Project Quality Management

Lecture 5

This is the instructor’s notes and student has to read the textbook for complete material.

Project Quality Management Slide 1

 Outline

1. Plan Quality Management Planning

2. Manage Quality Executing

3. Control Quality Monitoring & Control

Project Quality Management Slide 2

Project Quality Management Processes

Project Cost Management Slide 3

Project Quality Management Processes (Cont.)

Project Quality Management Slide 4

 1. Plan Quality Management Process

 Plan quality management is the process of identifying quality

requirements and/or standards for the project and its deliverables
and documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance
with quality requirements and/or standards.

 The key benefit of this process is to provide guidance and

direction on how quality will be managed and verified throughout
the project.

Project Quality Management Slide 5

Plan Quality Management Process (Cont.)

Project Quality Management Slide 6

 Plan Quality Management Process (Cont.)
Inputs:
1. Project charter
 Provides the high-level project description and product characteristics.
 Contains the project approval requirements, measurable project objectives, and related success criteria
that will influence the quality management of the project.
Tools & Techniques:
1. Data Analysis
 Cost Benefit Analysis
 Compares the cost of the quality step to the expected benefit.
 Help the project manager determine if the planned quality
activities are cost effective.
 Examples of benefits include less rework, higher productivity,
lower costs, increased stakeholder satisfaction, and increased
profitability.

 Cost of Quality
Project Quality Management Slide 7
 Plan Quality Management Process (Cont.)
Tools & Techniques (Cont.):
2. Data Representation Techniques
 Flowcharts (also referred to as process maps)
 Display the sequence of steps and the branching possibilities that
exist for a process that transforms one or more inputs into one or more outputs.
 Useful in understanding and estimating the cost of quality for a process.
3. Test and Inspection Planning
 During the planning phase, the project manager and the project team determine:
 How to test or inspect the product, deliverable, or service to meet the stakeholders’ needs and
expectations, and how to meet the goal for the product’s performance and reliability.
 Useful in understanding and estimating the cost of quality for a process.
 The tests and inspections can include for example:
 Alpha and beta tests in software projects.
 Strength tests in construction projects.
 Inspection in manufacturing.
 Field tests and nondestructive tests in engineering.
Project Quality Management Slide 8
 Plan Quality Management Process (Cont.)
Outputs:
1. Quality Management Plan
 A component of the project management plan that describes how applicable policies,
procedures, and guidelines will be implemented to achieve the quality objectives.
 The quality management plan may include:
 Quality standards that will be used by the project.
 Quality objectives of the project.
 Quality roles and responsibilities.
 Project deliverables and processes subject to quality review.
 Quality control and quality management activities planned for the project.
 Major procedures relevant for the project, such as dealing with nonconformance,
corrective actions procedures, and continuous improvement procedures.

Project Quality Management Slide 9

 Plan Quality Management Process (Cont.)
Outputs (Cont.):
2. Quality Metrics
 Describes a project or product attribute and how the Control Quality process
will verify compliance to it.

 Some examples of quality metrics include:

 Percentage of tasks completed on time.
 Cost performance measured by CPI
 Failure rate
 Number of defects identified per day.
 Customer satisfaction scores

Project Quality Management Slide 10

 2. Manage Quality Process

 Manage quality is the process of translating the quality management

plan into executable quality activities that incorporate the
organization’s quality policies into the project.

 The key benefit of this process is to:

 Increase the probability of meeting the quality objectives.

 Identify ineffective processes and causes of poor quality.

 Use the data and results from the control quality process to reflect

the overall quality status of the project to the stakeholders.

Project Quality Management Slide 11

Manage Quality Process (Cont.)

Project Quality Management Slide 12

 Manage Quality Process (Cont.)
Tools & Techniques:
1. Data Gathering
 Checklists: a structured tool, usually component-specific, used to verify that a set of
required steps has been performed or to check if a list of requirements has been
satisfied.
2. Data Analysis
 Alternative Analysis: used to evaluate identified options in order to select which different
quality options or approaches are most appropriate to use.
 Document Analysis
 Process Analysis: examines problems, constraints, and non-value-added activities that
occur during a process.
 Root cause analysis (RCA):
 Used to determine the basic underlying reason that causes a variance, defect, or risk.
 Used as a technique for identifying the root causes of a problem and solving them.
Project Quality Management Slide 13
 Manage Quality Process (Cont.)
Tools & Techniques (Cont.):
3. Data Representations
 Affinity Diagrams: organizes potential causes of defects into groups showing areas
that should be focused on the most.
 Cause-and-effect diagrams:
 Also known as fishbone diagrams, why-why diagrams and Ishikawa diagrams
 Help identify the main or root cause of the problem
 Histograms
 Show a graphical representation of numerical data.
 Histograms can show the number of defects per deliverable, a ranking of the
cause of defects, the number of times each process is noncompliant
 Scatter Diagrams
 Shows the relationship between two variables.

