WEEK 13-15

PREPARED BY: JOLLYBEI JEAN C. SEROT, RCRIM.

TOPIC:
1. THE SUBJECT
2. THE POLYGRAPH EXAMINAR
3. RESPOSIBILITIES OF THE INVESTIGATOR AND/TO EXAMINER TO THE SUBJECT
4. EXAMINATION ROOM
5. TEST PROCEDURE IN POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
6. FORMULATION OF TEST QUESTION AND TEST TECHNIQUES
7. CHART MARKING, INTERPRETATION, AND PROBING
THE SUBJECT

• GENERALLY, THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF SUBJECTS FOR POLYGRAPH TESTING - A) SUSPECT B) THE
VICTIM OR COMPLAINANT AND C) WITNESS.
THE EXAMINER

• POLYGRAPH EXAMINER - IS ONE WHO IS SKILLED AND CAPABLE TO DETECT DECEPTION OR VERIFY TRUTH OF STATEMENT
THROUGH INSTRUMENTATION OR THE USE OF MECHANICAL DEVICE.

• BASIS TO ALL THAT HAS BEEN SAID WITH REGARD TO THE UTILIZATION AND ACCURACY OF THE POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUE IS THE
MATTER OF THE EXAMINER QUALIFICATIONS AND SKILLS. AN EXAMINER MUST BE AN INTELLIGENT PERSON, WITH REASONABLY
GOOD EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND – PREFERABLY COLLEGE DEGREE. HE SHOULD HAVE AN INTENSE INTEREST IN THE WORK
ITSELF, A GOOD PRACTICAL UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN NATURE, AND SUITABLE PERSONALITY TRAITS WHICH MAY BE EVIDENT
FROM HIS OTHERWISE GENERAL ABILITY TO FRIENDS AND ASSOCIATES. NO AMOUNT OF TRAINING OR “GET ALONG" WITH
PEOPLE AND TO BE WELL LIKED BY HIS EXPERIENCE WILL OVERCOME LACK OF THESE NECESSARY QUALIFICATIONS.
TASKS OF THE FORENSIC PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIST
(EXAMINER)
1. INTERVIEW - GATHER FACTS/INFORMATION ABOUT THE CASE BY ASKING QUESTIONS
2. PROFILE THE SUBJECT
3. FORMULATE POLYGRAPH QUESTIONS
4. PREPARE AND SET-UP THE POLYGRAPH INSTRUMENT
5. CONDUCT PRE-TEST QUESTIONING
6. CONDITION THE SUBJECT TO BE TESTED
7. COLLECT POLYGRAMS
8. ANALYZE AND INTERPRET POLYGRAPH TRACINGS
9. CONDUCT POST-TEST QUESTIONING
 MORAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD POLYGRAPH EXAMINER:
1. HE MUST BE AN IMPARTIAL SEEKER OF TRUTH.
2. ALWAYS CONDUCT THE EXAMINATION IN A PROFESSIONAL AND ETHICAL MANNER
3. NEVER LET/ ALLOW HIS PERSONAL FEELINGS OR SYMPATHIES, OR THE FEELINGS OR SYMPATHIES OR PREJUDICE OF OTHERS, INFLUENCE THE
RESULT OF THE TEST.
4. HE MUST BE FREE FROM PREJUDICE
5. CONSTANTLY BEAR IN MIND HIS OBLIGATION TO HIS SUBJECTS TO AFFORD THEM ALL POSSIBLE SAFEGUARDS AGAINST ERROR
6. NEVER ACCEPT ANY SUBJECT FOR POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION IF THEY UNFIT FOR POLYGRAPH TEST.
7. SINCERE DESIRE TO BE A GOOD POLYGRAPH EXAMINER IN ITS STRICTEST SENSE.
8. HE MUST DEVOTE HIMSELF TO THE PROFESSION BY MAINTAINING A HIGH PERSONAL INTEGRITY AND BY INCREASING HIS PROFESSIONAL
PROFICIENCY THROUGH CONSTANT STUDY AND RESEARCH.
TECHNICAL QUALIFICATIONS OF A POLYGRAPH
EXAMINER:

1. HAVE A COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF THE INSTRUMENT AND ITS CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS.
2. COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF THE MOST MODERN POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUES.
3. PROFICIENT IN THE CONDUCT OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION, SUCH AS TEST CONSTRUCTION, CHART
MARKING, CHART PROBING, CHART INTERPRETATION, PRETEST INTERVIEW AND INTERROGATION
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INVESTIGATOR AND/TO EXAMINER TO THE SUBJECT
RESPONSIBILITIES OF A POLYGRAPH EXAMINE TO HIS SUBJECT:

1. RECOGNIZED THE FACT THAT HIS PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY MUST BE TO THE PERSON WHO VOLUNTARILY
SUBMITTED HIMSELF TO A POLYGRAPH TEST.
2. HE SHOULD NEVER CONDUCT A POLYGRAPH TEST WITHOUT FIRST ADVISING THE SUBJECT OF HIS CONSTITUTIONAL
RIGHTS AGAINST SELL-INCRIMINATION
3. HE SHOULD NEVER CONDUCT AN EXAMINATION UNLESS THE INSTRUMENT IS IN GOOD WORKING
4. HE SHOULD NEVER RENDER A CONCLUSIVE VERBAL OPINION UNLESS THERE ARE AT LEAST TWO OR MORE TEST
CHARTS
5. HE MUST BE THOROUGHLY FAMILIAR WITH THE TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES IN POLYGRAPH.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INVESTIGATOR TO THE EXAMINER
1. IN SEEKING POLYGRAPH ASSISTANCE, THE INVESTIGATOR MUST ALWAYS CONSULT FIRST THE EXAMINER ON
APPROPRIATE SCHEDULE OF THE TEST
2. MUST NOT WAIT UNTIL THE LAST MINUTE AFTER ALL INVESTIGATIVE METHODS AND TECHNIQUES HAD FAILED. THE
TEST SHOULD NEVER BE USED AS A LAST RESORT
3. NOT TO SEEK THE TEST TO BOLSTER THE EVIDENCE SUBMITTED TO THE COURT. DO NOT FAIL TO INVESTIGATE THE
CASE BEFORE SEEKING POLYGRAPH ASSISTANCE.
5. SHOULD NOT DEPEND ON MASS SCREENING OF POSSIBLE SUSPECTS TO PRODUCE THE GUILTY PARTY WHEN NO
REASONABLE AMOUNT OF INVESTIGATION HAD PRODUCED A LIKELY SUSPECT
6. SHOULD NOT STOP THE INVESTIGATION WHEN THE POLYGRAPH TESTS IS DEFERRED OR TEMPORARILY DELAYED.
7. SHOULD NOT THINK THAT THE INVESTIGATION IS OVER IF THE TEST INDICATES THAT THE SUBJECT LIED OR
8. SHOULD NOT USE THE POLYGRAPH AS A PROP, RUSE OR TRICKERY TO SECURE CONFESSION OR FOR THE
EVALUATION OF THE MENTAL STATE OF THE SUSPECT.
9. SHOULD NEVER TELL ANYONE THAT THE POLYGRAPH WILL DETERMINE THE GUILT OR INNOCENCE OF THE SUSPECT.
THE COURT MAKES THAT DECISION.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INVESTIGATOR TO THE
SUBJECTS:
1. LEARN ENOUGH ABOUT THE POLYGRAPH SO THAT HE CAN TALK OPENLY AND FREELY TO THE PERSON ABOUT THE TEST.
THE SUBJECT MAY KNOW VERY LITTLE OR MAY HAVE BEEN MISINFORMED ABOUT IT.
2. NOT TO REVEAL THE DETAILS OF AN OFFENSE, WHICH MAY BE UTILIZED IN THE APPLICATION OF A "PEAK OF TENSION
TEST”.
3. ASSURE THE SUBJECT THAT IF HE IS TRUTHFUL, THE TEST IS A MEANS TO INDICATE HIS INNOCENCE.
4. STATE THE POLYGRAPH CAPABILITY TO RECORD RESPONSES ACCURATELY
5. ASSURE THE SUBJECT THAT THE EXAMINER IS QUALIFIED AND IMPARTIAL TO ALL PERSONS SUBJECT TO POLYGRAPH
TEST.
6. AVOID ANY CLAIM FOR THE INSTRUMENT OR EXAMINER THAT IS NOT BACKED-UP BY FACTS.
 THE EXAMINATION ROOM

