BOROS Iosif

PhD candidate
The first energy -
dr. NAGY-GYÖRGY Tamás
eficient school Professor

building from Politehnica University Timișoara

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Romania

Timișoara, 2020
 Energy - efficient school building

In 2018 there were only 80 energy efficient school buildings in the world!

o The school of the Reformed

Parish

o Salonta, Bihor county

o 4 floors, 1000 m2 / floor

Reception:
SEPTEMBER 2017

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 Evaluation of construction and building maintenance cost

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 Energy - efficient school building
Functions:
- ground floor : kitchen, dining hall, library, storage
- first floor : classrooms, laboratories, administration
- second floor : classrooms, laboratories
- third floor : dormitory, recreation area, medical office

Capacity:
- 15 classrooms - 450 students
- dining hall - 200 seats
- 65 teachers and staff
- dormitory - 60 beds

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 Energy - efficient school building

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 Energy - efficient school building – design concept

✓ High insulation thicknesses

✓ High quality windows and doors
✓ Thermal bridge free design
✓ Air tightness
✓ Favorable orientation
✓ Compact form
✓ Energy-efficient equipment
✓ Renewable energy

http://passiv.de/

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 Energy - efficient school building – design concept
➢ Passive House Planning Package (PHPP)

➢ METEONORM – accurate local climate data

➢ Specific parameters:
✓ Different destinations (school, kitchen, dining hall, dormitory)
✓ Discontinuous (GF, 1st F, 2nd F) and continuous occupancy (3rd F)
✓ Large number of users and high internal heat gains
✓ Special shape and orientation
✓ Large glazed surface
✓ High number of air exchanges required

 The calculated energy consumption may differ from the actual value
 MONITORING SYSTEM NECESITY

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 Energy - efficient school building – design concept
➢ Insulation:
✓ Exterior walls: 25 cm AAC + 15 cm mineral wool
✓ Exterior column: 15 cm + 5 cm mineral wool
✓ Ground floor: 23 cm polystyrene
✓ Exterior floor: 25 cm mineral wool + 3 cm polystyrene
✓ Attic floor: 25 cm mineral wool

✓ Thermal bridge free solutions

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 Energy - efficient school building – windows and doors
Windows and doors
➢ PVC frame - U = 1.00 W / m2K
➢ Triple glazing U = 0.50 W / m2K
➢ Windows - U = 0.82 W / m2K
➢ Exterior installation
➢ Interior and exterior air tight tape
➢ Air tight closing

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 Energy - efficient school building – windows and doors
Windows and doors

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 Energy - efficient school building – windows and doors
Windows and doors

Garage door Access door Attic hatch

➢ Steel frame ➢ Wooden frame ➢ Steel frame

➢ Door - U = 1.05 W / m2K
➢ Air tight closing
➢ Door - U = 0.90 W / m2K
➢ Exterior installation
➢ Interior and exterior air
tight tape
➢ Air tight closing
➢ Hatch - U = 0.60 W / m2K
➢ Air tight closing
➢ Fire resistance

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 Energy - efficient school building – HVAC and DHW

Heating / cooling system → floor fan coil

→ ceiling fan coil
Temperature control → digital thermostat

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 Energy - efficient school building – HVAC and DHW

Heating in the dormitory bathrooms: → steel radiators

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 Energy - efficient school building – HVAC and DHW
Fresh air supply → ventilation units with heat recovery
Ventilation system divided in specific zones
→ 4.000 m3/h unit for each of all 3 floors
→ 4.000 m3/h unit for ground floor dining hall
→ 1.000 m3/h unit for ground floor library
→ 10.000 m3/h unit for ground floor kitchen
The efficiency of the used heat exchangers are 80-85%

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 Energy - efficient school building – HVAC and DHW
Ventilation system

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 Energy - efficient school building – HVAC and DHW
Heating / cooling thermal agent is produced in a separate building:

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 Energy - efficient school building – HVAC and DHW
→ Water – water → Soil – water
heat pump : heat pump :

