UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY

New Site Campus Tuguegarao City,Cagayan

SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY
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Name:_______________________________________Yr & Section: __________

Subject:_______________________________________Teacher:_______________
Instructor: ______________________________
POLYGRAPHY MODULE- MIDTERM COVERAGE

MODULE NO 1
TITLE: Four phases of polygraph examination
INTRODUCTION In order to conduct a satisfactory polygraph examination, it is
: imperative for the polygraph examiner to obtain accurate information
regarding all the available facts and circumstances that form the basis for
the suspicion and or accusation directed against the person to be examined.
In this connection, the polygraph examiner must properly observed the
requirement needed in conducting polygraph' examination.
LEARNING The students will be able to display familiarization and follow
OUTCOME procedures on conducting the actual polygraph examination during their
actual operation of polygraph.
LEARNING  Explain the four phases of polygraph examination
OBJECTIVES:  Identify the significance conduct of pre-test interview, instrumental
test and post test
DISCUSSION: 1. Initial Interview - with the Investigator Handling the Case.
This includes such as:
a. Obtaining and evaluating case facts
b. Determine areas the subject needs to asked about
c. The investigator should furnish the examiner adequate facts of the
case
 Test question are formulated by the polygraph examiner based from the
information obtained from the investigator. General facts, theories and
suspicions are not enough bases for polygraph test. Question
formulation depends greatly upon detailed and accurate information
regarding all the available facts. After which the investigator shall
prepare the questions and it must be answerable by yes or no.
 Example: Is your name is Pedro?- IR
 Are you from Kalinga?-IR
 Are you aware that a shooting incident was committed in
your town? RQ
 Were you informed of the incident by your friend? RQ
 Are you going to answer truthfully all the questions that I
am going to ask you? SRQ
 The Investigator on- case should personally inform the examiner of such
facts as:
o Unpublicized facts of the offense known only to the victim, the
investigator and the offender.
o Specific articles or exact amount of money stolen.
o Exact time and place the offense occurred
o Peculiar aspects of the offense or any strange or absence acts
 committed at the scene.
o Known facts about the suspects action or movement immediately
preceeding or after the incidents
o Facts indicating a connection between suspects, victims and
witnesses, especially when they deny any connection.
o Exact type of firearm, weapon or tool used
o Results of laboratory test if any
o Background information particularly previous police records or
verifies facts which subjects deny.
2. The Pre-test interview - with the subject to be examined. The primary
purpose of the pre-test interview is to prepare the subject for the test.
This phase includes:
a. The Subject must be apprised of his constitutional rights.
b. Obtain subject’s consent to undergo the test (signing of the
statement)
c. The taking of the personal data of the subject
d. Determine his or her suitability of the test
e. Clinically observation of the subject
f. Evaluating the psychological preparation of the subject
g. Informing the subject of his involvement with the case

3. The conduct of instrumental test/ polygraph test - with the asking of

questions previously reviewed with the subject.
a. Transducers are attached to the body of the subject
b. Test instructions are given to the subject
c. Stimulating and conditioning the subject
d. Conduct preliminary evaluation/Initial Findings

4. Post Interview/Interrogation - with the subject.

This phase includes all consideration that bears on the examination
just after the instrument are turned off.

If the polygraph test result indicates deception then the examiner

proceeds to conduct a short interrogation, the purpose of which is to
obtain confession or admission. However, if the test charts of
polygraphs indicate that a subject is telling the truth then he will be
released cordially and the examiner will thank then/him for his
cooperation.
Purpose:
 To clarify the findings
 To learn if there are any other reason for the subjects
responding to a relevant, other than the knowledge of
the crime
 To obtain additional information and an admission
for law enforcement purposes, if the result suggest
deception.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE POLYGRAPH EXAMINER

1. To the subject – fairness, impartiality and objectivity
2. To his organization – faith and loyalty
3. “Always OBJECTIVITY over SUBJECTIVITY

