CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

What is your research topic all about? Knowledge and skill are the two basic components
everyone needs in life in order to earn for the living. They can be learnt from anywhere at any
time as long as people are willing to earn them. School is commonly known as one of the basic
places for learning. Generally, everyone has to select one specific major during their education
period in order to utilize that major for finding the career in the future.

What are the parts of chapter 1 that you will be covering in this chapter? In this chapter, the
background of the study is discussed which becomes the basis for presenting the statement of the
problem. Additionally, the hypothesis is also presented which also becomes the basis for framing
the theoretical framework

1.1. Background of the Study Digital Payment Features of Banks and User Satisfaction
among Bank Clients in Phnom Penh Cambodia

A. A discussion about what is known about the topic: Entrepreneur burnout is a particular type
of long-term stress that's related to work. It usually happens when we've been stressed out for
an extended period as we go about the challenges of making our own business work
(Schoenbeck, 2022). Carter (2021) specifically identifies the manifestations of Entrepreneur
burnout which include but not limited to the dreadful feeling of going to work, mood swings
and personality changes, and the feeling of always tired.

Omrane et al.,(2017) shed light on the numerous sources of factors which are derived from the
entrepreneurial act leading to burnout for the entrepreneur. In fact, deficiency in resources and
skills, relationships with others, the complexity of relations with different stakeholders, the
management change, the conflict of roles, isolation, uncertainty about the company’s future,
tensions of roles, day-to-day business management, organizational climate and negative social
skills, such as neuroticism, are the most recurrent sources of burnout during the start-up phase of
the business creation.

If such condition goes left unchecked, Lee (2007) said entrepreneurial burnout can be
devastating. Not only will it force you to leave your business prematurely resulting to financial
losses, it can also leave you feeling despair and exhaustion. Even more importantly, it can
negatively affect you on a physical level; burnout is associated with higher stress, higher
susceptibility to illness and even a higher risk of heart disease.

In Cambodia, statistics show that 68% of every 1,000 entrepreneurs end up closing their started
business due to entrepreneur burn-out. According Samang (2018) the figures are not even
reflective of entrepreneurs from other urban areas in Cambodia.

Unfortunately, there are limited quantitative as well as qualitative studies conducted to better
understand such phenomenon among Cambodian Entrepreneurs.

C. What is the significance of what you have presented to the current topic of your study? How
relevant is this issue of entrepreneurial burnout? According to the Phnom Penh Post (Kim Say,
2015) Cambodia increased the number of business enterprises it had to 513,759 companies at the
end of March 2014, up from the 463,363 enterprises accounted for in 2011. This brings to core
the question, how many of those owning and managing these enterprises are suffering from burn-
out?

D. What the researcher would like to do or aim to achieve in the study (Research goal) In
particular, this proposed research aims to determine the lived experiences of Young Cambodian
Entrepreneurs and identify factors that caused them to suffer from the burnout and consequently
what they do about it and what are the consequences experienced when they fail to address their
burnout.

E. Thesis statement (main argument or claim of the paper) The researcher argues that there is a
need to determine the lived experiences of these entrepreneurs because knowing and
understanding their what leads to their burn out, how it affects them and what they do about it
will put the researcher in the best position to offer some alternatives to the problem. F. Major
contribution of the study to the field you are doing a research in. Indeed, it is only when a deeper
level of understanding is arrived at that one can offer practicable solutions to the problem. And
in the case of young Cambodian entrepreneurs experiencing burnout, determining their lived
experiences and identifying factors leading to their burnout are the very first steps in addressing
the problem.
1.2. Statement of the Problem

FORMAT & PATTERN

  1.Topic
 2.Research problem/s
 3.Justification for the research problem

Related to the discussions presented in the background of the study and the conducted literature
review, two problems have been identified

(1-2) First is the issue on high incidence of burn-out among Cambodian entrepreneurs resulting
to early closure and failure of started business (3) This is proven by Samnang (2017) who
mentioned that 68% of every 1,000 entrepreneurs close business due to entrepreneur burnout.