IDEALLY, POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION SHOULD BE PERFORMED IN A QUIET, PRIVATE, 90% SOUNDPROOF ROOM. UNUSUAL
NOISE, SUCH AS THE RINGING OF THE TELEPHONE OR CONVERSATION OF PERSONS OUTSIDE THE EXAMINATION ROOM
OR PRESENCE OF INVESTIGATORS.
 THE EXAMINATION ROOM
THE EXAMINATION ROOM IS IMPORTANTLY CONSIDERED FOR EFFECTIVE POLYGRAPH TESTING. THE CONDITION OF THE ROOM MUST BE AS FOLLOWS:

1. LIE-DETECTOR TEST SHOULD BE CONDUCTED IN A QUIET PRIVATE ROOM

2. A ROOM WITH NONE OF THE USUAL POLICE SURROUNDINGS AND WITH NO DISTRACTION WITHIN THE SUBJECT’S VIEW
3. A ROOM WITHOUT ANY WINDOWS AT ALL.
4. THE INTERROGATION ROOM SHOULD CONTAIN NO ORNAMENTS, PICTURES OR OTHER OBJECTS WHICH WOULD DISTRACT THE
ATTENTION OF THE PERSON BEING TESTED OR INTERVIEWED
5. A ROOM FREE FROM NOISE SUCH AS THE RINGING OF TELEPHONE OR THE CONVERSATION OF PERSONS OUTSIDE THE
EXAMINATION ROOM.
6. THE PRESENCE OF OTHER OFFICERS OR OTHER SPECTATORS IN THE ROOM ITSELF MAY PRODUCE DISTURBANCES AND
DISTRACTIONS WHICH WILL INTERFERE WITH SATISFACTORY DIAGNOSIS OF DECEPTION; HENCE, THIS SHOULD ALSO BE AVOIDED.
• ADEQUATE VENTILATION IS NEEDED WITH COMFORTABLE TEMPERATURE. IF A GLASS WINDOW IS NEEDED FOR THIS
PURPOSE, IT SHOULD NOT BE INSTALLED FACING THE SUBJECT AND THE LIGHTINGS SHOULD NOT BE EXCESSIVE.
THERE SHOULD BE AN "OBSERVATION ROOM" ADJACENT TO THE EXAMINATION ROOM AS IN PSYCHOLOGY
LABORATORIES A 'ONE-WAY MIRROR" (A PANEL OF GLASS CHEMICALLY TREATED SO AS TO PERMIT SOMEONE FROM
THE OBSERVATION ROOM TO SEE INTO THE LIGHTED EXAMINATION ROOM WITHOUT BEING SEEN) MUST BE
INSTALLED ON THE WALL IN BETWEEN THE ROOMS, SO THE SUBJECT MAY BE VIEWED FROM THE OBSERVATION ROOM
BY THE CO-EXAMINERS FOR OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR SYMPTOMS RELEVANT TO THE ISSUE OF TRUTHFULNESS OR
DECEPTION.
SPECIFICALLY, THE FOLLOWING CAN BE SUBJECTED FOR
POLYGRAPH TESTING:
• 1. SUBJECT WHOSE GUILT IS DEFINITE OR REASONABLY CERTAIN
• 2. EMOTIONAL OFFENDER
• 3. PERSON WHO COMMIT CRIMES IN THE HEAT OF PASSION NATURE
• 4. PERSON WHOSE OFFENSES ARE ACCIDENTAL IN
• 5. NON-EMOTIONAL OFFENDER
• 6. PERSON WHO COMMIT CRIMES FOR FINANCIAL GAIN
• 7. SUBJECT WHOSE GUILT IS DOUBTFUL OR UNCERTAIN
A SUBJECT FOR THE POLYGRAPH TESTING MUST BE IN GOOD PHYSICAL AND MENTAL CONDITION BEFORE HE/SHE MAY BE
SUBMITTED FOR EXAMINATION.
ON THE OTHER HAND, THERE ARE GROUP OF SUBJECTS WHO CANNOT BE
RECOMMENDED TO UNDERGO POLYGRAPH TESTING SUCH AS THE FOLLOWING :
1. PERSONS WHO HAVE EXTREME NERVOUSNESS
2. PERSONS WHO HAVE PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES SUCH AS HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE/HYPERTENSION, HEART
DISEASE RESPIRATORY DISORDER, TOOTHACHES, SEVERE HEADACHES AND PRACTICALLY ANY PAINFUL AILMENTS.
3. PERSONS WITH MENTAL ABNORMALITIES.
4. UNRESPONSIVE PERSONS, SUCH AS THOSE WHO SUFFER MENTAL FATIGUE OR UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DRUGS OR
ALCOHOL.
5. PREGNANT WOMEN.
6. PERSONS BELOW 18 YEARS OF AGE.
 WHAT ARE THE PROCEDURES (PHASES) FOLLOWED IN THE POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUE?
THERE ARE SEVERAL PHASES TO FOLLOW IN POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION AND THEY ARE AS FOLLOWS:

