LAB REPORT

EXPERIMENT 5

THE EFFECTS OF CONCENTRATION ON REACTION RATE

Students:
ATHALLAH ANDHIKA SAPUTRA (NRP 5007221055)
ZAKI ZAIDAN AKBAR (NRP 5007221058)
GALLIH FARREL ONTOWIRYO (NRP 5018221108)
MUHAMMAD ALIF HIBBAN (NRP 5010221049)

Lab Assistant:
Dias Nur Arista

CLASS 50
INTERNATIONAL UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM
SEPULUH NOPEMBER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SURABAYA
2022

1. Purpose of Experiment (Athallah - 5007221055)

 The purpose of this experiment is to find out the impact and the association of the
concentration in the rate of reaction, so that we can find out more about the relationship
between reaction rates and factors that influence reaction rates, namely temperature and the
concentration of reagents.

2. Base Theory (Hibban - 50102201049)

Reaction rate is the speed at which a chemical reaction happens. If a reaction has a low
rate, that means the molecules combine at a slower speed than a reaction with a high rate.
Some reactions can take hundreds, maybe even thousands of years while others can happen
in less than a second. Reaction rate also depends on the type of molecules that are combining.
If there are low concentrations of an essential element or compound, the reaction will be
slower. (Sodiqovna, 2020)

An order of reaction of a chemical reaction refers to the relation between its rate and the
concentration of the elements that are taking part in the reaction. To obtain said order of
reaction, we need to calculate the rate equation of the chemical reaction. Then from the rate
equation, all compositions of the mixture which consist of all the elements of species of the
reaction can be known. (Vedantu n.d.)

There are four factors that are able to affect the reaction rate of a chemical reaction which
are the surface area, concentration, temperature, and catalyst of the reactants (Redhana,
2014). As for the concentration factor, the materials that will be used are Sodium Thiosulfate
(Na2S2O3) and Hydrochloric Acid (HCl).

Activation energy can be defined as the minimum amount of extra energy that is required
by a reacting molecule to start getting converted into a product. It can also be described as
the minimum amount of energy needed to activate or energize molecules or atoms so they
can engage in a chemical reaction. There are two factors that affect activation energy which
are the nature of the reactants and the effects of a catalyst. (Byju’s n.d.)

3. Methodology (Zaki Zaidan - 5007221058)

A. Tools and Materials
The tools and materials used in this experiment are as follows.
 − Erlenmeyer glass 250 mL
− Measuring cup 100 mL
− Natrium Tiosulfate solution (𝑁𝑎₂𝑆₂𝑂₃(aq)) 0.05 mol/L
− Hydrochloric Acid (HCL) 2M
− Aquades
− Stopwatch
− Sheet of paper (marked with an “X” sign)

B. Procedure
To carry out this experiment properly, there are procedures that must be carried out.
The procedure in this practicum can be seen as follows.
● Prepare the tools and materials used.
● Put 25 mL of sodium thiosulfate solution in an Erlenmeyer glass.
● Measure 2.5 mL of diluted hydrochloric acid (HCl) in a small measuring cup.
● Pour hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the erlenmeyer glass then directly calculate
the time using a stopwatch.
● Shake the erlenmeyer to react the mixture and put it on a sheet of paper that
has been marked with a “X” sign as shown in the figure below.

Figure 1. Illustration of erlenmeyer

● Look at the “X” sign from the top of the erlenmeyer glass. If the “X” sign has
disappeared, stop the stopwatch and write down the time.
● Repeat the experiment with different concentrations of sodium thiosulfate
solution. Make 25 mL of each solution and mix it with a different volume of
sodium thiosulfate and water as shown in table 1.
Table 1. Experiment’s table
Sodium Water Time needed Initial sodium 1/Time needed
Thiosulfate volume until “X” sign thiosulfate (s-1)
solution (mL) disappear (s) solution
volume (mL) concentration
(mol/L)

25 0
 20 5

15 10

10 15

5 20

● When finished, immediately dispose of the solution to the designated place.

C. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

Table 2. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) of Material

Compound Mr (g/mol) Boil Point Melting Density Dangerous
Name (°C) Point (°C) (g/mL) Potential

Sodium 158.11 100 48.3 1.000 Can cause

Thiosulfate harm to skin
Solution and eye
(𝑁𝑎₂𝑆₂𝑂₃(aq)) while
contacted

Hydrochloric 36.46 103 -18.0 1.030 Can cause

Acid (HCl) corrosion to
2M skin and
irritation for
eye

D. Flowchart (Gallih - 5018221108)

Figure 2. Experiment’s flowchart diagram
4. Result and Discussions
4.1 Reaction (Zaki Zaidan Akbar - 5007221058)
Generally, the reaction process between sodium thiosulfate, hydrochloric acid, and
aquades can be described with this formula.
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑞 → 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑆(𝑠) + 𝑆𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)
Based on the formula, this mixture can produce the Sulphur (S) molecule with the solid
structure. The Sulphur (S) will be produced with the milky colour, which will cloud the
water. As a result, the “X” sign that already placed beneath the erlenmeyer glass will be
disappear.
4.2 Reaction Experiment (Zaki Zaidan Akbar - 5007221058)
To know the relation between the concentration with the rate of reaction, several
experiments have been conducted by using materials used in the methodology, which is
sodium thiosulfate, hydrochloric acid, and aquades. The result of our experiments are as
follows.

Sample Treatment Observation Discussion

Na2S2O3 H2O

A 25 ml 0 ml − Documentation Large amounts of

Sulphur (S) produced
with high visibility.

