SAS 16

1. Parse synthesized the original nine assumptions about humans and into four assumptions
about human becoming. All
of these are included EXCEPT:
a. Human becoming is structuring meaning, freely choosing with situation.
b. Human becoming is configuring rhythmical human universe patterns.
c. Human becoming is contradicting illimitably with emerging possibilities.
d. Human becoming is the human universe co-creating a seamless symphony.

Answer: C
Rationale: Human becoming is co-transcending illimitably with emerging possible.
2. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about the Human Becoming Theory?
a. The theory guides the practice of nurses to focus on quality as it is described and lived
b. The theory presents an alternative to both the conventional biomedical approach as well as
the
bio-psycho-social - spiritual approach of nursing
c. The theory rates quality of life from each person's own perspective as the goal of the practice
of nursing.
d. The theory presents a broad, holistic and system-based method to nursing that maintains a
factor of
flexibility. It focuses on the response of the patient system to actual or potential environmental
stressors
and the maintenance of the client system’s stability through primary, secondary, and tertiary
nursing
prevention intervention to reduce stressors.

Answer: D
Rationale: Option D is about Betty Neuman’s Nursing Theory
3. Based on Parse’s Symbol of Human Becoming Theory, what does the intertwining of the
green and black swirls
signify?
a. Human-Universe co- creation as an ongoing process of becoming
b. Hope
c. Opposite paradox significant to ontology of human becoming
d. Co-created mutual human universe process at the ontological level and nurse person
process.

Answer: A
Rationale: Option A is represented by green and black swirls intertwining. Option B is
represented by the color green.
Option C is represented by the colors black and white while Option D is center joined.
4. A concept of Newman's theory which depicts the whole and is characterized by movement,
diversity, and rhythm.
a. Pattern
b. Consciousness
c. Time and Timing
d. Pattern Recognition

Answer: A

This document and the information thereon is the property of

PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 5 of 7

Rationale: Pattern pertains to information that depicts the whole and understanding of the
meaning of all the relationships
at once.
5. Parse's model rates quality of life from each person's own perspective as the goal of the
practice of nursing. Which of
the following is an example of a paradox?
a. Marga is very shy and loves public speaking
b. Nurse Renee takes good care of his patient by making sure that their needs are met
c. Everyone is born with unique characteristics
d. Health is wealth

Answer: A
Rationale: According to this theory, a paradox is an inconsistent and self-contradictory
statement. Furthermore, Parse
believes that people are always revealing or concealing themselves because people are
dynamic and always changes
their mind.
6. One of the purposes of the theory is to assist with critical thinking and problem solving. What
are the three major
themes of the Human Becoming Theory?
a. Imaging, valuing, languaging
b. Rhythmicity, imaging, languaging
c. Meaning, rhythmicity, transcendence
d. Revealing-concealing, enabling-limiting, connecting-separating

Answer: C
Rationale: Option C is correct as it is pertaining to the three major themes as per Parse’s theory.
Option A is about the
meaning theme. Option B is incorrect. Option D is about rhythmicity.
7. The Neuman Systems Model views the client as an open system that responds to stressors
in the environment. The
client variables are physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual.
Three principles
constitute the human becoming theory. Each principle contains three concepts that requires
thoughtful exploration.
People are always engaging with and choosing from infinite possibilities about how to be, what
attitudes and approach
to have, who to relate to. What principle is exemplified in the given statement?
a. Con-transcending with impossibilities
b. Configuring rhythmical patterns
c. Structuring meaning
d. Con-transcending with possibilities

Answer: D
Rationale: Con-transcending with possibilities is the powering and originating of transforming to.
It is the moving beyond
the 'now' moment is forging a unique personal path for oneself in the midst of ambiguity and
continuous change.
8. This principle means that human beings create patterns in day-to-day life and these patterns
tell about personal
meanings and values.
a. Structuring of meaning multidimensionally
b. Co-creating rhythmical patterns of relating
c. Co-transcending with the possibilities
d. Revealing-concealing

Answer: B
Rationale: This principle means that human beings create patterns in day-to-day life, and these
patterns tell about
personal meanings and values. In the patterns of relating that people create, many freedoms
and restrictions surface with
choices; all patterns involve complex engagements and disengagements with people, ideas,
and preferences. The second
principle has three concepts: (1) revealing-concealing, (2) enabling-limiting, and (3) connecting-
separating.
9. It is the indivisible unbounded knowing extended to infinity, the all at once remembering and
prospecting with the
moment.
a. Paradox
b. Illimitability
c. Freedom
d. Mystery

Answer: B
Rationale: Option A is an intricate rhythm expressed as pattern preference. Option B is correct.
Option C is contextually
construed liberation. People are free to continuously choose ways of being with their situations.
Option D is the
unexplainable, that which cannot be completely known.

This document and the information thereon is the property of

PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 6 of 7

10. It is being with and apart from others, ideas, objects and situations all at once.

a. Originating
b. Revealing- concealing

c. Powering
d. Connecting- separating

Answer: D
Rationale: Connecting- separating is the third concept of the second principle. The paradox
connected with
connecting-separating is attending-distancing. This concept relates to the ways persons create
patterns of connecting and
separating with people and projects. Patterns created reveal value priorities. Connecting-
separating is about communion
aloneness and the ways people separate from some to join with others. Option A is certainty-
uncertainty; conforming- not
conforming. Option B is disclosing-not disclosing. Option C is pushing-resisting; affirming-not
affirming; being- nonbeing.