PHASE I PRELIMINARY PREPARATIONS

THIS STAGE IS THE INITIAL INTERVIEW WITH THE INVESTIGATOR HANDLING THE CASE OR PERSON REQUESTING IT. THE GROUP INVOLVE IN
THIS STAGE ARE THE VICTIM OR THE COMPLAINANT, SUSPECTS AND WITNESSES. THIS STAGE INCLUDES OBTAINING AND EVALUATION OF
FACTS, DETERMINING AREAS THE SUBJECTS NEED TO BE ASKED AND THE INVESTIGATOR MUST FURNISH THE EXAMINER OF THE
FOLLOWING:
1. SWORN STATEMENT OF THE SUSPECT/WITNESSES/ VICTIM/COMPLAINANT
2. INCIDENT OR SPOT REPORT, B.I. OF THE SUSPECT, WITNESSES, AND VICTIMS OR COMPLAINANTS
3. ROUGH SKETCH OR PICTURES OF THE CRIME SCENE AND OTHER FACTS SUCH AS SPECIFIC ARTICLE AND EXACT AMOUNT OF MONEY
STOLEN.
4. PECULIAR ASPECT OF THE OFFENSE OR ANY STRANGE SET.
5. EXACT TIME THE OFFENSE WAS COMMITTED.
6. KNOWN FACTS ABOUT THE SUSPECTS ACTION OR MOVEMENT
7. FACTS INDICATING ANY CONNECTION BETWEEN THE SUSPECTS, VICTIM AND WITNESSES
8. EXACT TYPE OF WEAPON, TOOL OR FIREARMS USED
9. RESULT OF LABORATORY TEST
10. UNPUBLISHED FACTS OF THE OFFENSE KNOWN ONLY BY THE VICTIM, SUSPECTS AND THE INVESTIGATOR
11. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATION
 PHASE II THE PRE-TEST INTERVIEW
THIS IS THE STAGE OF INTERVIEW OF THE SUBJECT. THE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF THE PRE-TEST INTERVIEW IS TO
PREPARE OR CONDITION THE SUBJECT FOR THE TEST. THE FOLLOWING SHOULD BE TAKEN CONSIDERATIONS:
1. THE APPRAISAL OF SUBJECT'S CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT
2. OBTAIN SUBJECT'S CONSENT TO UNDERGO POLYGRAPH TEST BY SIGNING A STATEMENT OF CONSENT
3. THE TAKING OF PERSONAL DATA OF THE SUBJECT
4. DETERMINING HIS/HER SUITABILITY AS A SUBJECT
5. EVALUATING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PREPARATION OF THE SUBJECT
6. INFORMING THE SUBJECT OF HIS INVOLVEMENT WITH THE CASE
THE FOLLOWING RIGHTS OF THE SUBJECT MUST BE INFORMED CLEARLY TO HIM/HER:

A. THE RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT

B. ANYTHING, HE/SHE SAY MAY BE USED IN FAVOR OR AGAINST HIM/HER
C. THE RIGHT TO HAVE A LAWYER OF HIS/HER OWN CHOICE
D. RIGHT TO REFUSE
• AS EARLIER NOTED, SUBJECTS WILL NOT BE SCHEDULED FOR EXAMINATION WHEN
THEY ARE OBVIOUSLY FATIGUED OR IN ILL HEALTH, PHYSICALLY INJURED OR IN PAIN,
THEIR JUDGMENT IS OBVIOUSLY INFLUENCED BY OR IMPAIRED BY DRUGS OR
ALCOHOL, OR HAVE JUST SUFFERED EMOTIONAL TRAUMA. THE EXAMINER'S
INTERVIEW WITH THE SUBJECT PRIOR TO THE TEST IS OF CONSIDERABLE
IMPORTANCE, BOTH FOR THE PURPOSE CONDITIONING THE SUBJECT FOR THE
EXAMINATION AND ALSO IN ORDER TO PROVOKE AND OBSERVE THE HELPFUL
INDICATIONS OF GUILT AND INNOCENCE WHICH ARE OFTEN FORTHCOMING AT THIS
TIME.
 THE FOLLOWING IS THE DETAILED OUTLINE OF THE PRE- TEST INTERVIEW WHICH HAS
BEEN FOUND TO BE EFFECTIVE. WE ASSUME THAT THE SUBJECT HAS ALREADY BEEN
ADVISED OF THE FACT THAT HE IS TO BE GIVEN A LIE-DETECTOR TEST.)

A. AS THE EXAMINER ENTERS THE WAITING ROOM TO REQUEST THE SUBJECT TO ACCOMPANY HIM INTO THE
EXAMINATION ROOM, THE GREETING WHICH THE EXAMINER EXTENDS SHOULD BE CORDIAL, BUT FIRM.
B. UPON ENTERING THE EXAMINATION ROOM THE SUBJECT SHOULD BE REQUESTED TO SIT DOWN IN A CHAIR
ALONGSIDE THE INSTRUMENT, AND IMMEDIATELY THEREAFTER THE EXAMINER SHOULD PROCEED TO THE TAKING OF
THE CONSENT OF THE SUBJECT.
C. THEN FILL UP THE NECESSARY DATA ASKED IN THE INTERROGATION LOG.
D. AFTERWARDS INQUIRE FROM THE SUBJECT WHETHER HE HAS BEEN ON A LIE DETECTOR TEST BEFORE. NO
FURTHER COMMENT SHOULD BE MADE BY THE EXAMINER BUT HE SHOULD LISTEN CAREFULLY TO WHATEVER THE
SUBJECT HIMSELF MAY SAY.
E. IF THE SUBJECT HAS NOT TOLD OF THE PURPOSE OF HIS APPEARANCE IN THE TESTING LABORATORIES, THE
EXAMINER SHOULD EXPLAIN THAT A LIE DETECTOR TEST IS DESIRED OF HIM AS PART OF THE INVESTIGATION
REGARDING THE CASE. MUCH TIME SHOULD BE SPENT IN THE PRELIMINARY INTERVIEW AS THE CIRCUMSTANCES
REASONABLY WARRANTS.
PHASE III THE EXAMINATION PROPER