Project Quality Management Slide 14

 Manage Quality Process (Cont.)
Tools & Techniques (Cont.):
4. Audits
 Audit is a structured, independent process used to determine if project activities comply with
organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures.
 Identifying all good and best practices being implemented.
 Identifying all nonconformity, gaps.
5. Design for X (Excellence)
 A set of technical guidelines that may be applied during the design of a product for the optimization of a
specific aspect of the design.
 Design for X can control or even improve the product’s final characteristics.
 Design for X may result in cost reduction, quality improvement, better performance, and customer
satisfaction.
6. Problem Solving
 (1) Define the problem, (2) Define the problem’s root cause, (3) Generate solutions, (4) Select best
solution for the problem, (5) Implement the selected solution, (6) Verify the solution’s effectiveness

Project Quality Management Slide 15

 Manage Quality Process (Cont.)
Outputs:
1. Quality Reports
 The quality reports can be graphical, numerical, or qualitative.
 Quality management issues escalated by the team.
 Recommendations for process, project, and product improvements.
 Summary of findings from the Control Quality process.

2. Change Requests
 If changes occur during the Manage Quality process that impact any of the
components of the project management plan, project documents, or project or product
management processes, the project manager should submit a change request and
follow the Perform Integrated Change Control process.

Project Quality Management Slide 16

 3. Control Quality Process

 Control quality is the process of monitoring and recording results of

executing the quality management activities in order to assess
performance and ensure the project outputs are complete, correct,
and meet customer expectations.

 The key benefit of this process is to verify that project deliverables

and work meet the requirements specified by key stakeholders for
final acceptance

Project Quality Management Slide 17

Control Quality Process (Cont.)

Project Quality Management Slide 18

 Control Quality Process (Cont.)
Tools & Techniques:
1. Data Gathering
 Checklists
Figure: Control Chart
 Check Sheets (also known as tally sheets)
 Useful for gathering attributes data while performing inspections to identify defects.
 Collection of useful data about a potential quality problem.
 Statistical Sampling: choosing a sample from population with a planned frequency and size.
 Questionnaires and Surveys: used to gather data about customer satisfaction after the deployment of
the product or service
2. Inspection (also called reviews, audits, or walkthroughs)
 Examination of the product to determine if it conforms to documented standards or to validate defect
repairs. It can be conducted at any level (ex: single activity or final product)
3. Data Representation
 Histograms and Scatter Diagrams
 Control Charts: used to determine whether a process is stable. Upper and lower specification limits are
based on the requirements and reflect the maximum and minimum values allowed.
Project Quality Management Slide 19
 Control Quality Process (Cont.)
Outputs:
1. Quality Control Measurements
 Quality control measurements are the documented results of Control Quality activities

2. Verified Deliverables
 A goal of the Control Quality process is to determine the correctness of deliverables.
 The results of performing the Control Quality process are verified deliverables that
become input to the Validate Scope process for formalized acceptance.

3. Work Performance Information

4. Changes Requests

5. Project Management Plan Updates

Project Quality Management Slide 20

 Control Quality vs. Manage Quality

Control Quality Manage Quality

Focus on defect identification. Focus on defect prevention.
Try to find defects and correct them while making the
Plan to avoid the defect in the planning phase
product

Is a proactive process
Is a reactive process

Used to verify the quality of the product Involves processes managing quality

Dealing with the deliverables to confirm if it is

Dealing with the processes during the execution to
matching with the requirements and if it is approved it
confirm if it matches with organizational and project
is taken to the validate scope process for formal
policies, processes, and procedures
acceptance by the customer.

Inspections are an example of the quality control Quality audits are an example of the manage quality
process process

Project Quality Management Slide 21

 Control Quality vs. Manage Quality

 Manage quality is quality assurance. It’s making sure you have GOOD
PROCESSES.

 Control quality is making sure you have a GOOD PRODUCT (or deliverable). It’s
an internal check to see if what you are producing is good before you hand it over
to the customer.

 Validate scope is where the customer checks to see if the product or deliverable is
good.
Control Quality = product
Manage Quality = Process
Validate Scope = Formal acceptance > accepted deliverables by customer
Project Quality Management Slide 22
 Important aspects of Information technology projects
that affect quality
 Functionality: the degree to which a system performs its intended function
 Features: are the special characteristics that appeal (or important) to users.
 System outputs: are the screens and reports the system generates.
 Performance: how well a product or service performs the customer’s intended use
 Reliability: the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal
conditions without unacceptable failures. Performing various types of tests:
 A unit test is done to test each individual component (often a program) to ensure it is as
defect free as possible
 Integration testing occurs between unit and system testing to test functionally grouped
components
 System testing tests the entire system as one entity
 User acceptance testing is an independent test performed by the end user prior to
accepting the delivered system
 Maintainability: addresses the ease of performing maintenance on a product

Project Quality Management Slide 23

 Important Keywords
1- Flowcharts (understanding and estimating the cost of quality )
2- Checklists (verify that a set of required steps has been performed)
3- Process analysis (non-value-added activities that occur during a process)
4- Root cause analysis (determine the basic underlying reason that causes a variance)
5- Affinity diagrams (Organize potential causes of defects into groups)
6- Cause-and-effect diagrams (identify the main or root cause of the problem)
7- Histograms (Show the number of defects - ranking of the cause of defects)
9- Audits (project activities comply with organizational policies, processes, procedures)
8- Scatter diagrams (Relationship between two variables)
10 - DESIGN FOR X ( improve the product’s final characteristics)
11- Check sheets (Collection of useful data about a potential quality problem)
12- Statistical Sampling (Choosing a sample from population)
13- Inspection (Examination to the product to determine if it conforms to standards)
14- Control charts (Determine whether or not a process is stable - Limit )
Project Quality Management Slide 24
 Thank You

This is the instructor’s notes and student has to read the textbook for complete material.

Project Quality Management Slide 25