SAS 17

1. Which of the following is considered as the focus of nursing in the theory of Locsin?

a. Knowing persons is a process of nursing that allows for continuous appreciation of persons,
moment to
moment.
b. Technology is used to know persons as whole moment to moment.
c. Nursing is a discipline and a professional practice.
d. A human being whose hopes, dreams, and aspirations are to live fully as a caring person.

Answer: D
Rationale: Options A, B, and C are considered as the assumptions of this theory.
2. All of the following are purposes in creation of Technological Competency as Caring and the
Practice of Knowing
Persons in Nursing by Rozanno Locsin: (Select all that apply)
a. Acknowledge wholeness of persons as a focus of nursing
b. Technological means are used to know wholeness more fully
c. Technology used to know “what is person” rather than “who is person”
d. Technology used to know person as unique individual

Answer: ABD
Rationale: All of the options are correct, except option C. It should be “who is person” rather
than “what is person”. Who
is a person is viewing the person as a unique individual.
3. In Locsin’s theory, this provides a framework for the practice of its application.

a. Nursing as an art
b. An expression of caring
c. Persons as unique individual
d. Intentions of nursing

Answer: B
Rationale: The technology of competency is conceptualized as an expression of caring which
provides a framework for
practice. This refers to co-existence of technology and caring in nursing.

This document and the information thereon is the property of

PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 8 of 10

4. All are considered to be intentions of nursing in the theory Technological Competency as

Caring and the Practice of
Knowing Persons in Nursing: (Select all that apply)
a. Through novice use of nursing technologies
b. Through competent use of nursing technologies
c. By affirming personhood
d. By appreciating personhood
e. By ignoring personhood

Answer: BCD
Rationale: The intentions of nursing in Locsin’s theory is to know human beings fully as a whole
person by affirming,
appreciating, and celebrating personhood and through expert and competent use of nursing
technologies. Other options
are hypothetical.
5. This refers to the nurse and nursed becoming susceptible as they enter each other’s world
and move toward
continuous knowing of one another.
a. Nursing situation
b. Process of nursing
c. Vulnerability
d. Wholeness paradox

Answer: C
Rationale: The question is the definition of Vulnerability. Nursing situation is a shared lived
experience between the nurse
and nursed. Process of nursing is a dynamic unfolding of situations encompassing
knowledgeable practices. Wholeness
paradox exists because people are unique and unpredictable.
6. In CASAGRA transformative leadership theory, this is referred to as the level of competence
in the particular nursing
area that the professional nurse is engaged in?
a. Novice
b. Competent
c. Expert
d. Special expertise

Answer: D
Rationale: Special expertise is the level of competence in the particular nursing area that the
professional nurse is
engaged in. The other options are a level of expertise in Benner’s Dreyfus model.
7. This is known to be the force within the nursing profession that sets the vision for its
practitioners, lays down the roles
and functions, and influences the direction toward which the profession should go.
a. Nursing leadership
b. Servant leadership
c. Transformative leadership
d. None of the above

Answer: A
Rationale: Nursing leadership in CASAGRA model is defined as the force within the nursing
profession that sets the
vision for its practitioners, lays down the roles and functions, and influences the direction toward
which the profession
should go. Servant-leader formula is the enrichment package prepared as intervention for the
study which has three parts
that parallel the three concepts of the CASAGRA transformative leadership model.
8. Which of the following is not included in the three-fold transformation leadership concepts of
CASAGRA model?

a. Special expertise
b. Care complex

c. Self-mastery
d. Servant-leader spirituality

Answer: B
Rationale: Options A, C, and D are elements rolled into one make-up the personality of the
modern professional nurse
who will challenge the demands of these crucial times in society today, except option B. Care
complex is a structure in the
personality of the caregiver that is significantly related to the leadership behavior.
9. CASAGRA transformative leadership models have concepts of leadership from a psycho-
spiritual point of view,
designed to lead to radical change from apathy or indifference to a spiritual person. Its main
propositions are as
follow: (Select all that apply)
a. Care complex is a structure in the personality of the caregiver that is significantly related to
the leadership
behavior.
b. Vitality of care complex of the nursing faculty is indirectly related to leadership behavior.

This document and the information thereon is the property of

PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 9 of 10

c. CASAGRA Transformative Leadership is a physio-spiritual model, and was an effective

means for faculty
to become better teachers and servant-leaders.
d. The CASAGRA servant-leadership formula is an effective modality in enhancing the nursing
faculty’s
servant-leadership behavior.