RIGHTS OF THE POLYGRAPH SUBJECT

1. Right to be examined by a qualified polygraph expert/ operator
2. Right to be determined fit for examination
3. Right to be informed of the reason for the lie detector test
 4. Right to have an explanation of the lie detector instrument and what
it does
5. Right to consent to the lie- detector test
6. He must not be compel to undergo prolonged questioning
7. Must not be exposed to physical abuse
8. Must not be exposed to oral vilification or abuse
9. Right to refuse to submit to the lie detector test
10. Must not be exposed to mental or psychological abuse for the lie
detector test

PURPOSE OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

 To determine truth or deception based on the presence of
emotional disturbance of the subject as appearing on the
questions relative to the case under investigation.

ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

 The ultimate objective of Polygraph Examination is to obtain
the Subject’s ADMISSION or CONFESSION of the offense
committed.

USES OF POLYGRAPH

1. Criminal investigation- designed to investigate on a

specific case under investigation
2. Pre- employment test and screening- Designed to screen
applicant of a job.
3. Periodic Clearance Check- designed to check or evaluate
the integrity of an employee in the company
4. Claim verification test (for insurance
compensation/benefits)
5. Loyalty test (for intelligence & honesty)
6. Promotion

IDEAL EXAMINATION ROOM FOR POLYGRAPH TEST

a. Spacious for two persons
b. Well lighted
c. Well ventilated
d. Must not be decorated
e. Must be 90% sound proof

CONDITIONS OF THE SUBJECT TO BE CONSIDERED FIT

DURING THE TEST

1. The subject must have a good night sleep prior to the test;
2. The subject must refrain from smoking for at least 2 hours prior to
the test;
3. The subject must not be interrogated for a prolong period prior to
the test;
4. The subject must be free from any physical abuses
5. The subject must refrain from the use of alcohol, sedatives,
prohibited drugs, and other cold syrups or capsules for at least 12
hours prior to tie test;
6. The subject must not be hungry;
7. The subject must not be suffering from any temporary illness such
as fever, severe cold and cough, allergy., stomach ache, toothache;
open wound and the like;
8. The subject must not highly and emotionally nervous;
 9. Informed the subject regarding his constitutional rights prior to
the actual examination

A. LIMITATION OF POLYGRAPH
1. It is an invaluable investigative aid, but never a substitute for an
investigation
2. It is not a lie detector, but it is a scientific diagnostic
instrument
3. It does not determine facts, but it is a diagnostic reaction
4. It records responses which, the subject knows to be truth
5. It is an accurate as the examiner is competent
6. The test will not be given until enough facts of the case
have established to permit an examiner to prepare a
complete set of suitable question
7. A test will not be given without the voluntary consent of the
subject
8. No indication will be given to any person or place in any
report that a person will take the test
9. The test will not be given until the accusation, have been
explained to the subject
10. No attempt to use polygraph for mental or physical
evaluation of any person
11. No examination can be conducted to an unfit subject

B. OBJECTIVES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

a. Ascertain the subject whether telling the truth or not
b. Obtain leads to the facts of the offense the location of the
stolen goods and whereabouts of wanted
persons
c. Compare conflicting statements
d. Verify statements
e. Obtain the facts after the test indicates that a person
lied or tried to cover what lie knew
C. PRINCIPAL USES OF POLYGRAPH
1. It is an aid to the investigator
2. It speeds up the process of the investigation
3. It eliminates innocent subjects
4. The investigator could concentrate to one subject to determine the
truth of deception]

MODULE NO. 2
TITLE: Moral and technical qualification s of polygraph examiner and Legal
Aspect of Polygraph
INTRODUCTION The qualification of the examiner is one of the factors that contribute
: to the success of polygraph examination. Once the result of polygraph
examination is accepted as evidence in court, the judge will look on the
qualification of the examiner.
LEARNING Determined the significance of the role of polygraph examiner in the
OUTCOME: conduct and success of polygraph examination.
Follow the guidelines in the conducting polygraph examination
LEARNING Identify the moral qualities and technical qualifications of a polygraph
OBJECTIVES: examiner