• AFTER THE PRE-TEST INTERVIEW, THE EXAMINER SHOULD PROCEED TO THE PLACEMENT OR ATTACHMENT
OF POLYGRAPH SENSORS. THE FIRST TO BE ATTACHED IS THE PNEUMOGRAPH, FOLLOWED BY THE
CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH AND GALVANOGRAPH SENSORS.
PHASE IV THE POST-TEST INTERVIEW
THIS STAGE INCLUDES ALL CONSIDERATION THAT BEARS ON THE EXAMINATION.
THIS IS DONE JUST AFTER THE INSTRUMENT IS TURNED OFF. IF THE POLYGRAPH
TEST RESULT INDICATES DECEPTION, THE EXAMINER WILL THEN PROCEED TO
CONDUCT SHORT INTERROGATION. THE PURPOSE OF WHICH IS TO OBTAIN
CONFESSION. HOWEVER, IF THE POLYGRAPH INDICATES THAT THE SUBJECT IS
INNOCENT; THE EXAMINER WILL JUST RELEASE THE SUBJECT CORDIALLY AND
THANKS HIM/HER FOR HIS/HER COOPERATION.
THE PURPOSES OF FURTHER QUESTIONING AFTER THE
TEST ARE:
A. TO CLARIFY THE FINDINGS;
B. TO LEARN IF THERE ARE ANY OTHER REASONS FOR THE SUBJECT'S
RESPONDING TO A RELEVANT QUESTION, OTHER THAN THE KNOWLEDGE OF
THE CRIME; AND
C. TO OBTAIN ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND AN ADMISSION FOR LAW
ENFORCEMENT PURPOSES, IF THE RESULTS SUGGEST DECEPTION.
 WHAT ARE THE RULES TO BE FOLLOWED IN THE
FORMULATION OF TEST QUESTIONS?
A. QUESTIONS MUST BE SIMPLE AND DIRECT.
B. THEY MUST NOT INVOLVE LEGAL TERMINOLOGY SUCH AS RAPE, MURDER, ETC.
C. THEY MUST BE ANSWERABLE BY YES OR NO.
D. MUST BE SHORT AS POSSIBLE.
E. THEIR MEANING MUST BE CLEAR AND UNMISTAKABLE PHRASED IN A LANGUAGE THAT THE SUBJECT CAN EASILY
UNDERSTAND.
F. THEY MUST NOT BE IN THE FORM OF ACCUSATION.
G. QUESTION MUST NEVER CONTAIN AN INFERENCE WHICH PRESUPPOSES KNOWLEDGE ON THE PART OF THE SUBJECT
H. ALL QUESTIONS MUST REFER TO ONE OFFENSE ONLY.
I. ALL QUESTIONS MUST REFER TO ONLY ONE ELEMENT OF AN OFFENSE.
J. THEY MUST NOT CONTAIN INTERFERENCES TO ONE’S RELIGION RACES OR BELIEF. THEY ARE CONSTRUCTED?
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF TEST QUESTIONS AND HOW THEY ARE CONSTRUCTED?

THE POLYGRAPH TEST CONSISTS OF ASKING THE SUBJECT/PERSON THROUGH A

LIST OF PREPARED QUESTIONS IN THE PLANNED SEQUENCE COMPROMISING OF
NOT MORE THAN FOUR (4) MINUTES WITH A REST INTERVAL OF TWELVE. AT
LEAST 3 TEST CHARTS ARE TAKEN, EACH LASTING FIVE (5) TO TEN (10) MINUTES
BETWEEN CHARTS.
THERE ARE TWO GENERAL TYPES OF QUESTIONS TO BE CONSTRUCTED
AND MAYBE SUPPLEMENTED BY OTHER TYPES OF QUESTIONS:
1. GENERAL QUESTION TEST (GQT) - THE MOST COMMONLY APPLIED
2. PEAK-OF-TENSION TEST (PTT) - WHICH IS USUALLY USED AS SUPPLEMENTARY TEST.
THERE ARE ALSO FIVE SET OF TESTS THAT MAYBE APPLIED DURING THE POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION PROCESS:
TEST I - GENERAL QUESTION TEST - THE PURPOSE IS TO GET THE STANDARD TRACING OF THE SUBJECT AND TO
ESTABLISH A TRUE TELLING PATTERN FOR THE INITIAL PART OF THE RECORD.
TEST II – NUMBER TEST (PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST) - THE PURPOSE IS TO CHECK THE POSSIBLE DELIBERATE
DISTORTION WHEN THE CHOSEN NUMBER IS ASKED AND TO OBTAIN A CHART WHEREIN THE SUBJECT IS NOT
UNDER STRESS.
TEST III - SPOT RESPONDER - THE PURPOSE IS TO DETERMINE THE RESPONSIVENESS OF THE SUBJECT TO
CRUCIAL QUESTION ON SPOT RESPONSES.
TEST IV - MIX QUESTION - THE PURPOSE IS TO COMPARE THE DEGREE OF REACTION BETWEEN CONTROL AND
RELEVANT QUESTION.
TEST V - SILENCE ANSWER TEST (SAT) - IT IS A CONFIRMATORY TEST.
HOW DOES THE GENERAL QUESTION TEST (GQT)
FORMULATE?

• THE GQT CONSISTS OF A SERIES OF RELEVANT AND IRRELEVANT QUESTIONS

ASKED IN A PLANNED ORDER. QUESTIONS ARE SO ARRANGED AS TO MAKE A
COMPARISON OF RESPONSES TO RELEVANT QUESTIONS WITH A SUBJECT'S
NORM MADE DURING THE ANSWERING OF IRRELEVANT QUESTIONS.
THE RELEVANT QUESTIONS