Answer: A & D
Rationale: The incorrect answers are options B and C. For option B, it should be “directly” rather
than “indirectly”. Also for
option C, it should be “psycho-spiritual model” rather than “physio-spiritual model”.
10. Which of the following is true about the CASAGRA paradigm of care complex theory?

a. The framework explains and predicts the continuous formation of nursing leadership behavior
in nursing
faculty that will eventually affect their teaching function.
b. Transformative teaching runs parallel to the generic elements of the transformative-
leadership model.
c. Servant-leadership formula is the guide that is desired for the modern educational process
designed to
form the millennium professional nurse.
d. The care complex is necessary given as a depressant in the performance of the leadership
activities.
Answer: A
Rationale: This is the only option stated correct. Option B should be servant-leadership formula
runs parallel to the
generic elements of the transformative-leadership model. Option C should be transformative
teaching is the guide that is
desired for the modern educational process designed to form the millennium professional nurse.
Option D should be
“stimulant” rather than “depressant”.
1. Which of the following is considered as the focus of nursing in the theory of Locsin?

a. Knowing persons is a process of nursing that allows for continuous appreciation of persons,
moment to
moment.
b. Technology is used to know persons as whole moment to moment.
c. Nursing is a discipline and a professional practice.
d. A human being whose hopes, dreams, and aspirations are to live fully as a caring person.

Answer: D
Rationale: Options A, B, and C are considered as the assumptions of this theory.
2. All of the following are purposes in creation of Technological Competency as Caring and the
Practice of Knowing
Persons in Nursing by Rozanno Locsin: (Select all that apply)
a. Acknowledge wholeness of persons as a focus of nursing
b. Technological means are used to know wholeness more fully
c. Technology used to know “what is person” rather than “who is person”
d. Technology used to know person as unique individual

Answer: ABD
Rationale: All of the options are correct, except option C. It should be “who is person” rather
than “what is person”. Who
is a person is viewing the person as a unique individual.
3. In Locsin’s theory, this provides a framework for the practice of its application.

a. Nursing as an art
b. An expression of caring
c. Persons as unique individual
d. Intentions of nursing

Answer: B
Rationale: The technology of competency is conceptualized as an expression of caring which
provides a framework for
practice. This refers to co-existence of technology and caring in nursing.
This document and the information thereon is the property of
PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 8 of 10

4. All are considered to be intentions of nursing in the theory Technological Competency as

Caring and the Practice of
Knowing Persons in Nursing: (Select all that apply)
a. Through novice use of nursing technologies
b. Through competent use of nursing technologies
c. By affirming personhood
d. By appreciating personhood
e. By ignoring personhood

Answer: BCD
Rationale: The intentions of nursing in Locsin’s theory is to know human beings fully as a whole
person by affirming,
appreciating, and celebrating personhood and through expert and competent use of nursing
technologies. Other options
are hypothetical.
5. This refers to the nurse and nursed becoming susceptible as they enter each other’s world
and move toward
continuous knowing of one another.
a. Nursing situation
b. Process of nursing
c. Vulnerability
d. Wholeness paradox

Answer: C
Rationale: The question is the definition of Vulnerability. Nursing situation is a shared lived
experience between the nurse
and nursed. Process of nursing is a dynamic unfolding of situations encompassing
knowledgeable practices. Wholeness
paradox exists because people are unique and unpredictable.
6. In CASAGRA transformative leadership theory, this is referred to as the level of competence
in the particular nursing
area that the professional nurse is engaged in?
a. Novice
b. Competent
c. Expert
d. Special expertise

Answer: D
Rationale: Special expertise is the level of competence in the particular nursing area that the
professional nurse is
engaged in. The other options are a level of expertise in Benner’s Dreyfus model.
7. This is known to be the force within the nursing profession that sets the vision for its
practitioners, lays down the roles
and functions, and influences the direction toward which the profession should go.
a. Nursing leadership
b. Servant leadership
c. Transformative leadership
d. None of the above

Answer: A
Rationale: Nursing leadership in CASAGRA model is defined as the force within the nursing
profession that sets the
vision for its practitioners, lays down the roles and functions, and influences the direction toward
which the profession
should go. Servant-leader formula is the enrichment package prepared as intervention for the
study which has three parts
that parallel the three concepts of the CASAGRA transformative leadership model.
8. Which of the following is not included in the three-fold transformation leadership concepts of
CASAGRA model?

a. Special expertise
b. Care complex

c. Self-mastery
d. Servant-leader spirituality

Answer: B
Rationale: Options A, C, and D are elements rolled into one make-up the personality of the
modern professional nurse
who will challenge the demands of these crucial times in society today, except option B. Care
complex is a structure in the
personality of the caregiver that is significantly related to the leadership behavior.
9. CASAGRA transformative leadership models have concepts of leadership from a psycho-
spiritual point of view,
designed to lead to radical change from apathy or indifference to a spiritual person. Its main
propositions are as
follow: (Select all that apply)
a. Care complex is a structure in the personality of the caregiver that is significantly related to
the leadership
behavior.
b. Vitality of care complex of the nursing faculty is indirectly related to leadership behavior.

This document and the information thereon is the property of

PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 9 of 10
c. CASAGRA Transformative Leadership is a physio-spiritual model, and was an effective
means for faculty
to become better teachers and servant-leaders.
d. The CASAGRA servant-leadership formula is an effective modality in enhancing the nursing
faculty’s
servant-leadership behavior.