Comply with the legalities and adopt careful considerations in the

actual practice of polygraph examination

Recite the rights of the person who will undergo polygraph examination

DISCUSSION
MORAL AND TECHNICAL QUALIFICATIONS OF THE
POLYGRAPH EXAMINER
1. Must be College graduate/ degree holder
2. Must have a polygraph trainings
3. Must adhere to the code of Ethics, and standard and principles of
the American Polygraph Association
4. He must have a good knowledge as to the instrument, its
capabilities and limitations.
5. Must have a complete knowledge of a modern instrument.
6. He must be proficient in the conduct polygraph examination, test
construction and chart interpretation.

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF POLYGRAPHY

More than 90%reliable; it relies on two factors, namely;
a. The competency of POLYGRAPH examiner
b. The condition of the polygraph machine

FOUR BASIC TRACING OF A MODERN POLYGRAPH

EXAMINATION
A. Thoracic breathing pattern of respiration
B. Abdominal breathing pattern of respiration
C. Galvanic Skin Response (finger electrode)
D. Cardiosphygmograph tracing

LEGAL ASPECTS OF POLYGRAPH

The polygraph examiners opinion, analysis and interpretation of the
test chart generally are not acceptable as evidence, particularly IF
STANDING ALONE. The examiner may however, testifies in the
voluntariness of any statement; admission or confession obtained after the
subject agreed to the test.
Polygraph and expert testimony relating thereto can be admissible
upon stipulation to CORROBORATE with other evidences of a defendants
participation in crime charged or to corroborate to impeach his own
testimony under the following conditions:
A. The counsels of both parties and the subject all have sign written
stipulation providing for his admission to the graphs and
examiner's opinion thereon in behalf of either the defendants or
the state.

B. That the admissibility of the result is subject to the discretion of

the trial judge. If the trial judge is not convinced that the examiner is
not qualified, or the test was conducted in improper conditions.
The judge may refuse to accept such evidence.

C. That if the graphs and examiner's opinion are offered in evidence,

the opposing party shall have the right to cross-examine the
examiner respecting the following:
 a. The examiner's qualifications and training
b. The condition under which the test is administered
c. The discretion of the trial judge, any other matter deem
pertinent to the inquiry
d. The limitation and possibilities for error in the
Techniques. That if such evidence is admitted, the examiner's
testimony does not tend to prove any element of the crime that,
which a defendant is charge. The test is only to indicate that at the
time of the examination subject was not telling the truth. It is the
trial judge who will determine the weight and effect of such
testimony.

THE ACCURACY OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS

In the past 75 years over 250 studies have been 85-95 %

conducted on the accuracy of polygraph testing. Accuracy
Since many different conditions and factors are
involved in the research, and since a polygraph
examination is a very complex process, it is
difficult to draw from the data a precise figure for
the accuracy of polygraph testing in all settings.
Nevertheless, the preponderance of available
information indicates that when a properly
trained examiner utilizes an established testing
procedure, the accuracy of the decision made by
polygraph examiners is generally in the range of
85-95% for the specific issue investigations. (On
the last page you will find some of the references
which support this statement.)

One of the problems in discussing accuracy figures Why critical

and the difference between the statistic quoted by
Figures vary?
proponents and opponents of the polygraph
technique is the way that the figures are calculated.
At the risk of over simplification, critics, who often
don’t understand polygraph testing, classify
inconclusive test result as errors. In the real lie
setting an inconclusive result simply means that the
examiner in unable to render a definite diagnosis. In
such cases a second examination is usually
conducted at a later date. To illustrate how the
inclusion of inconclusive test result can distort
accuracy figures, consider the following example.
1. If 10 polygraph examinations are
administered and the examiner is correct in 7
decisions, wrong in 1 and 2 inconclusive test
result, we calculate the accuracy rate as
87.5% (8 definite results, 7 of which were
correct).
2. Critics of the polygraph technique would
calculate the accuracy rate in this example as
 70%, (10 examinations with 7 correct
decisions).
Since those who use polygraph testing do not
consider inconclusive test result as negative, and do
not hold them against the examinee, to consider
them as errors is clearly misleading and certainly
skews the figures.

