FRANCISCO, MA. THERESA Q.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY- LECTURE

BS NURSING/ FIRST YEAR
SESSION 19

LESSON PREVIEW / REVIEW

To refresh your knowledge regarding the previous lesson, answer the question
presented based on your own analysis. Do this without looking at your notes and check it right
after. Enjoy!

When we inhale through our nose

or mouth, air travels down the pharynx
(back of the throat), passes through our
larynx (voice box) and into our trachea
(windpipe). Our trachea is divided into 2
air passages called bronchial tubes. One
bronchial tube leads to the left lung, the
other to the right lung.

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One
(1) point will be given to the correct answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio.
Superimpositions or erasures in your answer/ratio is not allowed. You are given 20 minutes for
this activity.

Multiple Choice:

1. The direction of gas movement is determined by:

a. temperature.
b. size of the gas molecule.
c. solubility of the gas in blood.
d. partial pressure differences.
e. pH.

ANSWER: d. partial pressure differences.

RATIO:

A gas will move from an area where its partial pressure is higher to an area where
its partial pressure is lower. In addition, the greater the partial pressure difference between
the two areas, the more rapid is the movement of gases.
 Gases always move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration according
to the Diffusion and Effusion phenomenon. Because of the difference in partial pressure
of oxygen in the lungs, oxygen moves from the external atmosphere to the inner body.
Alveoli allow more oxygen from the outside world to enter the body. CO2 is expelled from
the body through the lungs. Same process happens at the tissue level.

2. Which of the following statements about partial pressures of gases is TRUE?

a. PO2 in lung is greater than PO2 in blood; PCO2 in lung is greater than PCO2 in blood
b. PO2 in lung is greater than PO2 in blood; PCO2 in lung is less than PCO2 in blood
c. PO2 in lung is greater than PO2 in blood; PCO2 in lung = PCO2 in blood
d. PO2 in lung is less than PO2 in blood; PCO2 in lung is less than PCO2 in blood
e. PO2 in lung is less than PO2 in blood; PCO2 in lung is greater than PCO2 in blood

ANSWER: B. PO2 in lung is greater than PO2 in blood; PCO2 in lung is less than PCO2 in
blood.

RATIO:
PO2 in alveoli is 104 mmHg vs. 40 mmHg for the deoxygenated blood of the
pulmonary arteries. So after .25 seconds, equilibrium is reached. That means that PO2 in
the pulmonary capillary blood = 104 mmHg. Moreover, PCO2 in alveoli is at 40 mmHg vs.
45 mmHg in blood returning from tissues. So gas goes from blood to alveolar air in this
case.

3. The maximum amount of oxygen is exchanged from blood in _________.

a. arteries of the body
b. capillaries surrounding the alveoli
c. left auricle of the heart
d. arteries of the body

ANSWER: D. Capillaries surrounding the alveoli

RATIO:

The respiratory system's primary function is the exchange of gases such as oxygen
and carbon dioxide. Inhaled oxygen travels through the lungs to the alveoli.
The cells surrounding the alveoli and the capillaries are thinner and have more
contact with one another. As a result, more oxygen enters the bloodstream through the
space between them. Carbon dioxide also passes from the blood into the alveoli.
Therefore, Option D, 'Capillaries surrounding the alveoli,' is the correct response.

4. The oxygen is mainly transported in the system as ______________.

a. Hemoglobin
b. Hemo-oxyglobin
c. Oxyhemoglobin
d. Ferritin

ANSWER: B. Erythrocytes
RATIO:

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells (RBCs), are blood cells that transport
oxygen. They do so with the help of haemoglobin, a pigment found in the blood.
Erythrocytes' shape and structure are ideal for this function. They lack a nucleus and a
few other organelles to allow haemoglobin molecules to occupy as much space as
possible within the cell. Immune response is mediated by leucocytes, while blood clotting
is mediated by thrombocytes. The transport of O 2 is not aided by blood plasma. As a
result, option B is correct.

