LESSON PLAN

(COMPETENCY BASED EDUCATION MODEL)

 SUBJECT : Science ( Biology )
 STD : X
 TOPIC : Life Processes
 SUB TOPIC : Transportation in Human Beings
 NUMBER OF PERIODS REQUIRED: 4
 TEACHING AIDS TO BE USED : Charts, Model, PPT
 TEACHING METHODS ADOPTED : Interaction, Discussion, Brain Storming,
Questioning, Learning by doing.
 TEACHING MAXIMS TO BE FOLLOWED:

Simple to Complex (structure of heart )

Concrete to Abstract ( lymph, transport of water in plants)

Known to Unknown ( double circulation )

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ( as per bloom’s taxonomy)

To enable the students to

1. Understand process of circulation of blood in human body.

2. Understand the structure and function of heart.
3. Recognize the significance of double circulation.
4. Understand the working of heart.
5. Differentiate between types blood vessels.
6. Recognize significance of lymph.
7. Understand the role of four chambered heart in Mammalia and Aves.
8. Appreciate the relationship between structure and function of the organ of the circulatory
system.
 PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED BY THE STUDENT : Students already
know about transport of material in body with the help of blood.

 SET INDUCTION : In the previous class we have covered transportation in plants.

  Tr Q: How do transport of materials takes place in human body?

St A: Blood helps in transport of materials from one part to another in the body.

Tr Q: How do blood moves around in the body?

 STATEMENT OF THE AIM: So today we are going to learn more about transport of
materials with the help of pumping organ heart.


DA CONTENT CLASS ACTIVITIES ASSIGNMEN

Y ANALYSIS T
1  4chambers Explain the
- 2 atria (thin- Teacher explains structure of heart with the structure of
walled) help of model and chart. heart.

- 2 ventricles What is the

(thick- walled) function of
Veins: valve?
deoxygenated
blood except Differentiate
pulmonary between
vein arteries and
Arteries: veins.
Oxygenated
blood except
pulmonary
artery
Valves: They
stop blood
flowing
backwards.
Coronary
arteries: They
supply the
heart muscle
with food and
oxygen.


The teacher shows a ppt and explains all the What do you
components of cardiac cycle. mean by
systole and
diastole
 pressure?

 Activity: children learn to

draw diagram of human
heart and schematic
presentation of circulation
of blood.
 Activity: Children learn
about causes of abnormal
heart rhythms or
condition, impact of
smoking, excessive use of
alcohol or caffeine on
functioning of heart.

Peri Double Teacher explains circulation of blood with the Explain the
od 2 circulation: as help of chart and flow chart. significance of
the flows twice double
through the circulation.
heart it is
called as What is the
double importance of
circulation. four
chambered
heart in
Single mammalian
circulation: and aves?
It is found in
fish body
 where blood
flows only
once through
the heart in the
form of
oxygenated
blood.

 Activity: Children are asked to form

group and do role play for different
parts of circulatory system.
 They are also asked to explain flow of
blood in body with the help of blue and
red ribbon.

3 Lymph: it is a Teacher explains functions of lymph. Why lymph is

colorless liquid also called
which leaks out To make the session more interactive and to extra cellular
from the wall recall the previous knowledge she puts short fluid?
of capillaries. answer type question to students.

 PEDAGOGY:
Introduction of the topic- Talking circles

Active learning- Frayer Model on different methods of excretion in plants and

different modes of respiration in organisms. (Critical thinking)

Cubing – On transportation in animals(Critical thinking, collaboration and

communication) Think Pair Share- Respiration in plants and animals

Critical thinking, Communication Group learning- The class will be divided in the
group of 5 students.
 Circle the Sage- The question will be asked by the teacher about the different
parts of alimentary canal and the students who knows the answer will stand at the
various corners of the room. (Communication, Collaboration)

Questioning- Multiple level question- Teacher will prepare a list of question

about the transportation in plants and animals and will ask these questions during
discussions. (Critical thinking, Communication)

Inquiry based learning (Critical thinking, Problem solving ):

Circulation game- The teacher will provide a virtual simulation of circulatory

system in the class and ask the students to show transport of various substances
across the body using resources like colored satin ribbons etc.

Children to show the transport through storyboard. (Art integration)

Interdisciplinary linkages:
 Life skills: Children are asked to form group and do role play for
different parts of circulatory system.
 Values: Children learn the value of active lifestyle, balanced diet and
harmful impact of smoking.
 Art: Children learn to draw diagram of human heart and schematic
presentation of circulation of blood.
 Gender sensitivities : Children are taught about importance of
healthy lifestyle and nutritional balanced diet during adolescence in
both the genders.
 Problem solving: Children are taught about causes of abnormal heart
rhythms or condition, impact of smoking, excessive use of alcohol or
caffeine on functioning of heart.