To date, there has been only a limited number of Pre-Employment

research projects on the accuracy of polygraph
Test Accuracy
testing in the pre-employment context primarily
because of the difficulty I establishing ground truth.
However; since the same physiological measures are
recorded and the same basic psychological principles
may apply I both the specific use and pre-
employment examinations, there is no reason to
believe that there is a substantial decrease in the
accuracy rate for the pre-employment circumstance.
The few studies that have been conducted on pre-
employment testing support this contention.
While the polygraph technique is not infallible,
research clearly indicates that when administered by
a competent examiner, the polygraph test is one of
the most accurate means available to determine
truth and deception.

ERRORS IN POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS

False While the polygraph technique is highly accurate, it

positive, false is not infallible and errors do occur.
negative

Polygraph errors may be caused by the examiner’s

failure to properly prepare the examinee for the
examination, or by misreading of the physiological
data on the polygraph charts. Errors are usually
referred to either false positive or false negative. A
false positive occurs when a truthful examinee is
reported as being deceptive; a false negative when a
deceptive examinee is reported as truthful. Some
research indicates that false negative occur more
frequently than false positive; other research studies
show the opposite conclusion. Since it is recognized
than any error is damaging, examiners utilize a
variety of procedure to identify the presence of
factors which may cause false responses, and to
insure an unbiased review of the polygraph records,
these include:
 Protective  An assessment of the examinee’s emotional
procedures state
 Medical information about examinee’s
physical condition.
 Specialized tests to identify the overly
responsive examinee and to calm, the overly
nervous
 Control questions to evaluate the examinee’s
response capabilities
 Factual analysis of the case information
 A pre-test interview and detailed review of
the questions
 Quality control reviews

Examinee’s If a polygraph examinee believes that an error has

remedies been made, there are several actions that may be
taken including the following:
 Request a second examination
 Retain an independent examiner for a
second opinion
 File complaint with a state licensing board
 File a complaint with the Department of
Labor under EPPA
 File a request for the assistance of the
American Polygraph Association.

SCOPE OF TEST QUESTIONS AND DISSEMINATION OF TEST

RESULTS

Personal and intrusive question have no place in a PROHIBI

properly conducted polygraph examination. Many state TED
licensing laws, the Employee Polygraph Protection Act, INQUIRI
as well as the American Polygraph Association, have so ES
stated in language similar to the following:
No examiner should inquire into any of the following
areas during pre-employment or periodic employment
examinations:
 Religious beliefs or affiliations
 Beliefs or opinions regarding racial matters
 Political beliefs or affiliations
 Beliefs, affiliations or lawful activities regarding
 unions or labor organizations
 Sexual preferences or activities