5. Which of the following binds stronger to hemoglobin?

a. Carbon Disulphide
b. Carbon Monoxide
c. Carbon Dioxide
d. Oxygen

ANSWER: Carbon monoxide

RATIO:

Hemoglobin has four heme groups, each of which can bind to one oxygen molecule
reversibly. When oxygen binds to any of these sites, the protein changes conformation,
making it easier to bind to the other sites. Carbon monoxide binds irreversibly to
hemoglobin at the same sites as oxygen, but 200 times more tightly. Normally, oxygen
binds to hemoglobin in the lungs and is released in areas where the partial pressure of
oxygen is low (e.g., active muscles). Carbon monoxide cannot be released as easily as
oxygen when it binds to hemoglobin. With continued exposure to carbon monoxide, the
slow release rate of carbon monoxide causes an accumulation of CO-bound hemoglobin
molecules. As a result, there are fewer hemoglobin particles available to bind and deliver
oxygen, resulting in carbon monoxide poisoning's gradual suffocation. As a result, option
B is correct.

6. The factors that affect the rate of alveolar diffusion include: (Select all that apply)
a. Solubility of gas
b. Reactivity of gas
c. Thickness of membrane
d. Concentration gradient

ANSWER: A, C and D

RATIO:

Alveoli are the primary sites of exchange of gases such as oxygen and carbon
dioxide by simple diffusion mainly based on pressure/concentration gradient. The
solubility of gasses, as well as the thickness of membranes involved in diffusion, are also
some important factors, that can affect the rate of diffusion. Reactivity of gases does not
affect the rate of alveolar diffusion as oxygen and carbon dioxide do not react in the alveoli.

7. As humans, our urge to inhale is from __________.

a. rising PCO2
b. falling PCO2
c. rising O2
d. falling PO2

ANSWER: A. Rising PCO2

RATIO:
The presence of elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood acts as a stimulant to
the respiratory center, signaling the respiratory muscles to breathe. Chemoreceptors in
the carotid and aortic bodies are responsible for detecting a drop in blood pH caused by
increased PCO 2.

8. Oxygen diffuses out of blood into tissues because __________.

a. Oxygen concentration of tissue fluid is lower
b. Oxygen concentration of blood is lower
c. Carbon dioxide concentration of tissue fluid is lower
d. Carbon dioxide concentration of tissue fluid is higher

ANSWER: A) oxygen concentration in tissue is lower.

RATIO:
Oxygen concentration in tissue is lower thus, oxygen diffuses from blood into
tissues. As oxygen or carbon dioxide movement is known as diffusion. It means they
moves from more concentration to less concentration. Here in question given, oxygen
diffuses from blood into tissues means tissues has less concentration of oxygen.

9. The ranking from highest to lowest PO2 in the area of the arterial ends of the tissue capillaries
is:
a. capillaries, tissue fluid, cells.
b. cells, tissue fluid, capillaries.
c. cells, capillaries, tissue fluid.
d. tissue fluid, capillaries, cells.
e. all three are equal.

ANSWER: A. capillaries, tissue fluid, cells.

RATIO:
Capillary gas exchange in tissues (internal respiration) is the reverse of pulmonary
exchange (sort of ). PO2 in tissues is low (40 mmHg) relative to arterial blood (100 mmHg).
O2 moves into tissues, CO2 moves out of tissues, into blood
10. Pepper has been assigned to the general ward. Upon reviewing the patient’s record, which of
the following body’s responses is a manifestation of lack of oxygen to the brain?
a. Gasping of air
b. Depressed
c. Sleepy
d. Hyperactive

ANSWER: A. Gasping of air

RATIO:

When insufficient amounts of oxygen reach the brain, headaches are common and
can be an early indicator of hypoxemia. Shortness of breath: Shortness of breath, or
dyspnea, is one of the more common signs of hypoxemia. Shortness of breath feels like
being winded, or struggling to get enough breath. The desperate gasping for air is usually
a symptom of the heart no longer circulating oxygenated blood, or there’s an interruption
of lung activity that’s reducing oxygen intake

AL Activity: CAT: Minute Paper

This strategy provides feedback on whether or not you understand the lesson. You may use the
space below in this activity sheet to answer the following questions:

1. What was the most useful or the most meaningful thing you learned this session?

The main role of the Respiratory System is the inhalation of fresh oxygen (O2) needed
by the body's cells and the exhalation of waste carbon dioxide (CO2). It also helps maintain
body temperature and eliminate excess water from the body. The cells of the human body require a
constant stream of oxygen to stay alive. The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body’s cells while
removing carbon dioxide, a waste product that can be lethal if allowed to accumulate.

2. What question(s) do you have as we end this session?

 What is the detailed difference between right and left lungs? How do they differ in
function and structure?
 What does the anatomy of a bronchial tree looks like?