DEFINITION OF

TERMS

By MSc. Iver Ajata 1

DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

A raised portion of
a surface caused
by separation of the
Blister outer layers of the
parent material or
of a coating applied
to it.

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DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

A raised portion of
a surface caused
by separation of the
Blister outer layers of the
parent material or
of a coating applied
to it.

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DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

A change in the
elasticity or
resilience of the
parent material
Brittle usually caused by
aging, extreme
cold, chemical
action, or cold-
working.

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DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

A rapid,
destructive,
oxidizing action,
usually caused by
higher
temperatures than
Burn
the parent material
can withstand.
Change in color
appearance often
indicates this
condition.

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DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

A large-scale deformation
of the original contour
of a part, usually caused
by pressure or impact
from a foreign object,
Buckle
structural stresses,
excessive localized
heating, high-pressure
differentials, or any
combinations of these.

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 DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

Smoothing of a metal
surface by mechanical
action, but without a loss of
material. Generally found
Burnishing
on plain bearing surface.
Surface discoloration is
sometimes visible around
the outer edges.

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DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

A mass of small
pits which
Corrosion cumulatively
create a large,
shallow cavity.

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DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

A parting or
Crack discontinuity in the
parent material.

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DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

Gradual continuous
distortion or plastic
Creep
flow under constant
stress.

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 DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

Any alteration or
change of shape,
dimension or
Deformation
configuration
resulting from
stress or damage.

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DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

A completely
smooth surface
depression caused
by pressure or
impact from a
Dent
smooth, rounded
foreign object. The
parent material is
displaced, but
none is separated.

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DEFECTS

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DEFECTS

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DEFECTS

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 DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

Gradual wearing away

of a surface caused by
a fluid (gas or liquid)
flowing over the
surface. Wear is
Erosion generally caused by
fine particles of foreign
material entrained in
hot engine gases
flowing at a high
velocity.

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DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

Any twisting,
bending or
permanent strain
Distortion
that results in
misalignment or
change of shape.

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DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

Wearing away by
low-amplitude
rubbing against
another metal
Fretting
(generally
associated with
press fit or close
fitting parts).

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DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

A wide, rough
scratch or group of
scratches, usually
with one or more
sharply incised
Gouge corners, and
frequently
accompanied by
deformation or
removal of parent
material.

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 DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

A surface impression
with sharp corners or
bottom, usually
caused by pressure or
Nick impact from a sharp-
edged object. The
parent material is
displaced, but usually
none is separated.

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 DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

Snapping or
popping
displacement of
sheet metal when
Oil-canning restrained at its
edges like a
diaphragm, wall,
or bottom of an oil
can.

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DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

A long, narrow,
sharp-cornered
impression caused
by the movement
Scratch
of a sharp object
across the surface
of the parent
material.

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DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

A scratch or
scratches of large
depth (with some
removal of the
Scored material) made
with a sharp object
during the
operation of the
part.

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DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

Is angular change
from the initial
Bent shape or contour
usually the cause
is a lateral force.

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DEFECTS

DEFINITION
TERM
ASSOCIATED

Is damage caused
Battered to a part when it is
constantly hit.

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TIRE WEAR AND DETERIORATION

NORMAL

EXCESSIVE

OVERINFLATION

UNDERINFLATION

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TIRE WEAR AND DETERIORATION

SKID (FLAT SPOTS)

Flat spot are caused by locking

of the wheel during braking,
hard touch down or sudden
steering maneuvers (for the
NLG tires).

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 TIRE WEAR AND DETERIORATION

THROWN TREAD - PEELED RIB

A peeled rib usually starts with a

cut in the tread and causes a
circumferential delamination of the
tread rib away from the tire carcass.

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 TIRE WEAR AND DETERIORATION

TREAD RUBBER REVERSION

Tread rubber reversion is usually

caused by wheel locking on wet or
icy runways.
It is an oval-shaped area in the tread
(same as a flat spot) where rubber
shows signs of burns (usually
caused by hydroplaning on wet or
icy runways).

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 TIRE WEAR AND DETERIORATION

CHEVRON CUTTING

Chevron cutting is a tread

damage (large number of small
Z-,S- or V-shaped cracks) usually
in a tire-footprint area.
Chevron cutting is usually
caused by running and/or
braking on cross-grooved
runways.

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 TIRE WEAR AND DETERIORATION

GROOVE CRACKING

Groove cracking can occur after environmental

aggression of the rubber (ozone attack for
example) or too much mechanical loading of
the tire. These cracks occur at the bottom of the
tread groove.

RIB UNDERCUTTING

Rib undercutting is an extension of groove

cracking caused by mechanical loading that
continues below a tread rib. It can caused tread
chunking, peeled rib or thrown tread.
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 TIRE WEAR AND DETERIORATION

BLISTER OR BULGE

They usually are a sign of

separation of components.

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 TIRE WEAR AND DETERIORATION

OPEN TREAD SPLICE

An open tread splice is a

crack in the rubber where
there is separation of joint
or splice.

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 TIRE WEAR AND DETERIORATION

TREAD CHUNKING AND

CHIPPING

This is a condition that you can

see at the edge of the tread rib
where small quantities of rubber
start to separate from the tread
surface. Tread chunking can be
caused by high lateral loading
of the tire sometimes caused by
tight turning.

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