These errors in Polygraph examination may be observed by considering

the Nonverbal behavior of the subject.
People often evaluate lies based on non-verbal behavior, but are quick to
place too much merit in misleading indicators such as:
1. Avoidance of eye contact
2. Increased pauses between statements
3. Excessive movement originating from the hands or feet.
The non-invasive lie detection using non-verbal behavior is performed by the
silent talker lie detector.
Silent Talker monitors large numbers of micro expressions over time slots
and encode them into large vectors which are classified as showing truthful
or deceptive behavior by artificial intelligence or statistical classifiers. Silent
Talker Research has been peer reviewed in the Journal of Applied Cognitive
Psychology and in the Journal of Neural Computing and Applications. The
architecture was invented between 2000 and 2002 by a team at Manchester
Metropolitan University.
Another computer based system for detecting spontaneous micro expression
is being developed at Oxford and the University of Oulu by Teams directed
by Tomas Pfister. Traditionally, micro-expression are very difficult to
recognize through automated facial expression analysis because of their short
duration and involuntariness. Their short durations means only a very limited
number of frames are available for analysis using a standard 25fps camera
and their involuntariness means eliciting a particular expressions to add to a
comprehensive training database requires considerable time and
psychological insights.
To counteract the short-video length, the team used temporal interpolation to
achieve a higher number of frames and Multiple Kernel Learning to improve
classification. The end result was the Spontaneous Micro expression Corpus
(SMIC), which consists of 77 micro- expressions taken from 6 subjects.
This is the first system that is able to recognize spontaneous facial micro
expressions with reliable accuracy, approximately 70% compared to the 50%
by the trained human analyst. As such , it will be a valuable tool for future
computer vision studies geared towards automating the process of lie
detection

MODULE 3
TITLE POLYGRAPH QUESTIONS AND TEST PROCEDURES
INTRODUCTION The polygraph test consist of asking the subject who is attached to the
: instrument through the transducer, a list of prepared questioned in a planned
sequence comprising of not more than 12 questions. At least three (3) test
charts are taken; each lasting not more than four (4) minutes, with a rest of
five (5) to ten (10) minutes between charts. Polygraph test employed varies
slightly with the person tested.
LEARNING At the end of this topic the students can already formulate questions
OUTCOME: following the rules and limitations in formulating test questions. As
indicated in the previous topics, the success of polygraph examination lies
on the capacities of the examiner to operate and prepare significant
questions to be use in the actual polygraph test.
LEARNING  Identify the different types of questions used in the polygraph
OBJECTIVE: examination
 Formulate questions in the polygraph examination

DISCUSSIONS RULES FOR FORMULATING LIE DETECTOR QUESTIONS

1. Must be simple and direct.
2. Must not involve legal terminology such as rape, assault, murder, etc.
3. Must be answerable by yes or no only,
4. Must be short as possible.
5. Meaning must be clear and unmistakable.
6. Phrase in language is easily understood by the subject
7.Must not intimidate the subject
8. Must never contain an inference, which presupposes knowledge on the
part of the subject.
9. Must refer to one offense only.
10. Must refer to element of the offense only.

TWO GENERAL TYPES OF QUESTIONS

1. General Question Test (GQT)- the most common applied

 Consist of a series of relevant and irrelevant questions asked in a
planned order. Questions are so arranged as to make a comparison
of responses to relevant question with a subject’s norm made
during the answering of irrelevant questions.

A.RELEVANT QUESTIONS
 Are series of questions directly related to the offense under
investigation
 Formulated so that innocent can answer truthfully, while the
guilty are force to lie.
 To threaten the deceptive person , and causes to elicit
reaction
 Deals with matter under investigation

Example:
 Did you commit that wrong doing?
 Did you start that fire?
 Did you take that missing money?
 Did you force that woman to have sex?

Note:
 Always use THAT instead of THE.
 Must be formulated so that the innocent can answer truthfully, while
the guilty are forced to lie.
 To threaten the deceptive person and causes to elicit a reaction.
 Deal with the matter under investigation and the answer is usually
NO.
 No charged words such as kill, rape, rob etc.
 Avoid using intimidating legal words like burglarize, bribe, rob,
extort
Classification of Relevant Question

A.Strong relevant/ primary relevant question (Red/Yellw)

 Question which has an intense relationship to the crime or
problem being considered. This is intended to produce strong
emotional response in guilty subjects.
Example:

 Did you conspire to commit that crime with anyone?

 Did you assist anyone when that crime happens?
 Did you plan with somebody to commit that crime?

B. Weak relevant / secondary (Yellow/Red)- are questions that

concern with elements of the crime and deals mostly on guilty
knowledge and partial involvement.
- These are pseudo relevant. Sacrifice relevant , ice breaker, catch all,
counter measure and bring the examinee in or out of the test.