Answer: A & D
Rationale: The incorrect answers are options B and C. For option B, it should be “directly” rather
than “indirectly”. Also for
option C, it should be “psycho-spiritual model” rather than “physio-spiritual model”.
10. Which of the following is true about the CASAGRA paradigm of care complex theory?

a. The framework explains and predicts the continuous formation of nursing leadership behavior
in nursing
faculty that will eventually affect their teaching function.
b. Transformative teaching runs parallel to the generic elements of the transformative-
leadership model.
c. Servant-leadership formula is the guide that is desired for the modern educational process
designed to
form the millennium professional nurse.
d. The care complex is necessary given as a depressant in the performance of the leadership
activities.

Answer: A
Rationale: This is the only option stated correct. Option B should be servant-leadership formula
runs parallel to the
generic elements of the transformative-leadership model. Option C should be transformative
teaching is the guide that is
desired for the modern educational process designed to form the millennium professional nurse.
Option D should be
“stimulant” rather than “depressant”.

SAS 18

1. Who were the subjects of Divinagracia’s theory?

a. 31 adult cardiac patients at the Philippine Heart Center, Coronary Care Unit
b. 31 pediatric cardiac patients at the Philippine Heart Center, Coronary Care Unit
c. 31 adult cardiac patients at the Philippine Lung Center, Coronary Care Unit
d. 31 pediatric cardiac patients at the Philippine Children’s Hospital, Coronary Care Unit

Answer: A
Rationale: The subject of Divinagracia’s theory were the 31 adult cardiac patients at the
Philippine Heart Center,
Coronary Care Unit.
2. Which of the following is the definition of Nursing in the Advance Nurse Practitioners'
Composure Behavior and
Patients' Wellness Outcome by Carmelita Divinagracia?
a. Profession that surpasses time and aspects of the individual as one of its clients
b. Dynamic discipline, art, and science of caring
c. It is the study of unitary, irreducible, indivisible human and environmental fields: people and
their world.
d. Both A and B
e. All except A

Answer: D
Rationale: Divinagracia described nursing as Profession that surpasses time and aspects of the
individual as one of its
clients. Likewise, nursing is a dynamic discipline, art, and science of caring. Option C is Martha
Roger’s definition of
nursing.
3. What organization was Divinagracia a former president of?

a. The Association of Deans of Philippine Colleges of Nursing (ADPCN)

b. Philippine Nurses Association (PNA).
c. Operating Room Nurses Association of the Philippines (ORNAP)
d. Mother and Child Nurses Association of the Philippines (MCNAP)

Answer: B
Rationale: Carmelita Divinagracia was a former president of the Association of Deans of
Philippine Colleges of Nursing
(ADPCN).
4. Being receptive/open to new ideas or reason is a way of considering the patient's preferences
and opinions related to
his or her current health condition. The following are ways in which a nurse may be able to show
therapeutic use of
self EXCEPT:
a. Therapeutic communication
b. Active listening
c. Turning a blind eye to the patient’s concerns
d. Use of touch

Answer: C
Rationale: Nurses can show therapeutic use of self by using therapeutic communication, active
listening, and touch.
5. Which of the following is an example of showing positive regard to elderly patients?
a. Conveying interest and acceptance of patient's condition and his or her entire being
b. Discouraging patients to do self-care
c. Perceiving the current positive thought or feeling and communicates by putting themselves in
the patient's
place
d. The use of “po” and “opo” when talking to them

Answer: D
Rationale: Use of preferred naming in addressing the patient ("po" and "opo" are signs of
positive regard).
6. This “Retirement and role discontinuities theory” states that __________ is another phase in
a person's life that would
require some adjustments?
a. Retirement
b. Physiological age

c. Role
d. Change of life

Answer: A

This document and the information thereon is the property of

PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 5 of 6

Rationale: This theory states that retirement is another phase in a person's life that would
require some adjustments.
7. These are sets of shared expectations focused upon a particular position?

a. Retirement
b. Physiological age
c. Role
d. Change of life

Answer: D
Rationale: Roles are set of shared expectations focused upon a particular position
8. These are interruptions that may be an accident, emergency and change of position:

a. Role discontinuity
b. Coping approaches
c. Retirement
d. Change of life

Answer: A
Rationale: Role discontinuity is interruption that may be an accident, emergency and change of
position. It is also referred
to as an interruption in the line of status.
9. ________________ recognized as fulfillment of every individual birth right and must be lived
meaningfully.

a. Role discontinuity
b. Coping approaches
c. Retirement
d. Change of life

Answer: C
Rationale: Retirement is recognized as fulfillment of every individual birth right and must be lived
meaningfully
10. This refers to the interventions or measures applied to solve a problematic situation or state
in order to restore or
maintain equilibrium and normal functioning.
a. Role discontinuity
b. Coping approaches
c. Retirement
d. Change of life

Answer: D
Rationale: Coping approaches are interventions applied to solve a problematic situation in order
to restore normal
functions

SAS 19

1. The goal of nursing care, according to Carmencita Abaquin's theory is the improvement of
quality of life for advanced
stage cancer patients despite their current situation. Which of the following are the prepare me
components?
a. Presence
b. Reminisce Therapy

c. Meditation
d. Values Clarification
e. All of the above

Answer: E
Rationale: There are six PREPARE ME interventions. They are presence, reminisce therapy,
prayer relaxation-breathing,
meditation and values clarification.
2. A therapeutic intervention which is being with another person during the times of need is
_______________.

