.

Description of a Process
Process is handling something following a set of procedures, or des
certain steps so the readers can fully understand how such procedures
wor also involves discussion of its stages and relationship in relevance to
the process.
ample Paragraph Format using Description of a Process

IV.ConcIusion
The writer provides illustrations, and gives a summary by citing
recommendations about the described process.
Sample Report Using Description of a Process
Polygraph Test

Blood
cuff

l.lntroduction

A polygraph (popularly referred to as a lie detector) is an instrument that

measures and records several physiological responses such as blood pressure,
pulse, respiration, breathing rhythms, body temperature and skin conductivity while
the subject is asked and answers a series of questions, on the theory that false
answers will produce distinctive measurements. The polygraph measures
physiological changes caused by the sympathetic nervous system during
questioning. Within the US federal government, a polygraph examination is also
referred to as a psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD) examination.

Polygraphs are in some countries used as an interrogation tool with criminal

suspects or candidates for sensitive public or private sector employment.

Il.Raw Materials/Equipment Used:

 —QP--d--P-cessure-cuff- A medical device which is used to apply pressure to
the arteries in the arm for the purpose of measuring blood pressure.
 Pneumoqraphs- also known as a pneumatograph or
for recording velocity and force of chest movements during
res

Galvanometers-A device for creating accurate measu

moved the pens along on lie detectors machinery, it pro
subject's reactions to different questions.
Ill.Description of a Process
Stages in a Polygraph Test

Phase 1
Initial Interview with the Investigator Handling the Case
The investigator on case should brief the polygråph examiner of
facts pertaining to background information, specifically on previous
police records and verified facts which the subject denies such as:
Exact amount of money or specific articles stolen.
Ekact type, make of firearm, weapon, or tool used in the
commission of crime..
Exact place, date, and time when the crime occurred.
Unusual aspects of the offense or any odd, strange, or obscene
acts committed at the crime scene.
 Known facts pertaining to the suspect's actions and movemen
immediately preceding, or after the incident.
Facts indicating a connection between victims, suspects, and
witnesses.
Unpublicized facts of the offense known only by the victim, the
offender, and the investigator.
Phase 2
Pre-test Interview

This is administered by the polygraph examiner to condition or prepare the

subject for the actual polygraph test. Its duration usually lasts for 20 to 30 minutes.
At this stage, the rights of the subject are explained, his consent obtained, as well
as personal data, and the determination whether the subject is mentally, physically,
and psychologically prepared to undergo the test.

Prior to the polygraph examination, the following considerations are taken into
account:

The subject must refrain from smoking at least two hours prior to the test.
The subject should avoid taking medication for at least 2 days prior to the
examination.
The subject should not be hungry.
The subject must refrain from consuming alcoholic beveraes for at least 12
hours prior to the actual test
The subject should not be suffering from physical or emotional abuse.
The subject should calm down and relax. if the female subject is pregnant or
having menstruation, the test wili not be undertaken.
The subject should not wear tight apparels or clothing as this may cause
interference in the test results.
The subject should have at least five (5) hours of sleep prior to the
examination.
Phase 3
Actual Instrumentation

During this phase, the conditions of the room must be ideal that it should be
spacious, well ventilated, and lighted. It should be sound proof and not decorated
so as not to distract the the subject. The room must also be spacious for two
persons with a polygraph desk, subject's chair with armrest, and an examiner's tool.
The major components of the polygraph machine are attached to the subject. In
addition, questions are asked one by one at specific intervals.
Phase 4
 Post-test Interview
This is similar to the method of interrogation administered by the polygrap
examiner which is designed to obtain admission or confession of the subject. A
interview is conducted when the subject indicates an innocent response, whil
interrogation is undertaken if signs of deception are indicated by the results of
the actual polygraph test.

In cases wherein the polygraph result indicates that the subject is innocent,
it is the duty of the examiner to release the subject and thank the subject
cordially fo giving consideration and cooperation.

If the polygraph examiner is convinced of the guilt of the subject from the charts
taken, the post-test interrogation technique is used to secure admission o
confession. It is undertaken following these procedures:

Inform the subject that he can not be cleared from this chart.
Advice the subject that the responses were the result of his or her
emotion and not the means of any mechanical manipulations.
Use sympathetic and persuasive attitude as well as perseverance in
drawing out confession or admission.
Indicate recorded reactions with brief explanations of their importance as
an objective, tangible, and concrete evidence to be used against the subject.
List conscientiously any consequences and pursue a line of mild questioning as
to the reasons why the criminal act was committed.
Rationalize the subject's act by offering a way to excuse conduct, minimize
conduct, minimize the implication, or swing the culpability to someone, or some
situation. If confession or admission is coming, allow the subject to narrate it in
his or her own words.
Carefully listen to precise details, and write down at first instance. Never
make any guarantee as to immunity, reward, or leniency.