Example
 Do you have an intention to lie to any investigation?
 Regarding the issue at hand, do you intend to answer each question
truthfully during the polygraph examination?
 Did you prepare something to beat the polygraph examination?

Classification of Weak Relevant

1. Sacrifice Relevant or DYAT questions (Do you intend to Answer

Truthfully)- design to absorb the response generally generated by
the introduction of the first relevant questions in the series. Reaction
to these questions gives the examiner a clue as to subject’s attitude
of willingness or voluntariness to submit to the test.

Example
12. Regarding the stolen Ipod, do you intend to answer each
question truthfully about that?
13. Did you deliberately do anything to try and beat this test?

2. Knowledge Question- this type of question is propounded to the

subject to detect information about a crime that only a guilty subject
would have. Such information includes detail about the site of the
crime, means of committing it or type of weapon used.

Example
 Do you know for sure who stole the Ipod of Nick?
 Note
 The word “for sure” is included to eliminate further suspicion just in
case the subject knew the offender and the location of the evidence
but is only hesitant to answer yes.

3. Evidence connecting question - This has to do with inviting subjects

attention on the probability of incriminating proof that would tend to
establish his guilt, by linking him and his predicaments to the FP,
foot prints, tool marks, collected at the crime scene.

Example
 Were the footprints outside the house of Nick yours?
Control questions (Comparison Question)- these are questions unrelated
to the matter under investigation but of similar nature although less serious
as compared to those relevant question under investigation.
- John Reid created the comparison question in 1947. They are color
coded green in the test.
- Used for purposes of comparison. Essentially, truthful subject are
believed by polygraph examiners to be more concerned (and thus,
more physiologically aroused) about control than relevant question.
The responses to both control and relevant questions are compared.
- A question dealing with something we all have done in our lifetime.
- In reality, examinee, should answer comparison question ‘No” that
question is introduce by the examiner in a manner that will create
conflict with the answer of innocent examinees.

Kinds of control questions

1. Primary control question- Recalls the offense done from the time
of childhood up to 3-5 year before the occurrence of the present
offense being investigated.

Example
O Before reaching the age of 28, have you ever stolen anything?

2. Secondary control- More specific in nature, it is base upon another

sort of wrong doing which will enhance the subjects opportunity for
responsiveness. Its scope includes up to the present period of
examination.

Example
O Have ever stolen anything from this locality?

B. IRRELEVANT QUESTION

 Type of questions which have no importance to the case under

investigation, these are questions which are believed to have no, or
very little emotional impact on a subject. Thus these question can be
used as an indicator of a particular subject’s normal baseline level of
arousal. These must precede the relevant ones
 No connection to the issue/ matter under investigation
 No threat to the subject
 Subjects have reason to lie
 This pertains to the subjects background, and these neutral questions
are used to;
1. Establish a norm for examinee
2. Re-establish norm pattern

Purpose of Irrelevant Question

 Establishes the professional authority in the room, that means the
interviewer asks question and subject answers
 Allows the interviewer to assess the subject’s normal behaviour
for this heightened emotional situation
 Allows the interviewer to identify something the subject in
common with the suspect, to establish rapport.
 Minimize resistance

Example:
 - Is your first name is Marion?
- Were you born in the Philippines?
- Is today Thursday?

2. PEAK OF TENSION TEST- (PTT)- usually used as a supplementary

test.
 The subject may be given this test if he is not yet informed of the
details of the offense for which he is being interrogated by the
investigation or by other person or from other sources like the print
media.
 Made when there is no widespread publicity about a crime where
intimate details as to facts of the case is known from the victim and
investigator.
Example
 Do you know whether the stolen watch from Rommel is a rolex?
 Is it an Elgin?
 Is it a Colorado?
 Is it a Seiko Watch?