a. Presence
b. Reminisce Therapy
c. Meditation
d. Values Clarification
e. All of the above

Answer: A
Rationale: Presence is a therapeutic intervention which is being with another person during the
times of need.
3. A therapeutic intervention which is the action of the recalling of past experiences, feelings
and thoughts to facilitate
adaptation to present circumstances is ___________________.
a. Presence
b. Reminisce Therapy
c. Meditation
d. Values Clarification
e. All of the above

Answer: B
Rationale: Reminisce Therapy is a therapeutic intervention which is the action of the recalling of
past experiences,
feelings and thoughts to facilitate adaptation to present circumstances.
4. What is developed in the patient when the patient clarifies her/his values?

a. An open mind that will facilitate acceptance of the disease state or may help deepen or
enhance values
b. Proper care of the body, mind, spirit to maintain integrity of the person
c. The ability to recall of past experience, feelings, and thoughts to facilitate
d. A close mind that will facilitate acceptance of disease

Answer: A
Rationale: When a patient clarifies his/ her values, they develop an open mind that will facilitate
acceptance of the
disease state or may help deepen or enhance values.
5. Which of the following can elicit a form of relaxation for the purpose of altering patients level
of awareness by focusing
on an image?
a. Presence
b. Reminisce Therapy

c. Meditation
d. Values Clarification
e. All of the above

This document and the information thereon is the property of

PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 3 of 5

Answer: C
Rationale: Meditation encourages an elicit form of relaxation for the purpose of altering a
patient's level of awareness by
focusing on an image or thought to facilitate inner sight which helps establish connection and
relationship with God. This
may be achieved with music or other techniques.
6. The following statements are TRUE about the Prepare Me Holistic Nursing Interventions,
EXCEPT:
a. "Prepare Me" Interventions and the Quality of Life of Advance Progressive Cancer Patients
b. Prepare Me are the nursing interventions provided to address the multi-dimensional problem
of cancer
patients
c. There are five components of the theory
d. None of the above

Answer: C
Rationale: There are six components of the theory
7. Multifaceted construct that encompasses the individual’s capacities and abilities with an aim
of enriching life when it
cannot longer be prolonged. Which of the following is/are not manifestations of a good quality of
life?
a. Proper care of the body
b. Properly maintained body and mind integrity
c. Proper mind and spirit
d. Inability to cope up with changes

Answer: D
Rationale: Option D is not a manifestation of a good quality of life.
8. ______________it is the state of being when there is no further medical treatment that can
stabilize a patient.

a. Impaired self-esteem
b. Boosted self-esteem
c. Acutely ill
d. Terminally ill

Answer: D
Rationale: Terminally ill is the state of being when there is no further medical treatment that can
stabilize a patient.
9. Which of the following is the goal of Cecilia Laurente's Theory?
a. For the patient to accept death and die peacefully
b. Continuum that includes wellness and illness
c. Maintaining or restoring the client's independence in the satisfaction of the 14 fundamental
needs.
d. Determine the effects of the "COMPOSURE" behavior of the Advanced Nurse Practitioner on
the
wellness outcome of the selected cardiac patients

Answer: A
Rationale: Option A is the goal of Laurente’s theorem. Option B is the goal of Kathryn Barnard’s
theory. Option C is the
goal of Evelyn Adam’s theory. Option D is about Carmelita Divinagracia’s theory.
10. The Theory of Nursing Practice and Career proposes that the nurse is not afraid to give
hope and company to a
patient until his or her final hour if in terminal condition. Which of the following mental states
where an individual
experiences fear or nervousness about what might happen?
a. Depression
b. Anxiety
c. Compulsion
d. Obsession

Answer: B
Rationale: Anxiety is a mental state where an individual experiences fear or nervousness about
what might happen.

SAS 20

1. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier

model of human needs, often
depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. A clinical instructor is seen asking her student
in the care of her
acutely ill patient. Which of the following physiologic needs is essential?
a. Healthy diet
b. Hydration

c. Elimination
d. Oxygen

Answer: D
Rationale: Oxygen is the most essential of all needs because all body cells require oxygen for
survival.
2. Pepper is a 90-year-old widow from Vancouver. She just lost her husband Cay a week ago
after being admitted at the
ICU due to heart failure. Which of the following is the developmental tasks of an older adult in
the family?
a. Cope with loss of energy and privacy
b. Maintain a supportive home base
c. Prepare for retirement
d. Adjust to loss of spouse

Answer: D
Rationale: A developmental task of the older adult family is adjusting to the loss of a spouse.
3. Surgical hand washing should reduce the release of skin bacteria from the hands of the
surgical team for the duration
of the procedure in case of a puncture of the surgical glove releasing bacteria to the surgical
wound. Careful
hand-washing and using sterile techniques are ways in which nurses meet which basic human
need?
a. Love & belonging
b. Physiologic

c. Self-esteem
d. Safety & Security

This document and the information thereon is the property of

PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 3 of 5

Answer: D
Rationale: By carrying out careful hand-washing and using sterile technique, nurses provide
safety from infection.
4. Nurse Pepper is assigned to care for patients at the COVID ward. Maslow's Hierarchy of
basic human needs is
essential when formulating a plan and management of nursing care as it provides a basis for?
a. Establishing priorities of care
b. Making accurate nursing diagnoses
c. Integrating science into nursing care
d. Communicating concerns more concisely

