 13 hotels being
constructed in Pasikuda Tourist zone. The total budget allocated for these projects are 5483 million
USA dollars. Also a conceptual zoning plan for tourism industry is being started in Trincomalee
district. Further Trincomalee e-golf sport club also will be a massive project to earn foreign
exchange. Those are the targets which we hope on achieving after the war.

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CHAPTER NINE

EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
89. “EDUCATION” is the most important factor which influence to the standard of any society.
At the same time education in the Northeast has been severely affected by the war. Then the
consequences were in many ways such as loss of attendance & reduction in quality of education.
Therefore education for reconciliationmustbe rooted in fundamental values such as respect and
equality, be concerned with issues of pluralism, and address specific issues of culture, identity, class
and gender.So that to avoid this situation, a huge development process was needed. But it was not a
that much easy task because of some challenges. Actually mainly those challenges can be identified
as follows.

90. First one is most of the students of the conflict-affected areas was disrupted due to
displacement, loss of family members, psychological impact, loss of school materials, and the
destruction of school buildings and infrastructure. Secondly There are several issues which need to
be considered in providing basic educational services

a) reintegrating to school curriculum

b) dealing with ex-child-combatants
c) providing educational infrastructure such as essential materials
furniture, teaching and learning aids
d) ensuring adequate human resources
e) psycho social support

91. The Education Ministry says that 75,000 students enrolled in primary school in the war zones
January in 2010 , compared to 40,000 to 50,000 who enrolled each year during the war. Also they
say that US $ 40 million is an initial estimate of the rebuilding educational infrastructure in the
Northeast.

92. On the other hand the huge development process is going on in this way. It can be considered
categorically

a) Re opening effected constructions

b) Opening new constructions
c) Educational programmes
d) Donations by various parties
e) By new appointments

RE OPENING EFFECTED CONSTRUCTIONS

93. Eleven schools and 2 pre schoolsAtmadhu, three schools in Vadamaradchi, a Zonal
Education Office at Thunukkai, 27 schools in kilinochchi have been reopened. Also 1000 schools
development project, 79 schools were undertaken by India for repairing. At the same time under the

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MahindhaChinthana work plan there is a programme to develop 5000 primary schools and 1000
secondary schools.

CONSTRUCTING NEW BUILDINGS

94. A Faculty of Engineering was established in Kilinochchi next to the Faculty of Agriculture.
Jaffna to got four more Schools under "ISURU" school project. Under the
VadakkinVasanthamprogramme schools were opened for IDP students. A Zonal Education Office
and a Computer-Assisted Language Center at Nallur, New Library Building at Nunavil,
Oddusuddan Public Library, VavuniyaMaravankulam Library, MullaitivuNenasala Center were
opened. Also Kilinochchi got an Education Resource Center. New Building Complex for
Vadamaradchi Education Zone was opened.

ORGANIZING EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES

95. Psychosocial programmes for the teachers and principals to handle the children at IDP
villages, awareness programmes on mine risk education , "TarunyataHetak", “SisuDiriya” skill
development, leadership Skills Development Programmes and also national Programme of School
Nutrition,coaching camps for teachers and students were conducted. The most project was “TSEP”
(Transforming School Education as a foundation knowledge hub Project). Also the Latest
Discussion on Education Development was on 22 August 2012

DONATIONS BY VARIOUS PARTIES

96. Sports materials were distributed to Youths in IDP Villages. 41 computer laboratories have
been set up underMahindaChintanaya. 650 Bicycles were given free for Advanced Level students.
Also a remarkable thing was Uva province helped Northern Schools. At the same time 1070
computers and 67 electronic pianos were given to the schools in northern and eastern areas. A
volume of books was donated to Jaffna Librar

NEW APPOINTMENTS IN EDUCATIONAL SECTOR

97. appointment to Voluntary Teachers as Teacher Assistants, appointment of Casual teachers
and new teachers were appointed on contract basis to the schools in northern and eastern provinces

98. Finally the progress can be seen through the resultsas follows. Getting scholarships under the
Presidential Fund. Two students were selected to tour to France. Twenty GCE(A/L) students were
selected to go on an education tour to India. 3 Students were excelled in Grade 5 Scholarship exams
in 2011. Jaffna a Hindu student won the bronze medal in Junior Science Olympiad in South Africa.
Finally Kilinochchi and Jaffna University Students got Mahapola scholarship.