• FUNCTIONALLY, RELEVANT QUESTIONS ARE QUESTIONS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE OFFENSE UNDER
INVESTIGATION. IN PRE-EMPLOYMENT AND PERIODIC SCREENING, THE AREA OF INTEREST MAY BE THE
SUBJECTS' ENTIRE BACKGROUND. THUS, THERE MAY BE A SERIES OF RELEVANT QUESTIONS, SUCH AS
"HAVE YOU EVER BEEN FIRED FROM A JOB?" OR, "HAVE YOU STOLEN MORE THAN P50 IN ONE YEAR FROM
ANY OF YOUR EMPLOYERS?".
1.RELEVANT QUESTIONS - ARE FURTHER CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO ITS STIMULATION EFFECT WHEN APPLIED,
NAMELY:
STRONG RELEVANT OR PRIMARY RELEVANT QUESTION - WHICH HAS INTENSE RELATIONSHIP TO THE CRIME OR
PROBLEM BEING CONSIDERED. THIS IS INTENDED TO PRODUCE STRONG EMOTIONAL RESPONSE IN GUILTY
SUBJECTS.
EXAMPLE: DID YOU STEAL NICK'S IPOD?
2.SECONDARY OR WEAK RELEVANT – ARE QUESTIONS THAT CONCERN WITH ELEMENTS OF THE CRIME AND
DEALS MOSTLY ON GUILTY KNOWLEDGE AND PARTIAL INVOLVEMENT.
EXAMPLE: BETWEEN 10:00 TO 12:00 A. M., 10 FEBRUARY 2011, DID YOU OPEN THE TABLE DRAWER OF MR. DE LA
CRUZ?
FURTHER, THE WEAK RELEVANT IS CLASSIFIED INTO THE FOLLOWING:
3.SACRIFICE RELEVANT OR DYAT QUESTIONS (DO YOU INTEND TO ANSWER TRUTHFULLY) - DESIGNED TO
ABSORB THE RESPONSE GENERALLY GENERATED BY THE INTRODUCTION OF THE FIRST RELEVANT QUESTIONS
IN THE SERIES. REACTION TO THESE QUESTIONS GIVES THE EXAMINER A CLUE AS TO THE SUBJECT'S ATTITUDE
OF WILLINGNESS OR VOLUNTARINESS TO SUBMIT TO THE TEST.
EXAMPLE: REGARDING THE STOLEN IPOD, DO YOU INTEND TRUTHFULLY TO ANSWER EACH QUESTION ABOUT
THAT?
4.KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONS - THIS TYPE OF QUESTION IS PROPOUNDED TO THE SUBJECT TO DETECT
INFORMATION ABOUT A CRIME THAT ONLY A GUILTY SUBJECT WOULD HAVE. SUCH INFORMATION MIGHT
INCLUDE DETAILS ABOUT THE SITE OF THE CRIME OR THE MEANS OF COMMITTING IT, SUCH AS THE TYPE OF
WEAPON USED.
IT IS HYPOTHESIZED THAT GUILTY SUBJECTS WILL EXHIBIT A DIFFERENT PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO THE
CORRECT (RELEVANT) DETAIL THAN TO THE INCORRECT DETAILS, BUT THAT INNOCENT SUBJECTS WILL
RESPOND THE SAME TO ALL THE ITEMS.
EXAMPLE: DO YOU KNOW FOR SURE WHO STOLE THE IPOD OF NICK?
AT THIS INSTANCE, THE PHRASE "FOR SURE "IS INCLUDED TO ELIMINATE FURTHER SUSPICION JUST IN CASE
THE SUBJECT KNEW THE OFFENDER AND THE LOCATION OF THE EVIDENCE BUT IS ONLY HESITANT TO
ANSWER "YES".
5.EVIDENCE-CONNECTING QUESTION - THIS HAS TO DO SUBJECT'S ATTENTION THE PROBABILITY OF
INCRIMINATING PROOF THAT WOULD TEND TO ESTABLISH HIS GUILT, BY LINKING HIM AND HIS PREDICAMENTS
TO THE FINGERPRINTS, FOOTPRINTS, TOOL MARKS, ETC. COLLECTED AT THE CRIME SCENE.
EXAMPLE: WERE THE FOOTPRINTS OUTSIDE THE HOUSE OF NICK YOURS?
THE CONTROL QUESTIONS HAVE TWO KINDS:

CONTROL QUESTIONS, ARE USED FOR PURPOSES OF COMPARISON.

ESSENTIALLY, TRUTHFUL SUBJECTS ARE BELIEVED BY POLYGRAPH EXAMINERS
TO BE MORE CONCERNED (AND, PHYSIOLOGICALLY AROUSED) ABOUT CONTROL
THAN RELEVANT QUESTIONS. THE RESPONSES TO BOTH CONTROL AND
RELEVANT QUESTIONS ARE COMPARED.
CONTROL QUESTIONS HAVE TWO KINDS:

1. PRIMARY CONTROL QUESTION - RECALLS THE OFFENSE DONE FROM THE TIME OF
CHILDHOOD UP TO THREE TO FIVE YEARS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF THE PRESENT
OFFENSE BEING INVESTIGATED.
EXAMPLE: BEFORE REACHING THE AGE OF 28, HAVE YOU EVER STOLEN ANYTHING?
2. SECONDARY CONTROL QUESTION - MORE SPECIFIC IN NATURE, IT IS BASED UPON
ANOTHER SORT OPPORTUNITY FOR RESPONSIVENESS. ITS SCOPE INCLUDES UP TO THE
PRESENT PERIOD OF EXAMINATION.
EXAMPLE: HAVE YOU EVER STOLEN ANYTHING FROM THIS LOCALITY?
• THE FORMULATION OF BOTH TYPES OF CONTROL QUESTIONS NECESSITATES
REASONABLE CERTAINTY THAT THE SUBJECT'S ANSWER IS A LIE. IT IS
THEORIZED THAT ALTHOUGH GUILTY SUBJECTS WILL ALSO BE CONCERNED
ABOUT CONTROL QUESTIONS, THEY WILL BE MORE CONCERNED ABOUT AND
THUS EXHIBIT MORE PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO RELEVANT QUESTIONS.
THE IRRELEVANT (NEUTRAL) QUESTIONS – TYPES OF QUESTIONS WHICH HAVE
NO IMPORTANCE TO THE CASE UNDER INVESTIGATION, THESE ARE QUESTIONS
WHICH ARE BELIEVED TO HAVE NO, OR VERY LITTLE EMOTIONAL IMPACT ON A
SUBJECT. THUS, SUCH QUESTIONS CAN BE USED AS AN INDICATOR OF A
PARTICULAR SUBJECT'S NORMAL BASELINE LEVEL OF AROUSAL. THIS MUST
PRECEDE THE RELEVANT ONES.
EXAMPLES: DID YOU EAT TODAY?

• DO YOU SMOKE?
• ARE YOU WEARING BROWN LEATHER JACKET NOW?
• DO YOU LIVE IN BURGOS STREET, BACOLOD CITY?
SAMPLE SET OF GENERAL QUESTION TEST (GQT)
• 1. HAVE YOU EVER BEEN CALLED BY THE NAME PEDRO? (IRRELEVANT)
• 2. IS TODAY MONDAY? (IRRELEVANT)
• 3. DO YOU HAVE ANYTHING TO DO WITH THE ROBBERY AT SM (SHOEMART) LAST NIGHT? (WEAK RELEVANT)
• 4. ARE YOU OVER 20 YEARS OI AGE? (IRRELEVANT)
• 5. WERE YOU ONE OF THOSE WHO ROBBED THE SM LAST NIGHT? (STRONG RELEVANT)
• 6. HAVE YOU BEEN INVOLVED IN A ROBBERY CASE THIS YEAR? (CONTROL QUESTION-RELEVANT)
• 7. DO YOU DRINK WATER? (IRRELEVANT)
• 8. WAS THE PAIR OF GLOVES FOUND AT SM YOURS? (EVIDENCE CONNECTING-RELEVANT)
• 9. DO YOU KNOW OF ANYONE INVOLVED IN THE ROBBERY LAST NIGHT? (KNOWLEDGE QUESTION- RELEVANT)
• 10. HAVE YOU EVER BEEN INVOLVED IN ANY ROBBERY IN YOUR ENTIRE LIFE? (SECONDARY CONTROL - RELEVANT)
• 11. HAVE YOU DELIBERATELY LIED TO ANY QUESTION I HAVE ASKED YOU? (RELEVANT-CHECK QUESTION
(OPTIONAL)
 WHAT ARE OTHER QUESTIONS THAT MAYBE ASKED IN THE POLYGRAPH
TECHNIQUE?