Answer: A
Rationale: Maslow's Hierarchy of basic human needs is useful when planning and implementing
nursing care as it
provides a structure for establishing priorities of care.
5. Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must
first be satisfied before
higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. You are asked to use
the Abraham Maslow's
theory to prioritize the following health needs from most important priority to the least important
priority:
a. Disturbed Body Image
b. Altered Breathing Pattern
c. Spiritual Distress
d. Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements

Answer: B, D, A, C
Rationale: Option B is the highest priority and Option C is the least priority
6. It is the condition of being honored, to regard highly such as a highly favorable opinion or
judgment.

a. Security
b. Physiological
c. Esteem
d. Self-Actualization

Answer: C
Rationale: Involves the need to be accepted and valued by others; also includes the need for
self-respect.
7. This includes the need to grow, to feel fulfilled, to realize one's potential.

a. Security
b. Physiological
c. Esteem
d. Self-Actualization Needs

Answer: D
Rationale: Self-actualization is a need that pertains to what a person's full potential is and
realizing that potential.
8. It grows from experiences of punishment.

a. Bad me
b. Good me
c. Anxious me
d. Not me

Answer: A
Rationale: The “bad me” grows from experiences of punishment.
9. Anxiety provoking experiences may create dissociation from self to form the __________,
experiences that are
denied.
a. Bad me
b. Good me
c. Anxious me
d. Not me

Answer: D
Rationale: Anxiety provoking experiences may create dissociation from self to form the not me,
experiences that are
denied.

This document and the information thereon is the property of

PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 4 of 5

10. Any behavior that is rewarded, suppress parts that you don't like, display good parts?

a. Bad me
b. Good me

c. Anxious me
d. Not me

Answer: B
Rationale: The good me is a behavior that is rewarded, suppress parts that you don't like and
display good parts.

SAS 21

1. The system is independent of specific elements and variables. Systems Theory is

____________.

a. Partial
b. Impartial
c. Specific
d. Holistic

Answer: D
Rationale: The theory is holistic. Rather than look at individual family members alone, the family
member is looked upon
as part of the system.
2. This theory provides recognition of interplay between ____________ factors in determining
individual behavior.

a. Spherical and genetic

b. Spiritual and physical
c. Physiological and biological
d. Biological and psychological

Answer: D
Rationale: This theory provides recognition of interplay between biological, genetic,
psychological, and sociological
factors in determining individual behavior
3. Systems theory is useful as a perspective for understanding small groups because this
theory:

a. reminds us that small groups are simpler than they appear.

b. provides a framework for thinking about the complex processes of groups of human beings.
c. helps us describe how individual elements of a whole can operate autonomously.
d. can help a student identify the single most important reason why something occurs in a
group.
e. provides a group comparison to the "fight or flight" response of an individual.

Answer: B
Rationale: This theory is used to provide a framework for thinking about the complex processes
of groups of human
beings.

This document and the information thereon is the property of

PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 4 of 6

4. Ludwig von Bertalanffy theory is a systems theory. Which of the following is referred to as a
structural limitation that
separates a system from other systems?
a. Boundary
b. Closed system
c. Open system
d. Entropy

Answer: A
Rationale: Boundary is a structural limitation that separates a system from other systems. It also
differentiates a system
from its environment.
5. It is the state of disorganization.
a. Boundary
b. Closed system
c. Open system
d. Entropy

Answer: D
Rationale: Entropy is a state of disorganization. It occurs when an open system closes, resulting
in an imbalance in the
flow of energy between the system and its environment
6. Kurt Lewin is considered as the father of social psychology. His theory has three
components. Which component
causes a nurse to recognize the problem and need to change to address the problem?
a. Freezing
b. Movement
c. Refreezing
d. Unfreezing

Answer: D
Rationale: Unfreezing recognizes that they have a problem and need to change. Unfreezing is
the process which
involves finding a method of making it possible for people to let go of an old pattern that was
counterproductive in some
way. Unfreezing is necessary to overcome the strains of individual resistance and group
conformity.
7. This stage involves a process of change in thoughts, feeling, behavior, or all three, that is in
some way more liberating
or more productive.
a. Freezing
b. Moving to a new change

c. Refreezing
d. Unfreezing

Answer: D
Rationale: "Moving to a new level or Changing" or Movement involves a process of change in
thoughts, feeling, behavior,
or all three, that is in some way more liberating or more productive. Person changes behavior to
healthful pattern.
8. It involves establishing the change as a new habit so that it now becomes the "standard
operating procedure”.

a. Freezing
b. Moving to a new change
c. Refreezing
d. Unfreezing

Answer: C
Rationale: Refreezing is establishing the change as a new habit so that it now becomes the
"standard operating
procedure." Without this stage of refreezing, it is easy to go back to the old ways.
9. Which of the following may contribute to unfreezing resistance?

a. Adequate amount of information

b. Trust

c. Rewards
d. Lack of information

Answer: D
Rationale: Lack of information, inertia, mistrust contributes to unfreezing resistance.
10. He is the founder of social psychology.

a. Abraham Lincoln
b. Kurt Lewin
c. Charles Sullivan
d. Ludwig von Bertalanffy

Answer: B
Rationale: Kurt Lewin is the founder of social psychology.