2 extraction drills 10 drills - 120 m deep

2 injection drills 6 m distance

75 kW 75 kW

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 Energy - efficient school building – Monitoring strategy
Comfort and energy efficiency parameters

❑ temperature, humidity, solar radiation intensity and duration, user number,

sound and light intensity, air tightness

Equipment parameters

❑ temperature, water consumption, air speed, electric energy consumption, gas

consumption

Parameters of hygiene and health

❑ Radon emissions, carbon dioxide (CO2), formaldehyde vapors (CH2O),

nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), volatile organic compounds

Psychological parameters

❑ User behaviour and changes in behavior, comfort (air speed, humidity,

temperature)

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 Energy - efficient school building – Monitoring strategy
➢ Temperature sensors details

Sensors

Local data
logger

DS18B20 – digital thermometer

Communication
system
The monitoring system includes 360
Data storage
temperature sensors placed in:

- foundations
- soil
- ground floor
Data processing
- beams Decisions
- columns
- masonry
Analysis

and in their insulation!

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 Energy - efficient school building – Monitoring strategy
Temperature sensor positions
INFRASTRUCTURE 2nd FLOOR

GROUND FLOOR 3rd FLOOR

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 E.E.S.B. – Insulation and monitoring
Foundation Beams
→ at a depth of 80 cm, insulated with
12 cm thick extruded polystyrene

→ variation of soil temperature avoided

→ pipeline → thermal bridges

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 E.E.S.B. – Insulation and monitoring
Insulation of the ground floor slab
→ 23 cm extruded polystyrene

→ Structural requirements for thermal insulation →

budget

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 E.E.S.B. – Insulation and monitoring
Ground floor slab – insulation
→ The insulation of the beams at ground floor slab level connects continuously with the wall
and floor insulation on the ground → thermal bridges avoided

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 E.E.S.B. – Insulation and monitoring
Exterior corner column – insulation and sensors
→ 5 cm + 15 cm mineral wool insulation

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 E.E.S.B. – Insulation and monitoring
Exterior column – insulation, thermal bridges and sensors
→ The exterior column (main entrance, ground floor = exterior / first floor = interior) → 5 cm
mineral wool insulation → thermal bridges avoided

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 E.E.S.B. – Insulation and monitoring
Exterior wall - insulation
→ 15 cm mineral wool insulation

Exterior walls of AAC → lower weight → lower

heat loss

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 E.E.S.B. – Insulation and monitoring
Exterior walls - sensors

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 E.E.S.B. – Insulation and monitoring

Attic floor – insulation and sensors

→ 25 cm mineral wool insulation

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 E.E.S.B. – HVAC and DHW monitoring
HVAC and DHW monitoring instruments position

Ground floor 1st floor 2nd floor 3rd floor

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 E.E.S.B. – HVAC and DHW monitoring
Temperature sensors
Technical room monitoring for each tour and retour circuit

 data from the heating / cooling system

for each component
 energy consumptions from different
areas of the building
 consumptions for DHW production

Installing of sensors in special elements.

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 E.E.S.B. – HVAC and DHW monitoring
Temperature sensors

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 E.E.S.B. – HVAC and DHW monitoring

Temperature sensors
Soil – water heat pump monitoring

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 E.E.S.B. – HVAC and DHW monitoring
Temperature sensors
HVAC monitoring for each tour and retour circuit
 it is possible to estimate the magnitude of energy
consumptions for heating / cooling in different areas of the building

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 E.E.S.B. – HVAC and DHW monitoring
Temperature sensors
Ventilation system monitoring for each tour and retour circuit
 air duct temperature
 the recovered energy
 temperature losses on ventilation circuits

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 E.E.S.B. – Interior confort monitoring

Temperature, humidity and CO2 sensors

→ The indoor climate parameters monitored for all types of rooms :

- library
- hall
- dining hall
- laundry
- garage
- administration
- classrooms
- bathrooms
- dormitory
- attic
- technical room

