RESPIRATORY ANALYSIS Abstract: Lung is a vital component of respiratory analysis.

This lab consisted of various measurements of lung volumes to understand the functions of lung and it s importance on filtering air, along with maintaining the stability of oxygen and CO2 consumption. The experiment mostly utilized spirometer along with computeri zed software to detect the various profiles of lung analysis. . Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to obtain graphical representation of lung capacitie s, volumes, functionalities, oxygen consumption etc. It is important to compare lung volumes between males and females to understand the discrepancies. This lab also emphasized clinical correlation in regard to the lung volumes and its funct ional behaviors. The equipments that were utilized to perform the experimental p rocedures are display monitor, vernier computer interface software, logger pro, vernier spirometer, disposable mouthpiece, disposable mouthpiece, disposable bac terial filter, nose clip etc. Overall, the ultimate objective of this lab was to obtain various integrated values of lung measurements to explore the behaviors of its different profiles and capacities through inhalation and exhalation. Experimental procedures: There are three parts to the analysis of lung volumes and capacities. Th e first part constituted of connecting spirometer to the vernier computer interf ace, followed by bacterial filter. The spirometer was then utilized as a breathi ng instrument. Through the use of inhalation and exhalation, the breathing data were accumulated. The procedures were through slow breathing and after 4 curves a deep breathing was captured. Next, y value was calculated by moving the cursor near the peaks. The second part of this lab was the analysis of Lung function. The spiro meter was used again to collect the data of inhalation and exhalation. It was ac hieved through deepest breath and forceful exhalation. Then, the FEV1 data were accumulated which was then divided FVC to get the required values if lung volume and flow rate. The last part of this lab was the calculation of oxygen and aerobic meta bolism. First test dealt with oxygen consumption during pre-exercise and another one after post exercise. The spirometer along with O2 sensor and vernier comput er interface was used to understand the phenomena of lung volume vs. time. Later , the cursor was used to calculate y of the peaks of both exercises. Results and iscussion: a. Lung Volume and Capacities Volume measurement (L) Individual (L) Class average (Male) (L) Class average (Female) (L) Tidal Volume (TV) 0.24 1.097 1.115 Inspiratory Reserve (IRV) 1.02 1.958 2.5 Expiratory Reserve (ERV) 0.42 1.193 1.14 Vital Capacity (VC) 1.68 4.387 4.50 Residual Volume (RV) 1.5 1.5 1.5 Total Lung Capacity (TLC) 3.18 5.887 4.98 1. What was your Tidal Volume (TV)? What would you expect your TV to be if you inhaled a foreign object which completely obstructed your right mainstem bro nchus? Ans: My tidal volume is 0.24. I would expect my tidal volume decrease abo ut half. So, it would be around 0.12~0.18. It is also important to take into acc ount that I need to make up the volume for loss of one lung by deeper and faster breathing. 2. escribe the difference between lung volumes for males and females. What might account for this? Ans: the lung volume difference is essentially related to the size difference between males and females and thoracic cavity dimensions. Usually, males have bigger lungs than females because of their broader chest an