SAS 22

1. The source of all instincts, drives, reflexes, needs, genetic inheritance, and capacity to
respond and motivation.

a. Id
b. Ego

c. Superego
d. Holistic

Answer: A
Rationale: The Id personality is the source of all drives, instincts, reflexes, needs, genetic
inheritance, and capacity to
respond and motivate; the id lacks the ability to problem solve, is not logical, and operates
according to the pleasure
principle.

This document and the information thereon is the property of

PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 4 of 6

2. It differentiates subjective experiences, memory images, and objective reality and attempts to
negotiate a solution.

a. Id
b. Ego

c. Superego
d. Holistic

Answer: B
Rationale: Develops (in the 4th or 5th month) because the needs, wishes, and demands of the
id cannot be satisfactorily
met through primary processes and reflex action. The ego is the problem solver and reality
tester where "you think
through things" (stop and think about it); differentiates subjective experiences, memory images,
and objective reality and
attempts to negotiate a solution.
3. It is the second stage of Freud's theory. This is manifested by moving of the bowels and the
fecal retention. Symptoms
of fixation include anal-expulsive personality/anal-retentive personality.
a. Oral stage
b. Latency stage
c. Genitalia stage
d. Anal Stage

Answer: D
Rationale: The anal stage is the second stage of Freud's theory. This is manifested by moving
of the bowels and the fecal
retention. Symptoms of fixation include anal-expulsive personality/anal-retentive personality.
Toilet training (external
reality) interferes with gratification received from defecation.
4. This is the last to develop and represents the moral component of personality. Helps to
choose right from wrong.

a. Id
b. Ego
c. Superego
d. Holistic
Answer: C
Rationale: Conscious and Unconscious. Contains all moral lessons one has learned in life from
parents and others.
Where our consciousness is. Idea of what an ideal person is. It is also the voice of authority. Is
the last to develop and
represents the moral component of personality. Helps to choose right from wrong.
5. Freud's term for middle childhood, during which children's emotional drives are quieter, the
psychosexual needs are
repressed, and their unconscious conflicts are submerged.
a. Oral stage
b. Latency stage
c. Genitalia stage
d. Anal Stage

Answer: B
Rationale: Latency stage is a period of sublimation of sex instinct. It is also the period of rest
after the previous stage. No
developmental events occur.
6. Pepper is a 17-year-old child and is hospitalized because of asthma, according to the
psychosocial theory, which of
the following is an appropriate intervention?
a. Tell the friends to visit the child
b. Encourage patient to help child learn lessons missed
c. Call the priest to intervene
d. Tell the child’s girlfriend to visit the child.

Answer: D
Rationale: The child is 16 years old, In the stage of identity vs. role confusion. The most
significant persons in this group
are the peers. Option B refers to children in the school age Option C refers to the young
adulthood stage of intimacy vs.
isolation. Option D: The child is not dying and the situation did not even talk about the child’s
belief therefore, calling the
priest is unnecessary.
7. It involves learning basic skills and working with others.

a. industry vs. inferiority

b. initiative vs. guilt
c. autonomy vs. shame
d. intimacy vs. isolation

Answer: A
Rationale: Involves learning basic skills and working with others. Function socially beyond the
family.
This document and the information thereon is the property of
PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 5 of 6

8. This is where the self "ego" appears and is striving for independence. Toddlers usually are
fond of saying "No".

a. industry vs. inferiority

b. initiative vs. guilt
c. autonomy vs. shame
d. intimacy vs. isolation

Answer: C
Rationale: Autonomy vs. Doubt (Shame) is where the self "ego" appears and is striving for
independence. Toddlers are
fond of saying "No". It is a manifestation of their negativistic behavior.
9. Which of the following is TRUE about the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?

a. The end of life, the period of old age

b. Intimacy can be sexual or platonic.
c. The existence of a mutually caring and sharing relationship.
d. Peers foster inferiority, say exactly what they think.

Answer: D
Rationale: Option D is expected to be manifested by children belonging to the industry vs
inferiority stage, Option A is
senescence that is typical in the integrity vs despair stage. Option B and C are true about the
intimacy vs isolation stage.
10. What stage happens in adolescence?
a. industry vs. inferiority
b. identity vs role confusion
c. autonomy vs. shame
d. intimacy vs. isolation

Answer: B
Rationale: Identity vs role confusion happens in adolescence. Gender identity is common at this
stage.

