CLASS TWO

BARS WITH CROSS-SECTIONS VARYING IN STEPS

BARS WITH CONTINUOUSLY VARYING CROSS-SECTIONS

 BARS WITH CROSS-SECTIONS VARYING IN STEPS

A typical bar with cross-sections varying in steps and subjected to axial load is as shown. Let the length of
three portions be L1, L2 and L3 and the respective cross-sectional areas of the portion be A1, A2, A3 and E
be the Young’s modulus of the material and P be the applied axial load.

Figure b shows the forces acting on the cross-sections of the three portions. It is obvious that to maintain
equilibrium the load acting on each portion is P only. Hence stress, strain and extension of each of these
portions are as listed below:
Stress, strain and extension for each section
 Example 5.
The bar shown below is tested in universal testing machine. It is observed that at a load of 40 kN the total
extension of the bar is 0.280 mm. Determine the Young’s modulus of the material.

Solution in the next slide

 Further
examples

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 Further
examples

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 Further
Example

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Further Examples

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Further Examples
 BARS WITH CONTINUOUSLY VARYING CROSS-SECTIONS

When the cross-section varies continuously, an elemental length of the bar should be considered and general
expression for elongation of the elemental length derived. Then the general expression should be integrated
over entire length to get total extension.

Example: A bar of uniform thickness ‘t’ tapers uniformly from a width of b1 at one end to b2 at other end in
a length ‘L’ as shown. Find the expression for the change in length of the bar when subjected to an axial
force P.

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Example: A tapering rod has diameter d1 at one end and it tapers uniformly to a diameter d2 at the other end
in a length L as shown. If modulus of elasticity of the material is E, find its change in length when subjected
to an axial force P.

Extension due to external load

Extension due to tap rod’s own weight is presented in the formula details of its derivation
is the recommended text.

Example