APRON INSPECTION

As PER ASTM D5340-03

E & M Team, Airside

9/14/21 Maintenance, AIRFIELD-CIVIL
DEFECTS IN RIGID PAVEMENT

 Defects in rigid pavement

1. Cracking – Shrinkage, Linear and D Cracking.
2. Joint deficiencies – Joint spalling, joint seal damage.
3. Surface defects – Pop outs, Scaling, crazing etc.
4. Miscellaneous defects – blow-ups, faulting of transverse joints and cracks, lane to
shoulder drop-offs, lane to shoulder separation, patch deterioration, water bleeding,
ponding and pumping.

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Joint spalling

Causes:
Bond failure in two-course construction
due to Differences in shrinkage between
topping and base courses, drying of the
bonding grout before the topping
concrete is placed etc., loss of material
around cracks and joints.

Remedies:
1. Clean Spalled Concrete Area
2. Remove Loose Concrete
3. Apply Suitable Repair Material
Mixture
4. Carryout finishing and curing.

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SEVERITY

 LOW
a) Crack filler is in satisfactory condition and prevents entry of water into the crack.
b) Joint sealant is pliable, firmly against the joint wall and not extruded.
c) Minor edge spalling are those, that are typically less than 150mm.
 MEDIUM
a) Secondary crack of any length but meets the primary crack at ends.
b) Loose pieces must be smaller than 75 mm.
c) Missing pieces wider than 75mm must affect less than 10% of the crack.
 HIGH
a) High FOD potential.

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Blowup

Causes:
Concrete pavement blowups are caused by
axial compression forces induced into the
pavement by a rise in temperature and
moisture. These are to be repaired
immediately because severe damage potential
to the aircraft.

Remedy:
1. Remove the damaged material
2. Clean the area to be patched.
3. Apply a bonding agent.
4. Place, finish and cure the PQC

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SEVERITY

 LOW
a) Buckling and shattering has not rendered the pavement inoperable, only slight
amount of roughness exists.
 MEDIUM
a) Buckling and shattering has not rendered the pavement inoperable, only significant
amount of roughness exists.
 HIGH
a) Buckling and shattering has rendered the pavement inoperable.

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Longitudinal, Transverse and Diagonal crack

Causes:
Caused by soil settlement or heaving
typically exhibit vertical displacement of
the concrete; concrete on one side of
the crack will be higher than concrete
on the other side. These divide the slab
into two or three pieces.

Remedy:
The cracks should be cleaned properly
and suitable concrete adhesive to be
injected with the help of nozzles.

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SEVERITY

 LOW
a) A filled crack can be of any length but sealant should be in good condition.
b) If non-filled, it has a mean width less than 3mm.
c) Slab is divided into two or three pieces by low severity cracks.
 MEDIUM
a) Filled or Non-filled crack moderately spalled.
b) Non filled crack has a mean width of 3 to 25mm.
c) In a filled crack, sealant is in unsatisfactory condition.
d) The slab is divided into two or three pieces by two or more cracks of low severity.
 HIGH
a) Severely spalled along crack with FOD potential.
b) The slab is divided into two or three pieces by two or more cracks of high severity
and tire damage potential

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D Cracking- Durability cracks

Causes:
Water naturally accumulates at the
base and sub-base layers under
concrete.  When this water suffers
from freeze-thaw cycles it wears on the
durability of the concrete and begins to
crack in the aggregate at the base of
the concrete working its way to the
surface.  Since the cracking begins
beneath the surface it is hard to detect
D-Cracking before it becomes visible on
the surface of the pavement. 
Remedies:
Properly clean and remove the debris.
Mix the Epoxy Sealer.
Spread Sealer Along the Crack.
Inject the Epoxy into the Crack.
Seal Up the Injection Ports.
Cut Away the Injection Ports.

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SEVERITY

 LOW
a) Hairline cracks occurring in a limited area of the slab.
b) Little or no disintegration has occurred.
c) No FOD potential.
 MEDIUM
a) “D” crack has developed over a considerable amount of slab area with little dis-
integration or low FOD potential.
b) “D” cracking has occurred in two or more places in a slab and some pieces are
missing.
c) Small FOD potential.
 HIGH
a) “D” crack has developed over a considerable amount of slab area.
b) High FOD potential.