I will research on the topic so as to shed light to the identified gap ……

(Use third person pronoun) The researcher will research on the topic

(Passive form) To shed light to the identified gap, a research on the topic will be conducted The
second problem identified is the limited studies about burn-out among Cambodian
Entrepreneurs……
…….
1.3. Statement of the Hypothesis

The below hypothesis will be tested in the study:

There is no significant relationship between Leaderships styles and Employee
Satisfaction Among Cambodian Millennials. (Accept)
1.4. Theoretical Framework

Theoretical Framework

 Use Theoretical Framework if you are doing quantitative Methods (Because in

quantitative, theories are tested
 If you use a single theory to frame the relationships of variables in the study, then it is
called Theoretical framework

Conceptual Framework

 Use Conceptual Framework if you are doing qualitative Methods (Because no theories
are tested, instead your study results to the formulation of a new concept
  If you use more than one theory or concepts to frame your study, then it is called
Conceptual framework

Figure 1.1 below show the Theoretical framework of the study. There are many factors
mentioned earlier that involve in the selection of the academic majors. Three main factors will be
proposed to test the result along with two other intervening factors in order to find out the
influences of the three factors towards the choice of the academic majors of Phnom Penh
university students. The following conceptual framework (Figure 1.1) was used for this research
paper:

Figure 1.1:
Theoretical Framework

Leadership Styles Employee Satisfaction

(Situational LM, Hersey, 2015) (Maslow’s HN, 1954, as
cited by Moran 2015)
Supporting Self-esteem

Coaching Belongingness

Delegating Safety

Directing Physiological

1.5. Research Framework

Notes: If doing quantitative, use IV-DV-O Paradigm
If doing qualitative, use I-P-O or I-P-O-O Paradigm
If doing mix, us any of the two but with preference to I-P-O
The paradigm (Figure 1.2) illustrates that there are three main variables for this study:
1.5.1. Independent Variables: Personal Factors, Family Factors, and Lack of
Information Factor.
1.5.2. Dependent Variable: Selections of Academic Majors.
1.5.3. Intervening Variable: Gender.
 Figure 1.2:
Research Paradigm

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Leadership Style Employee Satisfaction

Figure 1.2:
Research Paradigm
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Related Literature Related Literature Identified Personnel

Review Management
conditions
FGD Protocol Focused Group
Discussion Identified Challenges
KII Protocol and Gaps Affecting
Key Informant EOD Operations
Research Questions Interview
Proposed
Thematic Analysis Interventions to
address identified
Triangulation of results Issues & challenges

1.5.1 Operational Definitions

Notes: Operational definition- Defining the term based on how it is used in the
study
Conceptual definition—Standard dictionary definition of the word

Notes: Operational definition- Defining the term based on how it is used in the
study (it therefore means there is no need for citation)
 Notes: Operational definition- Defining the term based on how it is used in the
study For UC, using reference except from dictionary

Suggest: Keep to definitions for each term defined

There were several operational definitions used in this paper that are related to the variables of
the study, which are:
1.5.4. Leadership:
It referred to the students themselves, meaning their own interests or their own passions
towards the majors they want to study. Based on the study by Edmonds (2012), personal factor
refers to students’ personality, interests, beliefs and also the political views. So, personal factor
in this chapter meant that students select the major by themselves without any influence from
other people or other factors around. It also included their career awareness in the future as well.
1.5.5. Leadership Style: refers to family members of the students, it could be parents, siblings
or relatives whose opinions counts in deciding which major field of study to take in the
university (Keck, 2016). In this study family factors refers to parents’ advice or opinions
that impacts the decision on what course to take in the university.
1.5.6. Employee: Referring to the knowledge about majors students have. Sometimes, they did
not know the specific detail of the majors. Some students had no knowledge about it
since they were from the rural area. The study by Stock & Stock (2017) indicates that
some students choose the major because they have no knowledge about other majors.
1.5.7. Employee Satisfaction: broad term used by the HR industry to describe how satisfied or
content employees are with elements like their jobs, their employee experience, and the
organizations they work for (Saphiro & Sax, 2011). In this study, employee satisfaction
refers to the level by which an individual’s employment is able to satisfy his/her current
level of needs as per Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.
1.5.8. Millenials: It referred to the main field that students are studying for their future career.
According to the article by Moldoff (n.d.), academic major is the major that people are
pursuing during their university period and they later use it for their career.
 1.5.2 Methodological Considerations

Based on the framework, Paradigm, goals of the study, what things should you consider in
deciding for methodologies

The main methodological consideration here is on the question of what method best result to the
gathering and analysis of data the puts premium on through and in-depth sharing of research
participants of their perspectives. Such purpose cannot be achieved using numerical or statistical
data and thus the best option would be to consider qualitative methods, specifically of the
grounded theory approach.