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CHAPTER TEN

RECOMMENDATIONS
a) The development projects of north and east areas should be consulted by the representatives
who familiar with the all communities.

b) Expansion of demining capacity of army for a speedy resettlement of IDP.

c) Even after the resettlement, the government should has the responsibility to uplift the living
standard of IDP and inhabitants of north and east areas.

d) The government should ensure that the north and east areas should not be demilitarized.
Because there can be internal as well as external threats such as diasporas. So, “show off
forces” can be remaining there. Not only that, “military cantonments” also suitable concept
for that.

e) Development of an effective intelligence network at grass root level to avoid internal and
external threats.

f) There should be proper administrative structure which closes to the people of north and east
areas. Implementation of 13th amendment within boundaries is necessary for that.

g) The government should ensure the rights of the communities of those areas. Such as right to
speech, expression and assembly.

h) There should be private sector involvement to the health care. Semi government hospitals are
examples for that.

i) Maintaining good diplomatic relationships will help to avoid the alien interferences. Because
there are threats like regrouping etc.

j) Necessary steps have to be taken to mitigate or eradicate the international influences which
effect to the territorial integrity. Such as LLRC report.

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CHAPTER ELEVEN

CONCLUSION

99. The post war conflict emphasizes the issues which emerge after the completion of the Tamil
Elam war.

100. Post war conflict affected the utmost important areas of Sri Lanka. This was identified as a
conflict which highly damaged the national interest of Sri Lanka. The Elam lasted for nearly 30
years and the impact of it paved the way for a new Sri Lanka.

101. After the war, mostly the Northern and Eastern parts of Sri Lanka remained scattered. This
has become a major reason for the development of each and every aspect inside the country. The
economic development contribution which was made by these areas was considerable.

102. In the present context of the country, Sri Lanka is in the process of recovery after the pathetic
chaos caused by the civil war. The whole country should be readabilities by a chain of development
processes which should be in an exceptional manner.

103. Before the conclusion of the war, armed forces and the government played separate roles for
the betterment of the country. Humanitarian operations were carried out to release the country from
the Tamil Liberation Tigers and to rescue the innocent people.

104. After the war, it is the responsibility of the government & the tri forces to face the post
conflict challenges and pave the way for the development in the Northern and the Eastern areas and
to rebuild and rehabilitate Sri Lanka,to uplift its efforts in the development ladder.

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REFERENCES

Central Bank of Sri Lanka, (2010) Annual Statistical Report, Colombo, Sri Lanka.

MahindaChinthanaya, (2010) Presidential Secretariat, Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Naalir, M. (2012) Trincomalee; Now a Bustling City: Road Development Work Expedited Under
MagaNeguma, Sunday Observer, Associated News Papers Limited, Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Silva, K.T. and Herath, D. (2010) “Post-War Reconstruction of Sri Lanka”, International Centre for
Ethnic Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka.

Sri Lanka Ports Authority, (2010) Port at Trincomalee,Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Tennakoon, S. (2010) “The End of War in Sri Lanka”, Sunday Observer, Associated News Papers
Limited, Colombo, Sri Lanka.

WEBSITES

www.cbsl.gov.lk (11th October 2012)

www.go.worldbank.org (16th may 2012)
www.sangam.org (21stOctober 2011)
www.resettlementmin.gov.lk(15th May 2012)
www.dbsjyyaraj.com (23rd October 2011)

ABBREVIATIONS
1. LLRC - Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission
2. NHRAP - National Home Retention Advocacy Programme
3. WHO - World health organization
4. CBSL – Central bank of Sri Lanka
5. WTO – World trade organization
6. NAQAD-National Aquaculture Development authority of Sri Lanka
7. SLTDA-Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority

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