Biology Quiz

Monday, March 6, 2023 1:41 PM

1. Which of the following reasons best explains why infants have more brown fat
than adults?
I. It is less efficient at the electron transport chain
II. Infants cannot shiver to maintain body heat
III. A greater ratio of surface area volume makes them more susceptible to
cold temperatures
IV. It helps infants cool themselves
Answer: I, II, III
Explanation: Infants have a unique physiology that makes the need for
more brown fat important. Infants are unable to shiver. Shivering requires
a large amount of ATP; but a significant portion of the energy ATP is lost
as heat.
Fat helps insolate the body, white fat. Brown fat has a less efficient
electron transport chain which means that more heat energy is released
as fuel is burned. Compared to adults infants have a greater surface area
to volume ratio, meaning that more of their body is exposed to the
environment. Which makes them more susceptible to heat loss and colder
temperature. Brown fat serves as a warming mechanism.
2. In severe Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD) the lungs have lost the
ability to adequately ventilate CO2, resulting in chronically elevated CO2 levels.
The neurons in the brainstem eventually stop responding to increased CO2 as a
drive for breathing. What stimulates the respiratory drive in these patients?
A. Increased levels of H+ in the blood
B. Increased levels of HCO3- in the blood
C. Decreased levels of O2 in the blood
D. Increased levels of H2CO3 in the blood
Answer: C.
Explanation: Breathing requires input from the nervous control center.
Ventilation Is primarily regulated by a collection of neurons in the medulla
oblongata called the ventilation center that fire rhythmically to cause
regular contraction of respiratory muscles. These neurons contain
chemoreceptors that are primarily sensitive to carbon dioxide
concentration. As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood rises
( hypercarbia or hypercapnia) , the respiratory rate will increase so that
more carbon dioxide is exhaled, and carbon dioxide levels in the blood will
fall. These cells also respond to changes in oxygen concentration,
 regular contraction of respiratory muscles. These neurons contain
chemoreceptors that are primarily sensitive to carbon dioxide
concentration. As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood rises
( hypercarbia or hypercapnia) , the respiratory rate will increase so that
more carbon dioxide is exhaled, and carbon dioxide levels in the blood will
fall. These cells also respond to changes in oxygen concentration,
although this tends to have significance only during periods of significant
hypoxia ( low oxygen concentration in the blood). Loss od hypercapnic
( high CO2) drive is a common occurrence in late stage COPD. Other than
high CO2, the chemoreceptors of the brain are only responsive to low
oxygen concentration, known as the hypoxic drive ( C).

Passage :

3. Restrictive lung diseases has multiple causes. Which of the following most
correctly describes the pathogenesis of restrictive lung diseases?
A. Fibrosis of lung tissue causes increases air expansion and air trapping.
B. Scarring of lung tissue prevents full expansion of lungs and restricts
passive recoil of lung tissue.
C. Chronic smoking causes scarring of lung tissue, resulting in decreases FVC
and near normal FEV1
D. The increased FEV1/FVC ratio causes restricted lung filling with
diminished passive recoil of lung tissue
Answer: B
 passive recoil of lung tissue.
C. Chronic smoking causes scarring of lung tissue, resulting in decreases FVC
and near normal FEV1
D. The increased FEV1/FVC ratio causes restricted lung filling with
diminished passive recoil of lung tissue
Answer: B
Explanation: The question is asking for the pathogenesis of restrictive lung
disease. It then lists several answer choices that could be possible
explanations for what causes restrictive lung disease. What causes
restrictive lung disease. Passage Paragraph 3. Restrictive lung diseases is
due to any of the three causes: scarring, a foreign body or inflammatory
process. A and B both mention fibrosis/ scarring, however it is known that
the lung volumes get smaller based off the information from the passage.
This would eliminate A and B is correct.

4. A pneumothorax occurs when there is a hole in the lung tissue. How does this
change the differential pressures required for respiratory function?
A. Intrapleural pressure increases and the diaphragm is pushed downward
Differential pressures are dissipated.
B. Intrapleural pressure decreases and the diaphragm is pushed downward.
Differential pressures are increased.
C. Intrapleural pressure increases and the diaphragm is pushed upward.
D. Intrapleural pressure decreases and the diaphragm is pushed upward.
Answer: A
Explanation: If the hole is punctured in the lung, what might happen to
the differential pressure between different compartments necessary for
breathing. In order to breath, there is a delicate relationship between the
pleurae and the lungs. The lung is covered by the pleurae. The side
directly touching the lungs is the visceral pleura, and the outer layer is the
parietal pleura, which is associated with the chest wall in real life. The
space within the sac is referred to as the interpleural space, which
contains a thin layer of fluid. This pleural fluid helps lubricate the two
pleural surfaces. The pressure differentials that can be created across the
pleura ultimately drive breathing. The diaphragm and external intercostal
muscles expand the thoracic cavity, increasing the volume of the
intrapleural space. This decreases the intrapleural pressure compared to
the outside environment ( atmospheric pressure). This pressure
differential ultimately expands the lungs, dropping their pressure and
drawing in the air from the environment. This difference between the
intrapleural space and the environment is vital for breathing. ( Don’t need
the passage to answer this question) . Breathing relies on the differential
between intrapleural space and the environment. It should be expected
that if a hole is put into the lungs, air from the environment will quickly be
able to enter the thoracic cavity and the pressure difference between the
 drawing in the air from the environment. This difference between the
intrapleural space and the environment is vital for breathing. ( Don’t need
the passage to answer this question) . Breathing relies on the differential
between intrapleural space and the environment. It should be expected
that if a hole is put into the lungs, air from the environment will quickly be
able to enter the thoracic cavity and the pressure difference between the
environment and the lungs will be diminished. This will lead to a
dissipated pressure difference. A. is also true because the environment
has a higher pressure than the intrapleural space, which is why air can
normally flow from the environment into the more negative pressure
intrapleural space. If these 2 compartments are connected, the pressure
of the intrapleural space will increase to match that of the environment.
5. Which of the following quantities is least likely to be changed early in
obstructive lung disease?
A. Total lung capacity
B. Residual volume
C. Tidal volume
D. Forced vital capacity
Answer: C
Explanation: Which of these lung volumes will not be changed early on in
COPD?
Total lung capacity (TLC) - The maximum volume of air in the lungs when
one inhales completely
Residual Volume (RV)- the minimum volume of air in the lungs when one
exhales completely
Tidal Volume (TV)- the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal
breath
Vital capacity ( VC)- the difference between the minimum and the
maximum volume of air in the lungs
Reference the capacities to paragraph 1 and paragraph 2.
The information from the passage can be used in conjunction with the
known knowledge to get the answer correct. Since there is " air trapping"
in obstructive lung disease, it might be reasonable to expect that air will
be left over after a complete breath, meaning a higher residual volume.
An overexpansion of the lungs also means that the TLC is likely elevated. It
is also known that FVC will decrease, as a person with this condition will
not be able to forcefully expire as much volume out of the lungs due to
the condition "preventing full exhalation of air" ( C).