Two other methodological considerations related to data collection and analysis of this
qualitative research using grounded theory approach are also deemed important.
In data gathering, a key consideration is to collecting data from research participants who
have the credibility to provide inputs to the research questions of the study and whose inputs are
usable to generate answers for the research questions. It is then imperative that the principle of
inclusion and exclusion criteria are carefully observed. In addressing this, key features of the
target population were carefully considered by the researcher in choosing participants to answer
their research question. This eventually yielded profiling research participants as Junior and
senior economist based on academic backgrounds and years of experience. With limited research
participants available, gender was not factored in in choosing participants.
In data analysis, a key consideration is on the limitations there might be in the use
software and applications in coding the data. As Al Rashdi (2017, par. 1) Although using
software is useful and helpful in analyzing and coding the themes as well as integrating all
concepts to develop the final theory for grounded theory, still, the researcher has to put his
thought, analysis and discussion to refuse and accept some coded themes, regardless of the used
software. The software is a tool to help the researcher to do per line analysis, open coding, attain
comparison with literature and do the axial coding but not taking the major role of researcher
which is analysis and find out the outcome which in turn leads to developing the theory.
1.6 Research Objectives

The main aim of this study is to explore relationship between Leaderships styles and Employee
Satisfaction Among Cambodian Millennials

Related to the main aim, it is the objective of this study to establish the significant
relationship between Leaderships styles and Employee Satisfaction Among Cambodian
Millennials

1.6.1 Research Question(s)

Related to the presented objective, study seeks to answer the following research questions;

1.6.1.1 What is the perceived leadership style of manager of Cambodian Millennials?

1.6.1.2 what is the perceived level of employee satisfaction among Cambodian Millennial?

1.6.1.3 What is the significant relationship between Leaderships styles and Employee
Satisfaction Among Cambodian Millennials?

*Backtrack reminders:
 Automatically generate reference list of cited sources using scribbr, Purdue or source
given citations
1.6.2 Significance of the Study You are to answer the question, “What is the importance of
this study to certain stakeholders

Choosing the academic major is very crucial for everyone since it basically is the root of the
future career. There were some significances from this study towards several factors as below:
- Entrepreneurs: as being a researcher for this paper, I had learnt and understood more
about the concept of students choosing the major whether they follow their interests or
not. Moreover, I could also find out more about the factors that have huge effects on their
decisions.
- HR Practitioners: This paper was to help students, especially the younger generation in
terms of selecting the best major for them. They could learn that there will be effects
from factors around them when they come to choose the major for their higher education.
So they could prepare themselves well in order to avoid following the wrong choices and
study the wrong majors.
 - School as they make business decision: There were a significant effect towards school
as well. By learning and understanding more about the factors influencing students’
selections of academic majors, it helped schools or any other educational institutions in
terms of providing the relevant courses towards the needs of the students. Schools also
could figure out more about the reasons limited number of students registered at their
own campus. So that they could further improve themselves in order to attract more
students.
- NGOs: With this study, parents had learnt more about the factors that could influence
their children when it comes to choosing the majors. So parents could help their children
properly in terms of making the correct decision on majors to study.
- Ministry of Labor

1.6.3 Limitations of the Study What are the things you can’t do / what are the factors that
limits you to do things for this study?-example:foreseen unwillingness of research
respondents to participate may limit your number of participants. Limited background of
some submits limits your ability to include some important RQs

DONTS

 Do not use COVID-19 as a limitation (to gather via questionnaire / interview /library)
 Do not use writing the research in 1 term

This paper mainly based on the information getting from university students in Phnom Penh.
Since this study was conducted during the Pandemic Covid-19 period, most schools were
required to shut down for temporary and were doing the class online in order to prevent the
spread of the virus. So it was hard to approach students and to collect data in the physical form.
So the data was collected through the online platform. Unfortunately, doing it online still
remained quite a challenge since the contact of the students was hard to find. Another challenge
for this paper was finding the literature sources. During the Pandemic period, libraries were also
closed too. So the online sources were the main possible options in this paper. However, some
sources on the Internet were also required us to pay as well in order to get access to them. So
there was also a limit in terms of literature review.
1.7 Conclusion

Highlight the key points presented in Chapter In this chapter the objective of the study which is
to explore the relationship of customer service and customer satisfaction among Cambodian
customers of restaurants in Phnom Penh for which the hypothesis “Is there a significant
relationship between Customer service and customer satisfaction?” was framed. (Bridge chapter
1 to chapter 2) In chapter 2, relevant studies related to the objective of this study will be
reviewed which will result to the identification of certain research gaps related to the subject.
REFERENCE

De Ramos, M. (2017, November 15). How important are job satisfaction and motivation at the

workplace? A perspective from evidence-based management. CQ NetC. Retrieved

November 6, 2021, from https://www.ckju.net/en/blog/how-important-are-job-

satisfaction-and-motivation-workplace-perspective-evidence-based-management/1163

Varma, Chandrakant. (2018). Importance Of Employee Motivation & Job Satisfaction For
Organizational Performance.