30 YEARS’ WAR (1618-1648)

TREATY OF WESTPHALIA-1648
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BACKGROUND – MEDIEVAL PERIOD
• THERE WERE NO CONCEPT OF NATION-STATE . There were only
empires / kingdoms .
• They were not believing in the sovereignty of empires .
• Neither they were believing in non-interference nor in peaceful
coexistence .
• The religion and politics were not separate ; religion was playing
important role ; all the kings of various kingdoms were ultimately
under the Holy Roman Empire ( Pope) .
 RENAISSANCE ---- REFORMATION
• REFORMATION ---- Christianity into two sects .
• Catholics Protestant ---- Lutheran ----- Martin Luther King

• Catholics started converting into protestant --- mainly Lutheran .

• Remember ---- protestant & catholic church are different .
• Ask your self ---- does it not also influence the kings of different
kingdoms ?? --- yes it will because kings are also human beings .
Peace of Augsburg -- 1555
• Now kings can choose their own religion without leaving the HRE .
• They either can be Lutheran or a catholic .
• Principle ---- Cuius regio , eius religio --- whose realm , his religion .
• Thus , this has given the religious freedom to kings , but not to the
subjects of king (common people) .
• Two conflicts ---
1. Division between the kingdoms within the HRE .
2. Conflict between king and the common people .
30 – years’ war – 1618-1648
• It was fought in 4 phases .
• Bohemian Phase --- 1618 – 25 .
• Danish phase – 1625-30 .
Local & Religious
• Swedish phase – 1630-35
• French phase – 1635 – 48
Continental & political
Between whom ??
Catholic league --- habsburg , France , Spain .
Protestant Union – Denmark , Norway , Sweden .
Winner – No one --- everyone was loser so they did an agreement to
end this war --- popularly known as --- Treaty of Westphalia -1648 .
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