1. CHECK QUESTION - LAST QUESTION ASKED IN THE LIE TEST. IT IS DIRECT QUESTION
THAT RELATES TO THE FACT THAT THE SUBJECT HAS TOLD THE TRUTH TO ALL
QUESTIONS ASKED IN THE LIE TEST.
2. FISHING EXPEDITION TEST QUESTION - VAGRANTS OR LOITERS FOR ROUTINE
INTERROGATION. NO IDEA ABOUT WHAT OFFENSE HAS BEEN COMMITTED
EXAMPLES: HAVE YOU EVER BEEN ARRESTED BEFORE? ARE YOU WANTED ANYWHERE
NOW BY THE POLICE?
 WHAT ARE THE SUPPLEMENTARY TEST QUESTIONS AND HOW THEY
ARE CONSTRUCTED?

ASIDE FROM THE STANDARD TESTS DESCRIBED EARLIER THE FOLLOWING SPECIAL
TESTS MAY BE PERFORMED AND INCORPORATED AS PART OF THE PROCEDURE OR MAY
BE USED AS SUPPLEMENTARY TESTS DEPENDING UPON THE RESULT OF THE STANDARD
TEST IN ORDER TO DRAW A BETTER CONCLUSION
 PEAK-OF-TENSION TEST (PTT)
THE SUBJECT MAY BE GIVEN THIS TEST IF HE IS NOT YET INFORMED OF THE DETAILS OF
THE OFFENSE FOR WHICH HE IS BEING INTERROGATED BY THE INVESTIGATION, OR BY
OTHER PERSONS OR FROM OTHER SOURCES LIKE THE PRINT MEDIA. THIS VALID TEST IS
ONLY MADE WHEN THERE IS WIDESPREAD PUBLICITY ABOUT A CRIME WHERE INTIMATE
DETAILS AS TO THE METHODS OF COMMISSION OR CERTAIN FACTS OF THE CASE IS
KNOWN FROM THE VICTIM AND INVESTIGATOR NO
THE QUESTIONS FORMULATED ARE SIMILAR IN NATURE AND CONSTRUCTION, ONLY ONE
OF WHICH IS TRUE AND THE PERPETRATOR WHO WOULD NATURALLY BE IN POSSESSION
OF SUCH UNPUBLICIZED KNOWLEDGE WILL USUALLY EXHIBIT A RISE IN THE TRACING UP
TO THAT PARTICULAR QUESTION FOLLOWED BY A DECLINE THEREAFTER, CAUSED BY THE
RELIEF OF KNOWING THAT A DREADED QUESTION DANGEROUS TO HIS WELL-BEING, IS
PAST.
 EXAMPLES OF PEAK-OF-TENSION TEST

1. DO YOU KNOW WHETHER THE STOLEN WATCH FROM ROMMEL IS A ROLEX? (THIS IS
AN INTRODUCTORY PHRASE PLUS PADDING QUESTION)
2. IS IT AN OMEGA? (PADDING)
3. IS IT A SEIKO? (PADDING)
4. IS IT TIMEX? (RELEVANT QUESTION)
5. IS IT ALBA QUARTZ? (PADDING)
6. IS IT A CITIZEN? (PADDING)
 GUILT COMPLEX TEST (GCT)
THIS TEST IS APPLIED WHEN THE RESPONSE TO RELEVANT AND CONTROL QUESTIONS ARE SIMILAR
IN DEGREE AND IN CONSISTENCY AND IN A WAY THAT THE EXAMINER CANNOT DETERMINE WHETHER
THE SUBJECT IS TELLING THE TRUTH OR NOT. THE SUBJECT IS ASKED QUESTIONS ASIDE FROM THE
IRRELEVANT, RELEVANT AND CONTROL QUESTIONS, A NEW SERIES OF RELEVANT QUESTIONS
DEALING WITH A REAL INCIDENT AND THAT WHICH THE SUBJECT COULD NOT HAVE COMMITTED.
IF THE SUBJECT DOES NOT RESPOND TO THE ADDED RELEVANT QUESTIONS, IT INDICATES THAT THE
SUBJECT WAS BEING DECEPTIVE AS TO THE PRIMARY ISSUE UNDER INVESTIGATION. HOWEVER, NO
CONCLUSION CAN BE DRAWN IF THE RESPONSE TO ADDED GUILT COMPLEX IS SIMILAR TO THE REAL
ISSUE QUESTIONS.
EXAMPLE: DID YOU STEAL THAT FERRARI TOY COLLECTION?
ON THIS CASE THE STEALING OF FERRARI TOY COLLECTION WAS NOT ACTUALLY COMMITTED
BECAUSE THE ALLEGED CRIME INVESTIGATED WAS THE LOSS OF THE IPOD.
 SYMPTOMATIC QUESTION

ITS FUNCTION IS TO DETECT AND EVALUATE THE PRESENCE OF OUTSIDE ISSUES WHICH
MAY SUPPRESS RESPONSE TO RELEVANT QUESTIONS. THIS IS OFTEN TRUE THAT THE
SUBJECT IS FEAR THAT THEY MIGHT BE ASKED ABOUT OTHER CASES IN WHICH THEY ARE
INVOLVED BUT ARE NOT THE SUBJECT MATTER UNDER INVESTIGATION.
EXAMPLE: ARE YOU COMPLETELY CONVINCED THAT I WILL NOT ASK ANY QUESTION ON
THIS TEST THAT HAS NOT ALREADY BEEN REVIEWED
 S.K.Y. QUESTIONS
S - STANDS FOR SUSPECT
K - MEANS KNOWLEDGE
Y - REFERS TO "YOU" AS THE SUBJECT
THESE THREE QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE BACKSTER TECHNIQUE GROUPED
TOGETHER TO CONFIRM THE PREVIOUS CHARTS AND MAY DETECT INDIRECT INVOLVEMENT
ON GUILTY KNOWLEDGE.
EXAMPLES
(S) DO YOU SUSPECT ANYONE IN PARTICULAR OF STEALING NICK'S IPOD?
(K) DO YOU KNOW FOR SURE WHO STOLE NICK'S IPOD?
(Y) DID YOU STEAL NICK'S IPOD?
SILENT ANSWER TEST (SAT)