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 E.E.S.B. – monitoring preliminary results
51°

EFB2_PF

14° 19°
9°

15.9° 16°

EFB2_PL

Temperature
measurements

15.5°

Heat flux
modeling and 16.4° 16.3°
calibration
EFB2_CI

Energy loss

15.9°

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 E.E.S.B. – monitoring preliminary results
37°

28°
FFEW1_WE

16°

10°

26°

21°
FFEW1_WM
19°

13°

16.4°
16.1°

FFEW1_BRI

15°
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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Energy - efficient school building – reception

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 Experiences of the design / implementation process
• The cost of an energy-efficient building and a traditional building
are almost the same! (diff. ≈10%!!!)
• The significant differences are in the design phase which require
specific expertise and in the increased attention to detail in the
construction phase.
• The experienced design team (technical consultants) should be
involved in the preliminary discussions with the decision factors
and in the process of contractor selection.
• Experiences from monitoring energy-efficient buildings can change
the attitudes and expectations of investors and users.
• The monitoring system is a useful tool in demonstrating the
efficiency of the building and in highlighting the values of indoor
parameters in real-time.

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 Experiences of the design / implementation process
COSTS / EXPENDITURES (2020)
Final energy Primary energy Heat souse
consumption (end consumption consumption CO2 emission Specific Cost Specific Cost
users) [kWh/m2/an] [kWh/m2/an] type / DHW [kg CO2/m2/an] [RON/m2/year] [RON/m2/month]

Passive house Standard (<2015) - 120 - - - -

Passive house Classic (>2015) - 60* - - -
Passive house Plus (>2015) - 45* regenerable - - -
Passive house Premium (>2015) - 30* - - -
Maximum allowed RO (2017) - 123 - - - -
EEffSalonta theoretic 45 45x2,62= 118 35,4 27,3 2,3
EEffSalonta measured
electric
25 25x2,62= 66 12,2 14,1 1,2
Building A 158 150x0,92+8x2,62= 159 district 36,7 47,7 4,0
Building B 193 185x0,92+8x2,62= 191 heating 43,7 57,7 4,8
Building C 158 150x1,17+8x2,62= 196 42,2 29,9 2,5
Building D
gas
193 185x1,17+8x2,62= 237 50,6 35,7 3,0
We refer to the 3500 sqm. usable area (4000 sqm constructed area).
Electricity price = 0.51 RON + VAT / kWh (approx. 3x the gas price)
District heating energy price = 0.24 RON + VAT / kWh (average between subsidized household and commercial price)
Gas energy price = 0.14 RON + VAT / kWh.
* In 2015 new criteria were introduced in which primary consumption must be ensured strictly from renewable sources (solar / photovoltaic / biomass)
* EEffSalonta (theoretical / measured) + Building A, B, C, D do not have renewable sources. Buildings A, B, C, D do not have air conditioning and mechanical ventilation.
Building A, C: heating + DHW = 150 kWh/m2/year (district heating / gas) and electric lighting = 8 kWh/m2/year
Building B, D: heating + DHW = 185 kWh/m2/year (district heating / gas) and electric lighting = 8 kWh/m2/year
The values of total consumptions A, B, C, D are optimistic-average values, for recently thermally rehabilitated buildings. In reality they can have around 250 kWh/m2/year.
CO2 emission factor for electricity = 0,299 CO2 emission factor for district heating = 0,220 CO2 emission factor for gas = 0,205
Primary energy factor (PEF) for electricity= 2,62 Primary energy factor (PEF) for district heating = 0,92 Primary energy factor (PEF) for gas= 1,17

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 Program continuity
ÚJ EZREDÉV REFORMÁTUS KÖZPONT
CENTRU REFORMAT NOUL MILENIU
40m NEW MILLENNIUM REFORMED CENTER

28m

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 Looking for partners…

https://interreg-rohu.eu/en/home-en/ https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en

http://www.timisoara2021.ro/ https://eeagrants.org/countries/romania

Thank you for your attention!

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