Other supplementary test

 Guilt Complex Test – applied when the response to relevant and

control question are similar in degree and in consistency and in a
way that the examiner cannot determine whether the subject is
telling the truth or not.

Example
 Did you steal that Ferrari toy collection?

 Symptomatic Question- (Outside issue) examiners believe that it is

useful to check if the subject is concerned about another issue.

Example
 Are you completely convinced that I will not ask any question on this
test that has not already been reviewed?

SPECIFIC CASE INVESTIGATION QUESTION (Sample)

CODE QUESTION ANSWER

N Are a Filipino citizen? Yes
(Neutral/
Irrelevant)
SR Regarding the missing jewelry in the shop of Mr. John, Yes
(Sacrifice are you going to answer all the questions truthfully?
Relevant)
S Do you understand that I will only ask questions we Yes
(Symptomatic) reviewed?
C Between the ages of 18-25 have you stolen things with No
(Control) value?
R About the missing jewelry, do you know who took it? No
(Relevant)
C When you were working in a company. Have you No
(Control) stolen valuable belongings of your co-workers?
R Are you the one who took the jewelry? No
(Relevant)
N Are you in the city now? Yes
(Neutral/
 Irrelevant)
C When you were a student, could you remember if your No
(Control) professor lost his wallet and you were you were
included as one of the suspects?
R Did you lie on the issue of missing jewelry? No
(Relevant)
Note:Code of questions must be followed strictly in formulating specific case
investigation questions.

Paired Testing of Accused (Sample)

CODE QUESTION ANSWER

N Were you born in the Philippines? Yes

SR Regarding the alleged killing of the minor, will you answer Yes
my questions truthfully?
S Do you understand that I will only asked questions we Yes
reviewed?
C In your entire life, did you ever join any illegal activities of No
gangster?
R Did you strangle Mr.Tuli last night? No

C When you were 18 yrs old, did you experience having an No

illicit affair with your friend’s girlfriend?
R Did you intend to kill Mr. Tuli when you saw him at the No
hotel?
N Are you sick now? No

C When you were in school, can you recall if you were No

charge then with sexual harassment?
R Did you put a poison in the food of Mr. Tuli? No

LEGAL ASPECT OF POLYGRAPHY

ADMISSIBILITY

Polygraph results are generally not admissible as evidence in Philippine courts.

However, they may be used as a basis for further investigation or to corroborate
other evidence.

In Japan, India and Indonesia, polygraph evidence is admissible in court. In the

United States, most states permit polygraph test results to be used as evidence where
parties have agreed to their admissibility before the examination is given, under the
terms of a stipulation.

ACCURACY

The accuracy (i.e., validity) of polygraph testing has long been controversial. An
underlying problem is theoretical: There is no evidence that any pattern of
physiological reactions is unique to deception. An honest person may be nervous
when answering truthfully and a dishonest person may be non-anxious.

THE FOUR MAJOR COMPONENTS OF MODERN POLYGRAPHY

A. PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT - is used to record, the changes of the
breathing of the subject. It is made up of pneumograph chest assembly made
up of convoluted rubber tube and recording unit.

B. CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH COMPONENT - this is used to record the

changes of the blood pressure and pulse rate of the subject. It is composed of
the blood pressure cuff assembly, pump bulb assembly, sphygmanometer
(BP) vent, resonance control, and the recording unit..

C. GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT - this is used to detect irregularities

in skin resistance detected by a very small amount of electricity. It is
composed of finger or palm electrode assembly, amplifier unit, and the
galvanometer-recording unit.

D. KYMOGRAPH COMPONENT - Kymograph component is a motor that

pulls or drives the chart paper under the recording pen simultaneously at the
rate of 6 or 12 inches per minute. Chart must travel at a uniform speed to
facilitate valid interpretations. The parts composed of the paper well writing
table, paper guide rail, paper roller assembly with sprockets, chart feed
switch. AC power input connector and all 5 volt GC cycle synchronous
motor.