THIS TEST IS CONDUCTED IN THE SAME MANNER AS WHEN RELEVANT AND

CONTROL QUESTIONS ARE ASKED BUT THE SUBJECT IS INSTRUCTED TO
ANSWER THE QUESTIONS SILENTLY, TO HIMSELF, WITHOUT MAKING ANY VERBAL
RESPONSE CAUSES DISTORTION IN THE TRACING SUCH AS SNIFF OR CLEARING
THE THROAT.
ZONE COMPARISON TEST

ZONE - A TWENTY TO THIRTY-FIVE SECONDS BLOCK OF UNIQUE

PSYCHOLOGICAL FOCUSING APPEAL TO A PREDICTABLE GROUP OF EXAMINEES.
 THE FIVE (5) VARIATIONS OF THE ZONE COMPARISON TEST (ZCT) ARE:

1. MATTE QUADRI-TRACK ZONE COMPARISON TECHNIQUE - IS A POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUE USED EXCLUSIVELY FOR
SINGLE-ISSUE TESTS. IT WAS DEVELOPED BY MATTE AFTER TWO YEARS OF RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTATION WITH
FICTITIOUS CRIME TEST USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH ACTUAL TEST IN REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS. THIS TEST ALSO EMPLOY
THE BACKSTER'S BASIC TEST STRUCTURE AND QUANTIFICATION SYSTEM WITH SOME REFINEMENTS AND ADDITION OF
ANOTHER SPOT CONSISTING OF A CONTROL/RELEVANT QUESTION PAIR TO DEAL WITH EXAMINEES "FEAR OF ERROR"
AND THE GUILTY EXAMINEES "HOPE OF ERROR”.
2. BACKSTER TRI-ZONE COMPARISON TECHNIQUE- PERMITS THE USE OF INSIDE TRACK "FEAR OF ERROR" CONTROL
QUESTION AND THE "HOPE OF ERROR”. WHEN THE BACKSTER ZONE COMPARISON TECHNIQUE DOES NOT INCORPORATE
THE FEAR/HOPE OF ERROR QUESTIONS THE ONLY DIFFERENCE REMAINING IN THE TEST STRUCTURE BETWEEN
NUMBERS ONE AND TWO TECHNIQUES IS THE POSITION OF SYMPTOMATIC QUESTIONS WHICH ARE OPPOSITE.
THE COLOR CODING ACCORDING TO BACKSTER ARE:
GREEN ZONE- FOR THE CONTROL QUESTIONS
RED ZONE- FOR THE RELEVANT QUESTIONS
BLACK ZONE- FOR THE SYMPTOMATIC QUESTIONS
• 3. THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE POLYGRAPH INSTITUTE (DODPI) BI-SPOT ZONE
COMPARISON TECHNIQUE – THE FIRST ZONE CONTAINS THE RELEVANT QUESTIONS
CONCERNING, PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND S-K-Y (SUSPICION KNOWLEDGE YOU
QUESTIONS. THE SECOND ZONE, IS USED WHEN THERE IS ONLY ONE QUESTION OR
ISSUE THAT MUST BE ADDRESSED IN THE EXAMINATION

• 4. INTEGRATED ZONE COMPARISON TECHNIQUE – DEVELOPED IN 1987 BY NATHAN J.

GORDON, WILLIAM M. WAID AND PHILIP M. COCHETI. THIS TECHNIQUE HAS THE MOST
SIGNIFICANT DEPARTURE FROM THE ORIGINAL ZONE COMPARISON TECHNIQUE
DEVELOPED BY CLEVE BACKSTER

• 5. THE UTAH ZONE COMPARISON TECHNIQUE- THE STRUCTURE OF THIS TECHNIQUE IS

BASICALLY THE SAME FOR SINGLE ISSUE TEST AS IT IS FOR MULTIPLE ISSUE TESTS.
HOWEVER INSTEAD OF USING RELEVANT QUESTION THAT EMBRACES SEVERAL FACTS
OF A CRIME OR MATTER UNDER INVESTIGATION, THE SINGLE-ISSUE TEST USES
RELEVANT QUESTION THAT ADDRESSED A SINGLE ISSUE ONLY
• NOTE: AFTER ALL THE FIVE TESTS HAVE BEEN ADMINISTERED AND THE
POLYGRAPH EXAMINER WAS NOT ABLE BE MADE FOR A RE-EXAMINATION OF
THE SUBJECT AT A LATER TO MAKE A DEFINITE DIAGNOSIS, AN ARRANGEMENT
SHOULD DATE. DURING THIS DISCUSSION WHERE EXAMINER FINALIZES THE
ARRANGEMENT FOR RE-EXAMINATION, IT WOULD BE HELPFUL TO OBSERVE
THE SUBJECT COMMENTS AND GENERAL BEHAVIOR ORDINARILY DIFFERENT
FROM THOSE OF A SUBJECT WHO IS DETERMINED TO BE LYING. EXPERIENCE
SHOWN THAT PERSONS WHO ARE TRUTHFUL WOULD COMPLY AND ADHERE TO
THE PRE-SCHEDULED RE-EXAMINATION EVEN IF NOT UNDER THE CUSTODY OF
THE POLICE, ON THE OTHER HAND UNTRUTHFUL SUBJECTS ARE TO BREAK
THE PROMISE OR ARRANGEMENT TO COME BACK FOR A RE-EXAMINATION
PRONE
 WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMONLY USED QUESTIONS SEQUENCING?
THE MOST COMMON TECHNIQUES IN SEQUENCING QUESTIONS ARE THE REVISED REID-INBAU RELEVANT - IRRELEVANT TEST
AND THE BACKSTER'S ZONE COMPARISON TEST.
THE REID-INBAU TECHNIQUE (11 QUESTIONS)
1. (IRRELEVANT) HAVE YOU EVER BEEN CALLED BY THE NAME PEDRO?
2. (IRRELEVANT) DO YOU DRINK?
3. (WEAK RELEVANT) WERE YOU IN THE VICINITY OF NICK DE LA CRUZ HOUSE BETWEEN 10:00 AND 11:00 LAST NIGHT?
4. (IRRELEVANT) ARE YOU NOW SITTING DOWN?
5. (STRONG RELEVANT) DID YOU STEAL THE IPOD OF NICK?
6. (PRIMARY CONTROL) BEFORE REACHING THE AGE 28, HAVE EVER STOLEN ANYTHING?
7. (IRRELEVANT) DO YOU DRINK ORANGE JUICE?
8. (EVIDENCE CONNECTING) WERE THE FOOTPRINTS OUTSIDE THE HOUSE OF NICK YOURS?
9. (KNOWLEDGE) DO YOU KNOW FOR SURE WHO STOLE THE IPOD OF NICK?
10. (SECONDARY CONTROL) HAVE YOU EVER STOLEN ANYTHING FROM THIS LOCALITY?
11. (SYMPTOMATIC) HAVE YOU EVER LIED ANSWERING ANY OF MY QUESTIONS NOW?
THE BACKSTER'S ZONE TEST (13 QUESTIONS)
THIS IS SOMEWHAT DIFFERENT FROM THE REID AND INBAU TECHNIQUE THE QUESTIONS WILL BE FORMULATED AND THE TEST
SO CONSTRUCTED IN SEQUENCE AS FOLLOWS:

1. (IRRELEVANT) HAVE YOU EVER CALLED BY THE NAME PEDRO?