IV.Conclusion
Polygraphy has little credibility among scientists. Despite claims of 90-95%
validity by polygraph advocates, critics maintain that rather than a "test", the
method amounts to an inherently unstandardizable interrogation technique whose
accuracy cannot be established. Summarizing the consensus in psychological
research, professor David W. Martin, PhD, from North Carolina State University,
states that people have tried to use the polygraph for measuring human emotions,
but there if hum emotions. Therefore since one cannot
reliably measure human emotions (especially when one has an interest
I
his/her emotions), the idea of valid detection of truth or falsehood through
measuring respiratory rate, blood volume, pulse rate and galvanic skin response is a
 The special techniques of technical writing are effective tools in enhancing
reports. The writer may utilize any of this techniques to express his ideas
effectively. There are 5 soecial techniques: Definition, Classification, Partition,
Description of a Mechanism, Description of a Process.

Definition, is the giving of meaning of a particular word, it could either be

informal or formal. Informal definitions are shorter synonym substitutes, while
formal definitions may be expanded through etymology, details, examples,
comparison contrast, cause and effect, description, and negation. Classification is
the arrangement of things, classes, or groups according to some system, while
Partition is the breaking down of units into its component parts. In addition,
Description of a Mechanism describes about a machine and how it works, while
Description of a Process describes how a particular thing works using a step by
step method of description.

1. definition- is the giving of meaning to a particular word or term.

2. differentia- specific features that identifies or separates the term from other
members of the class
3. etymology- this method is the citing the origin of the word, this is used mainly
for the purpose of illustration for further clarification on the meaning of a
particular term.
4. formal definition-this type of definition is made up of complete and longer
sentences, this is used in a more formal written output. this is categorized into
three main part;
5. genus -the group or class to which the term belongs
6. informal definition-in this type of definition, the meaning of the term is made
up of one or two synonyms substituted for an unfamiliar word. this is mostly
compose of short substituted words and phrases.
7. negation-this method uses negative statement to emphasize the meaning o a
particular word.
8. species —is the word or term to be defined
l. Identify if the Formal Definition are amplified or expanded using the
following methods: Etymology, Details, Examples, Comparison and
Contrast, Cause and Effect, Description, and Negation. Write your
answer in the blank after each item.

1. The word ballistics was derived from the Greek word "ballo" or "ballien"
which means to throw and "ballista" which is a Roman war machine
similar to gigantic bow or catapult.

2. Interior ballistics deals with the temperature, volume, and pressure of the
gasses consequential from combustion of the propellant charge in the
gun.

3. Gunpowder refers to the powder charge used in firearms, this is also

referred to as propellant. The most common type is the black powder
which is made up potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur.

4. The term bullet was derived from the French word "boullette" which
means a small bull. Common police vernacular for bullet is slug.

5. Propellant are also known as low explosives, they are combustible

materials containing within themselves all oxygen necessary for
combustion. Examples of this are: fire crackers, smokeless powder,
pyrotechniques.

6. A plain whorl is consist of one or more ridges which tend to make or

complete a circuit; whereas a double loop whorl is consist of two separate
and distinct loop formations with two separate and distinct shoulders and
two deltas.

7. Modern photography may be defined as any means for the chemical,

thermal, electrical or electronic recording of images of scenes, or objects
formed by some type of radiant energy, including gamma rays, X-rays,
ultraviolet rays, visible light and infrared rays.

8. Coma is another form of spherical abberation but is concerned with the

light rays entering the lens obliquely. The defect is noticeable only on the
outer edges and not on the central part of the lens.
9. Curvature of field is a kind of defect where the image formed by a lens
comes to a sharper focus in a curved surface than a flat surface.

- 175-
10. Exlposives refer to any substance which may cause a detonation by
sudden decomposition or combustion. Explosions are always
accompanied with the liberaton of heat and formation of gas.
Examples of explosives are propellant like firecrackers; primary
explosives like lead azide and mercury fulminate; high explosives like
ammonium nitrate, trinitrotoluene,and nitroglycerine.

11. Usually the wound of exit is larger than the projectile but it does not
follow any definite shape. The edge of the wound is everted and
sometimes with some tissues or flaps of skins protruding from the
wound.

12. Psychic death is the condition of death wherein the patient regresses,
gives up or surrenders, accepting death prematurely and refuses to
contiue living.

13. The major components of a polygraph machine are: Cardio-spygmograph.

Galvanograph, Pnuemographl and Kymograph.

14. The word photography is derivative of two Greek word phos which means
"light" and graphia meaning "write."

15. Police photography is an art or science which deals with the study of
principles of photography, the preparation of photographic evidence, and
its application to police work.