-Time(s): 17,35

B 20 ml 5 ml − Documentation High amounts of

Sulphur (S) produced
with high visibility.
 − Time(s): 22,00

C 15 ml 10 ml − Documentation Considerable amounts

of Sulphur (S)
produced with medium
visibility.

− Time(s): 41,08

D 10 ml 15 ml − Documentation Few amounts of

Sulphur (S) produced
with low visibility
 − Time(s): 79.13

E 5 ml 20 ml − Documentation Little to nothing

amounts of Sulphur (S)
produced with the
lowest visibility

− Time(s): 217.18

Table 3. Experiment’s discussion

Based on the data, it can be concluded that the ratio between sodium thiosulphate and
aquades can determine the time used until the reaction completed and amount of Sulphur
(S) produced at the end of the process.
4.3 Numerical Calculation (Athallah Adhika Saputra - 5007221055)
 The result of our experiment are as follows.
Table 4. Experiment’s result
Sodium Water Time needed Initial sodium 1/Time needed
Thiosulfate volume until “X” sign thiosulfate (s-1)
solution (mL) disappear (s) solution
volume (mL) concentration
(mol/L)

25 0 17.350 0.316 0.057

20 5 22.000 0.253 0.045

15 10 41.080 0.190 0.024

10 15 79.130 0.126 0.012

5 20 217.180 0.063 0.004

To determine the relation between concentration and the rate of reaction, numerical
calculation are needed to easily visualize about the result of the experiment. In this
experiment, we conducted one type of calculation, which is rate of reactions formula. The
description of the calculation used are as follows.
- The formula used to find the mass of aqueous sodium thiosulfate is mass (g) = density
(g/L) x volume (L)
- The formula used to find the amount of moles is number of moles (mol) = mass
(g)/molar mass (g/mol)
- The formula used to find the concentration is concentration (mol/L) = number of
moles (mol) / volume (L)
- The formula used to find the rate of reaction is rate (M/s) = Δ concentration (mol/L)
/ Δ time (s)
5. Conclusion (Gallih - 5018221108)b t6
Based on the experiment that has been conducted, we can conclude that:
1. Sample A with the ratio 25:0 of sodium thiosulfate and aquades is the fastest reaction
with only 17.35 seconds. However, the slowest reaction is the Sample C with the ratio
5:20 of sodium thiosulfate and aquades which up to 217.18 seconds to complete the
reaction.
2. Concentration of the chemical used, can determine the time used to complete the
chemical reaction, which is called with the name rate of reaction.
3. Based on the rate of reaction from the experiment, sodium thiosulfate has a second
order of reaction. This is showed with the rate of reaction that growth exponentially.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barberá, J. J., Metzger, A., & Wolf, M. 2000. Sulfites, Thiosulfates, and Dithionites.
Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_477

Byju’s, n.d., Activation Energy. https://byjus.com/jee/activation-energy/. Accessed

September 21, 2022.

Don W. Green; Robert H. Perry. 2007. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (6th
ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York City. ISB-978-0-07-049479-4.

Hydrochloric Acid, 2.0N Solution; SDS No. SDSMIX001178 [Online]; Avantor

Performance Materials: Pennsylvania. March 02, 2021.
https://www.avantorsciences.com/stibo/search/sdsmix001178_us_en.pdf (accessed
September 20, 2022)

R. R. Dogonadze, A. M. Kuznetsov, and T. A. Marsagishvili, Electrochim. Acta 25,

1 (1980)

Redhana, I Wayan. (2014). Kimia Hijau Dalam Laju Reaksi. Fakultas Ilmu
Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. UNDHIKSA. Seminar Nasional.

Sodium Thiosulfate solution c= 0.05 Mol/L; SDS No. 000000021836 [Online];

Honeywell International, Inc: New Jersey. May 06, 2018. https://msds-
resource.honeywell.com/ehswww/hon/result/result_single.jsp?P_LANGU=E&P_S
YS=1&C001=MSDS&C997=C100%3BE%2BC101%3BSDS_GB%2BC102%3BG
B%2B3400&C100=*&C101=*&C102=*&C005=000000021836&C008=&C006=
HON&C013. (accessed September 20, 2022)

Sodiqovna, O. M., Qizi, I. G. O. 2020. The Rate of a Chemical Reaction and Factors
Affecting It. EPRA International Journal of Reseach and Development (IJRD). 5(8),
261-263. ISSN: 2455-7838

Vedantu, n.d., Order of Reaction, https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/order-of-

reaction. Accessed September 21, 2022.
 DOCUMENTATIONS (Hibban – 50102201049)

Activity Description
The final result of the 25:0 Sodium
Thiosulfate to Aquades ratio.

The final result of the 20:5 Sodium

Thiosulfate to Aquades ratio.

The final result of the 15:10 Sodium

Thiosulfate to Aquades ratio.
The final result of the 10:15 Sodium
Thiosulfate to Aquades ratio.

The final result of the 5:20 Sodium

Thiosulfate to Aquades ratio.

The time it took for solution A to fully cover

the “X”

The time it took for solution B to fully cover

the “X”

The time it took for solution C to fully cover

the “X”

The time it took for solution D to fully cover

the “X”
The time it took for solution E to fully cover
the “X”

What the “X” sign looks like before all the

chemical reaction is started.

Pouring in the Sodium Thiosulfate.

Piping out 2,5 ml of HCl.

The sulfur residue that was left from the

chemical reaction.