2. (SACRIFICE RELEVANT) REGARDING THE STOLEN IPOD AND FERRARI TOY COLLECTION, DO YOU INTEND TO ANSWER TRUTHFULLY EACH
QUESTION ABOUT THAT?
3. (SYMPTOMATIC) ARE YOU COMPLETELY CONVINCED THAT I WILL NOT ASK ANY QUESTION ON THIS TEST THAT HAS ALREADY BEEN
REVIEWED?
4. (CONTROL) CAN YOU REMEMBER STEALING ANYTHING BEFORE YOU WERE 28 YEARS OF AGE?
5. (STRONG RELEVANT) DID YOU STEAL NICK'S IPOD?
6. (CONTROL) OTHER THAN WHAT YOU TOLD ME, DID YOU STEAL ANY OTHER THINGS FROM YOUR LOCU.LITY?
7. (STRONG RELEVANT) DID YOU STEAL THE CELL PHONE FROM NICK HOUSE?
8. (SYMPTOMATIC) IS THERE SOMETHING ELSE YOU ARE AFRAID I WILL ASK YOU, THOUGH I TOLD YOU I WOULD NOT?
9. (GUILT COMPLEX) DID YOU STEAL THAT FERRARI TOY COLLECTION?
10. (WEAK RELEVANT) DO YOU KNOW WHERE THE MISSING IPOD OF NICK IS NOW?
11. (S) DO YOU SUSPECT ANYONE IN PARTICULAR OF STEALING NICK'S IPOD?
12. (K) DO YOU KNOW FOR SURE WHO STOLE NICK IPOD?
13. (Y) DID YOU STEAL NICK'S IPOD?
 ARE THERE ANY SPECIFIC TESTS FOR SPECIFIC EVENTS OR
SCENARIO USED IN THE POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUE?
1. KNOWN SOLUTION PEAK OF TENSION - THIS IS ADMINISTERED WHEN A FACT RELATING TO THE EVENT IS
KNOWN ONLY TO THE PERPETRATOR OF THE OFFENSE AND THE VICTIM, POLICE AND CLIENT. THIS MATERIAL
FACT, WHETHER IT BE PARTICULAR SUM OF MONEY, A PARTICULAR MAKE OF WEAPON, ETC. IS INSERTED INTO
TEST COMPRISING A LIST OF SIMILAR ITEMS, THE EXAMINEE IS TESTED TO DETERMINE HIS GUILTY
KNOWLEDGE.
2. PROVING PEAK OF TENSION - THIS IS ADMINISTERED TO OBTAIN INFORMATION THAT MIGHT PROVE VALUABLE
TO AN INVESTIGATION. IT IS DESIGNED TO DETERMINE THE LOCATION, DISPOSITION, MODUS OPERANDI AND
AMOUNTS ON THE LIST OF POSSIBILITIES.
3. PRE-EMPLOYMENT TEST - THIS TEST SEEKS TO VERIFY INFORMATION CONTAINED IN A JOB APPLICATION AND
DEVELOP RELEVANT INFORMATION DELIBERATELY COMMITTED BY THE SUBJECT.
4. PERIODIC TESTING - THIS IS CONDUCTED FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETERMINING THE HONESTY OF
EMPLOYEES ASSIGNED TO SENSITIVE POSITION. IT ALSO ACTS AS A CONSTANT DETERRENT TO EMPLOYEE'S
DISHONESTY.
CHART MARKINGS, INTERPRETATIONS, AND PROBING

• CHART MARKING – CHART MARKING IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT THINGS IN

THE CONDUCT OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION BECAUSE IT ASSISTS THE
EXAMINER IN INTERPRETING AND EVALUATING THE TEST RESULT, WITHOUT
THESE MARKINGS THE EXAMINER WILL FIND IT DIFFICULT TO INTERPRET THE
TRACINGS WHICH WILL BE THE BASIS IN DRAWING OUT CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS.
TO FACILITATE EVALUATION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE TEST RESULT, CHART MARKINGS ARE
MADE USING SIGNS AND SYMBOLS TO ENABLE THE EXAMINER DETERMINE THE FOLLOWING:
1. EXACT TIME THE TEST COMMENCED AND TERMINATED
2. INITIAL AND FINAL BLOOD PRESSURE AND GALVANOGRAPH READINGS
3. PARTICULAR POINT WHERE EACH QUESTION ASKED STARTED AND ENDED.
4. CORRESPONDING IDENTIFICATION OF THE QUESTION, AND THE TYPE AND TIME OF ANSWER
GIVEN BY THE SUBJECT
5. DURATION AND AMPLITUDE OF REACTION PATTERNS
6. ANY INSTRUCTION GIVEN OR REPETITION OF QUESTION MADE
7. ANY MOVEMENT, COUGH TRACING BY THE SUSPECT OR OUTSIDE DISTRACTIONS THAT
OCCURRED
8. MECHANICAL ADJUSTMENT OR RE-ADJUSTMENT MADE
9. EXTRANEOUS FACTORS AFFECTING TEST CHART SUCH AS PAPER JAMS
10. TIME INTERVAL BETWEEN QUESTIONS
11. CHART NUMBER, NAME OF SUBJECT, TIME, DATE, AND PLACE TAKEN.
 SIGN OR SYMBOL MEANING SIGN OR SYMBOL MEANING

X/ 60 / 1.5 A 1ST MARKING ON THE CHART RQ REQUEST FOR REPETITION OF

QUESTION
XX / 60 / 1.5 A EXAMINERS MARK AFTER THE C COUGHED
TEST
X START OF TEST N NOISE

XX END OF THE TEST S SIGNED (MOAN)

60 MM OF MERCURY SHOWN IN PJ PAPER JAM

THE SPHYGMAMOMETER DIAL
A OR M (MA) AUTOMATIC OR MANUAL GALVO SN SNIFFED
AMPLIFIER USED
II POINT WHERE EACH QUESTION BI BREATHING INSTRUCTION
BEGINS
+ YES ANSWER TO QUESTION OS OUTSIDE STIMULUS CAUSED
CHANGE OF TRACING
- NO ANSWER TO QUESTION IM INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT

A ADJUSTMENT CV CHANGE OF VOICE

T SUBJECT TALKED INSTEAD OF Y YAWN

FINAL RESULTS