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Joint seal damage

Causes can be:

• Aging. ...
• Incorrect Sealant for Application. ...
• Inadequate Surface Preparation. ...
• Excessive Joint Movement. ...
• Early Joint Movement During Sealant
Cure Cycle. ...
• Improper Sealant Application. ...
• Incompatibility.

Remedies:
• Clean dirt and debris from the area.
• Dig out and remove all the old
material that's in the joints with a
putty knife.
• With a wet-dry vacuum, clean out the
joints between the slabs very well.
• Apply a bonding adhesive into the
joints with a brush.
• Insert foam backer rod.
• Cover and seal the joint.
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SEVERITY

 LOW
a) Joint sealant is in good condition with only a few joints has debonded.
b) This condition exists if a knife blade can be inserted between sealant and joint face
without resistance.
 MEDIUM
a) Joint sealant is in place but water access is possible through visible openings.
b) Pumping of debris are evident at the joint.
c) Vegetation growth is seen but does not obscure the joint opening.
d) Sealant is oxidized and lifeless and becomes rope like.
 HIGH
a) Sealant is in poor condition over the entire surveyed sample and needs immediate
replacement.
b) 10% or more sealant is missing or exceeds limiting criteria mentioned above.

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Pop out

Causes:
Pop-outs are usually caused by the expansion of
porous aggregate particles having a high rate of
absorption. As the offending aggregate absorbs
moisture or freezes under moist conditions, its
swelling creates internal pressures sufficient to
scale the concrete surface.

Remedy:
For medium and large pop-outs, use a hammer
and chisel, small chipping hammer, or core drill
to remove all remnants of deleterious
substances and unsound concrete. Create a hole
with square edges (perpendicular to the
surface) and a minimum depth of ½ inch. Apply
suitable sealant material.

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SEVERITY

No degrees of severity are defined. It is sufficient to indicate that pop-outs exists.

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Crazing

Causes:
This occurs due to direct sunlight, low humidity, or
drying winds. Intermittent wet curing and drying –
intermittent curing allows the concrete surface to
dry for sometime and this leads to concrete
crazing. The cracks tends to intersect at 120
degrees.

Remedy:
Never sprinkle dry cement or a mixture of cement
and fine sand on the surface of the plastic
concrete to prevent the appearance of crazing.
Use low water-cement ratio as possible, consistent
with adequate compaction. Use workability
enhancing air-entrained concrete with a moderate
slump.

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SEVERITY

 LOW
a) Crazing occurs at a significant area of the slab.
b) Surface is in good condition and without scaling.
c) The crack pattern must be defined and easily recognized.
 MEDIUM
a) Slab is crazed above 5% with some FOD potential.
 HIGH
a) Slab is severely crazed above 5% with high FOD potential.

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Scaling

Causes:
Improper placement of concrete and its
reinforcement, electrochemical (galvanic)
reactions between embedded metals within the
concrete matrix and corrosion of embedded
reinforcing steel due to exposure to water
and/or chemicals.

Remedy:
The repaired surface will only be as strong as
the base surface to which it is bonded. Clean
the surface of dirt, oil or paint and most
importantly it must be sound. Use hammer and
chisel, shot-blasting or jackhammer to remove
all weak or unsound material. The clean,
rough, textured surface is then ready for most
resurfacing product solutions. Apply suitable
bonding material on the surface.

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SEVERITY

 LOW
a) Scaling occurs at a significant area of the slab.
b) Surface is in good condition.
c) The crack pattern must be defined and easily recognized.
 MEDIUM
a) Slab is scaled above 5% with some FOD potential.
 HIGH
a) Slab is severely scaled above 5% with high FOD potential.

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SHRINKAGE CRACK

Causes:
These are caused by a rapid loss of water
from the surface of concrete before it
has set. The critical condition exists
when the rate of evaporation of surface
moisture exceeds the rate at which rising
bleed water can replace it

Remedy:
All cracks should be fully dry. Clean
thoroughly the surface of the crack and
seal each crack using suitable epoxy
adhesive.

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BANGALORE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT LIMITED

THANK YOU

9/14/21