d taller height than most females. 3. Calculate your Minute Volume at rest. (TV breaths/minute) = Minute Volume at rest If you are taking shallow breaths (TV = 0.20 L) to avoid severe pain from rib fractures, what respiratory rate will be required to achie ve the same minute volume? Ans: Minute volume at rest = 4.56. If the tidal volum e is .20 L then your respiratory rate will be 30 breaths per minute which is aro und MV of 6 liters per minute. This low tidal volume can lead to atelectasis in the lower lungs and can possibly account for pneumonia. 4. Exposure to occupational hazards such as coal dust, silica dust, and asb estos may lead to fibrosis, or scarring of lung tissue. With this condition, the lungs become stiff and have more recoil. What would happen to TLC and VC under th ese conditions? Ans: The conditions lead to decrease in the total lung capacity and vital capacity. Hence, these changes affect the elasticity of the lungs. 5. In severe emphysema there is destruction of lung tissue and reduced reco il. What would you expect to happen to TLC and VC? Ans: The TLC and VC would inc rease because the collagen relevant for elasticity modulation is eradicated. The volume also increases because of the plethora of dead space. 6. What would you expect to happen to your Expiratory Reserve Volume when y ou are treading water in a lake? Ans: Higher lung volume will make treading wat er easier. Hence, the increase in air of the lungs decreases leading to overall density and makes treading water easier. By the same token, increased abdominal and thoracic pressures of the water, treading water will cause fatigue. b. Analysis of Lung Function FEV1 (L) FVC (L) FEV1/FVC (%) PEF (L/s) 1.115 4.791 23.27 1.970 1. There is a narrowing of the trachea, causing blockage in this large airw ay Ans: It would affect breathing, in particular inspiration and affect the second half of the curve. Overall, this phenomenon affects breathing in general. Inspi ration and expiration both are accounted for as a ramification. 2. A small grape is lodged in the right mainstem bronchus, completely block ing off the right lung. Ans: Blocking of right lung affects both inspiration and expiration, hence both curves will be affected. The reason is that when we inha le and exhale both lungs are responsible for breathing in and out the air. 3. Emphysema reduces all flow rates, but has a greater effect on small airw ays, many of which are lost to the disease. (Acute asthma may show similar chang es because of mucous obstruction of these same small airways.) Ans: Affects Expi ration which is the upper portion of the curve. The small airways makes it diffi cult to exhale. 4. Severe osteoporosis may result in kyphoscoliosis, in which there is a cu rvature of the upper spine that limits the normal ability of the ribs to expand with inspiration. Ans: The inspiration will be affected, meaning that the lower curve is affected. This happens due to the inability to expand upon inhalation 5. Calculate the FEV1/FVC in the table below for obstructive and restrictiv e disease and compare to your values. How might these values be helpful diagnost ically? Volume (L) ase FVC (L) 4.791 FEV1 (L) FEV1/FVC (%) Normal (your data) 4 4 1.115 1.8 23.27% 45% 3.5 87.5% Obstructive disease Restrictive dise

When we know the values for FVC and FEV1, it becomes easier to calculate its rati

o. Later, it can be related to the ratio of the real obstructive and restrictive which can provide a better approximation toward the helpful diagnostic aspect o f this situation. Obstructive lung diseases arise from difficulty in exhaling al l the air from the lungs. It happens due to the narrowing of the air ways inside the lung. On the other hand, restrictive diseases damage the lungs. People with this disease cannot fill the lungs with air fully causes difficulties in inspir ation. c. Oxygen and Aerobic Metabolism Table 1 Tidal volume (L) O2 Concentration (%) Breath Pre-exercise Post-exercise Pre-exercise Post-exercise 1 0.89 1.04 1.2 0.43 2 0.98 1.04 0.1 0.20 3 0.90 1.04 0.1 0.20 4 0.83 0.89 0.07 0.07 Average 0.912 1.002 0.367 0.225 1. Compare the tidal volumes of the 4 breaths you analyzed both at rest and post-exercise. Is it important for this experiment that resting and post-exercise tidal volumes be similar? Ans: The resting and post exercise tidal volumes need not to be similar because post-exercise requires more tidal volume s as opposed to pre exercise. The reason that post exercise uses more volumes is that oxygen utilization to the body and muscles increases due to the constant p roduction of ATPs. 2. Inhaled oxygen should have the same concentration at rest and post-exercise (approximately 21%), yet the peak oxygen concentration values in the post-exercise run never achieve this value. What aspect of the experimental design accounts for this finding? Ans: The oxygen and aerobic metabolism represe ntation changes with pre and post exercise. The experimental design that account s for this is the vernier O2 sensor and all the materials that go along with the setup of this instrument. It is also essential to analyze the beahor pattern of oxygen concentration. 3. Use the average values for Tidal Volume and O2 Concentration (%) from Table 1 to calculate the average O2 consumed pre- and post-exercise per breath and over the combined 4 breaths:O2 Concentration (%) Tidal Volume (L) = O2 consum ed per breath.O2 consumed per breath 4 breaths = O2 consumed over that time inte rval Ans: Pre-exercise Post-Exercise O2 consumed per breath 0.334 O2 consumed per breath 0.225 O2 consumed over that time interval 1.34 O2 consumed over that time inter val 0.9 4. What would you expect the volume of exhaled CO2 to be in this experiment at rest and after exercise? Ans: the CO2 concentration at rest is stable meaning th e PH is adequate, the after exercise the PH level decreases due to buildup of HC O3 . As we exercise, we need more and more oxygen to level out the CO2 possessio n within our system. Overall, CO2 concentration increases during exercise. Conclusion: This Lab consisted of various calculations of respiratory analys is to yield various values of lung volumes, lung functionalities and oxygen cons umption. It was important to understand the behaviors of lungs because it plays a crucial role toward a healthy filtering of air. The results accumulated in thi s lab shows precise and plausible parameters. There werent any substantial error confronted in this lab, but some minor mis-experimental procedures and they are negligible. Overall, the detailed analysis was ideal to the point of precision.