FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY UNIVERSITI

TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM)

CAWANGAN JOHOR, KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG

DATA ANALYSIS REPORT

FLOW OVER WEIRS

Group information: Method:

Group No: GROUP 3

Participants:
Please cite your lab report
manual. Please include
Name Matrix Number Signature
page number. References
style is APA styles.

NUR AIN BINTI ZAINUDIN 2021877824

HANANI BINTI HARON 2021815244 Date of Commence:

MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MIRZA BIN MOHD SAHID 2021846028

12/01/2023
 1.0 Result

Experiment V-notch

Time (s) Flow

Volume Height, Average
Rate, Q Q⅖ Cd
(L) H (m) T1 T2 T3 Time (s)
V- (mᵌ/s)
Notch 3 0.01 91.20 122.40 94.80 102.8 0.00003 0.01535 1.27
3 0.02 24.00 28.19 25.31 25.83 0.00012 0.02667 0.90
3 0.03 10.37 10.68 9.81 10.29 0.00029 0.03854 0.79

For V-notch, the Cd values obtained from equation is not physical (maximum value for Cd is 1).
This is because the Q and H values involved are small. Any small change will affect the results
greatly. Therefore, the following approach is used to calculate the Cd. But in the actual result it
shows more than 1, so it has an error due to parallax errors occur when reading water levels,
due to restrictions such as datum line accuracy that may be too high or vice versa.
From the Q2/5 versus H V-notch graph, it is shown that

Q2/5 = 1.1595H + 0.0037; 0.0037 ≈ 0

Q = (1.262H)5/2

Q = 1.789H

Comparing with the theory equation,

8 Ɵ
Q = Cd
15
√2𝑔 tan 2 H5/2

Therefore,

8 90
Cd √2 × 9.81 tan = 1.789
15 2

Cd = 0.757

Typical values for triangular Cd are in the range of 0.58 to 0.62. Therefore, Cd = 0.757 is
reasonable.
Experiment Rectangular-notch

Flow Rate, Q
Log H Log Q Q⅔ Cd H/B
(mᵌ/s)

0.00008 -2.00 -4.09 0.00189 0.821 0.303

0.00019 -1.70 -3.72 0.00331 0.6893 0.606

0.00043 -1.52 -3.37 0.00566 0.8492 0.909

Cd value is not constant for this notch.

From the collected results for rectangular notch the average Cd value is 0.7865.

From the 𝑄 2/3 versus 𝐻 rectangular notch graph, it is proven that the 𝑄 & 𝐻 relationship can be
described by an empirical formula 𝑄 = 𝑘𝐻 𝑛 . From the graph it is shown that 𝑄 2/3 = 0.00043𝐻

𝑄 3/2 = 0.00043𝐻

𝑄 = (0.00043𝐻)3/2

𝑄 = 8.91 × 10−6 𝐻

3
Therefore 𝑘 = 8.91 × 10−6 ; 𝑛 =
2

The Cd value is not constant for the rectangular notch. This is because the value for the
flowrates, Q and the head above bottom of notch, H obtained for both rectangular notch and V-
notch are different in each experiment. However, the Cd values of rectangular notch is smaller
compared to the Cd values of V-notch. It can be prove as shown below:

Cd value for rectangular-notch Cd value for V-notch

0.821 1.27

0.6893 0.90

0.8492 0.79
 2.0 Discussion
1. Explain your results in terms of theoretical issues.

- A weir is designed to alter the river flow characteristics and usually results in a change in
the vertical height of the river level. Water level-discharge relationships are available for
standard-shaped openings or notches. There are two types of weirs that are commonly
used which is a rectangular shape opening and V-notch. Stilling baffle is used
to minimize the turbulence of water. Stilling baffle also act as a reservoir to collect
the volume of water and slowly disperse the water from the opening bottom of the stilling
baffle.

2. Relate results to your experimental objective(s).

- Rectangular shape opening is a standard shape of weir. The top edge of weir may be
sharp crested or narrow crested. Rectangular shape opening generally suitable for larger
flowing channels. V-Notch or also known as triangular weir is a notch with a V shape
opening. This type of weir is usually used to measure discharge over small flows with a
greater accuracy. Typical Cd values for V-notch are in the range of 0.58 to 0.62. The
decision objective is achieved because both notches have Cd values.

3. Compare expected results with those obtained (laboratory manual and experimental
data).

- The result of rectangular notches for the average Cd value is 0.7865, while in v-notches
typical values of triangular Cd range from 0.58 to 0.62. Therefore, Cd = 0.757 is
reasonable. This is because the value of Cd cannot be more than 1.

4. Analyse experimental error along with the strengths and limitations of the experiment’s
design.

- Overall, all objectives were achieved. The flow rate characteristics of both notches were
understood and the discharge coefficients for both notches were also obtained although
an error occurred while taking the value of H. This error has led to different graph shapes
and also the discharge coefficients of both. Triangular and rectangular notches depend
on the volume flow rate of water and the height of the water level from the base of the
notch. The discharge coefficient corresponds differently to the height of the water level
H with the type of notch used.
3.0 Reference
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/weirs-flow-rate-d_592.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir
https://www.academia.edu/17238156/flow_over_weirs