SAS 23

1. Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four
different stages of mental
development. Child learns that he is separate from his environment and that aspects of his
environment continue to
exist even though they may be outside the reach of his senses. Which of Piaget's stages is this?
a. Sensorimotor stage
b. Preoperational stage
c. Concrete operational stage
d. Formal operational stage

ANSWER: A
RATIO: Object permanence is a child's understanding that objects continue to exist even though
he or she cannot see or
hear them. It is evident during the sensorimotor stage.
2. Observing children, Jean Piaget proposed a sequence consisting of normal development that
all normal children
follow. Which of the following is one of the most important accomplishments at the sensorimotor
stage?
a. Children propose the questions of why and how come
b. Intelligence is demonstrated through the logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts.
c. Object permanence
d. They start solving problems in a more logical fashion

ANSWER: C
RATIO: Object permanence is a child's understanding that objects continue to exist even though
he or she cannot see or
hear them. It is one of the most important accomplishments at the sensorimotor stage.
3. _________ is the third of four stages from Piaget's theory of cognitive development. It follows
the preoperational
stage, occurs between the ages of 7 and 11 years and is characterized by the appropriate use
of logic.
a. Sensorimotor stage
b. Preoperational stage
c. Concrete operational stage
d. Formal operational stage

This document and the information thereon is the property of

PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 4 of 6

ANSWER: C
RATIO: The preoperational stage is the third of four stages from Piaget's theory of cognitive
development. It follows the
preoperational stage, occurs between the ages of 7 and 11 years and is characterized by the
appropriate use of logic.
4. ___________ is the final stage of cognitive development. Intelligence is demonstrated
through the logical use of
symbols related to abstract concepts.
a. Sensorimotor stage
b. Preoperational stage

c. Concrete operational stage

d. Formal operational stage

ANSWER: D
RATIO: The Formal operational stage is the final stage of cognitive development. Intelligence is
demonstrated through the
logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts.
5. Jean Piaget is a Cognitive psychologist; He created a 4-stage theory of cognitive
development, and said that two
basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth. What is reversibility and stage
being it prominent in?
a. Prominent until the preoperational stage, reversibility is a child's belief that others see the
world in
precisely the same way they do.
b. Prominent until the sensorimotor stage, reversibility is an ability to think about your own
thought
processes.
c. Prominent until the concrete operational stage, reversibility is the understanding that numbers
and objects
can change and then return to their original state.
d. Prominent until the formal operational stage, reversibility is an ability to think about your own
thought
processes.

ANSWER: C
RATIO: Prominent until the concrete operational stage, reversibility is the understanding that
numbers and objects can
change and then return to their original state.
6. Pepper, a pediatric nurse, is planning to teach the concepts of moral development theory with
Mrs. Orah. What
motivates the good boy and good girl concepts for the child at the preconventional level?
a. The behavior of the parents
b. Punishment and reward

c. Peer pressure
d. Social pressure

ANSWER: A
RATIO: The behavior of the parents motivates the good boy and good girl concepts for the child
at the preconventional
level.
7. Pepper, a nurse educator, plans to conduct a webinar for the staff nurses regarding
Kohlberg's theory of moral
development. What information should the nurse include in the session? Which of the following
are included? (Select
all that apply)
a. A person can move through all six stages in a sequential fashion
b. Moral development can move through in relationship to cognitive development
c. A person's capability to make moral judgments progresses over a period of time
d. The theory provides a framework for understanding how individuals determine a moral code
to guide their
behavior
e. In stage 1 (punishment-obedience orientation), children are expected to reason as mature
members of
society
f. In stage 2 (instrumental-relativist orientation), the child conforms to rules to obtain rewards or
have favors
returned.
ANSWER: B, C, D, F
RATIO: Kohlberg's theory states that individuals move through the 6 stages of development in a
sequential fashion but
that not everyone reaches stages 5 & 6 in his or her development of personal morality. The
theory provides a framework
for understanding how individuals determine a moral code to guide their behavior. It states that
moral development
progresses in relationship to cognitive development & that a person's ability to make moral
judgments develops over a
period of time. In stage 1, ages 2-3, children cannot reason as mature members of society. In
stage 2, ages 4-7, the child
conforms to rules to obtain rewards or have favors returned.

This document and the information thereon is the property of

PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 5 of 6

8. Morality rests upon the individual conscience. What was Kohlberg's Stages of Moral
Development for?

a. That caring regenerates life energies and potentiates our capabilities

b. Emphasis on hospital cleanliness and sanitation.
c. To determine how children would solve a series of moral dilemmas based on their responses
d. Adaptive methods not only help the family through the healing process, but teaches the nurse
methods to
help the family emotionally and physically.
ANSWER: C
RATIO: To determine how children would solve a series of moral dilemmas based on their
responses is one of the
purposes of Kohlberg’s theory.
9. A stage of moral development in which the individuals consider universal moral principles,
which supersede the
authority of the group.
a. Conventional Level
b. Pre-conventional Level
c. Post Conventional Level
d. Conventional Level, Stage 4

ANSWER: C
RATIO: Post-conventional Level is a stage of moral development in which the individual
considers universal moral
principles which supersede the authority of the group.
10. Comprising stages 1 and 2; a stage or moral development in which moral reasoning is
based on reward and
punishment from those in authority?
a. Conventional Level
b. Pre-conventional Level
c. Post Conventional Level
d. Conventional Level, Stage 4

ANSWER: B
RATIO: Pre-conventional level consists of stages 1 and 2; a stage or moral development in
which moral reasoning is
based on reward and punishment from those in authority.