Recall and recapitulate

The teacher conducts an oral quiz to recall and recapitulate the concept
taught.
Students are asked to come prepared for the same.
The group leaders of each row are asked to conduct quiz.
Learning Outcomes :

KNOWLEDGE- Students will know and understand :

Students will be able to
•Understand the structure of heart

SKILLS AND COMPETENCIES- Students would be able to:

•Appreciate the importance of different organs present in various systems

and how effectively they collaborate with each other so that different
systems can work effectively.

•Design Creative methods/techniques to bring a positive change in the life

styleso as to prevent the various diseases related to various system.

•Built character amongst themselves by discussing /communicating the

importance of healthy life style in our daily life.

Attitudes and beliefs- Students will be able to Develop citizenship by

visualizing and observing the given scenario (High B.P, Heart Failure,
Kidney failure) in day to day lives and present it in form of a skit to
sensitize others.

Remedial Teaching:

Question 1
How is the continuity of water column maintained?
Answer
The continuity of the water column is maintained by the adhesive and cohesive
properties of water. The adhesive property of the water molecules makes them
adhere to the xylem walls and its cohesive property makes the water molecules
remain together and move up as a stream.

Question 2
How are the minerals transported across the plants?
Answer
The minerals are transported in their ionic, soluble form along with water across
the plant in xylem and phloem.
Question 3
In what form is the food transported along phloem?
Answer: The food is transported along the phloem in the form of sucrose,
carbohydrate.

Question 4
What is translocation?
Answer
The transport system of soluble substances like sugars, amino acids and hormones
by the phloem is called translocation.

Question 5
What are the substances translocated in the phloem?
Answer
The phloem translocate the food manufactured by the leaves, the hormones and the
minerals ions from the falling leaves to the other regions of the plant.

Question 6
What is the path of the translocation of the food in the plant?
Answer
The food is manufacture in the leaves. From the mesophyll cells of the leaves, food
enters the phloem cells. They are then transported along the phloem to different
parts of the plants. From the phloem, the cells draw the food as per their
requirement.

Question 7
How is the food translocated in the phloem?
Answer
The food is translocated in the phloem along the concentration gradient. That is,
the food is translocated from the region of higher concentration to a region of
lower concentration in the phloem.

Question 8
How the materials transported in higher animals?
Answer
In higher animals, the minerals are transported by the mass flow system called the
circulatory system. its involving the movement of a liquid medium through the
closed tubes and opened spaces between the cells.

Question 9
What are the types of substances transported by the circulatory system?
Answer
The materials transported by the circulatory system include:

1. Digested food
2. Respiratory gases
3. Hormones
4. Excretory products

Question 10
What are the two types of circulatory systems in a man?
Answer
The two types of circulatory systems are:

1. Blood circulatory system

2. Lymphatic system

Question 11
What are the types of blood circulatory system?
Answer
The two types of blood circulatory system are:

1. Open circulatory systems

2. Close circulatory systems

Question 12
What is an open circulatory system?
Answer
In the open circulatory system, the exchange of materials between of the cells and
the blood is done directly. The blood enters the interstitial space (space between
the tissues) and circulates in these spaces. There are few blood vessels, but they are
not extensive. The blood vessels are open- ended as they open into the common
cavities called the haemocoel. For example: Insects.

Question 13
What are the three components of circulatory system in man?
Answer
The three components of the circulatory system in man are:

1. Blood: A fluid that carries all the material

2. Heart: The pumping organ
 3. Blood vessels: Tubes through which the fluid can flow to different parts of
the body.

Question 14
What is blood made up of?
Answer
Blood is made up of:

1. The liquid component called the plasma

2. The solid components: the formed elements that are freely present in the
plasma. The solid elements include the red blood cells, white blood cells and
the platelets.

Question 15
Mention any two functions of plasma.
Answer
The two functions of plasma are:

1. Maintaining osmotic pressure and viscosity of the blood

2. Helping in transport of substances like the hormones and enzymes.

Question 16
What is the main function of the red blood cells?
Answer

The main function of the red blood cells is to carry oxygen. These cells contain the
pigment haemoglobin which has an affinity for oxygen

Question 17
Write short notes on Erythrocytes?
Answer
Erythrocytes are the red blood cells. They are biconcave discs with the edges being
thicker than the centre. They are enucleated and contain a pigment called the
haemoglobin. The haemoglobin gives the characteristic red color. They number 5
million per cubic mm in adult males and 4.5 million per cubic mm in adult
females. They are synthesized in the bone marrow of certain bones like the
sternum. Each has a life span of about 120 days. After this, they are destroyed in
the liver.
High order thinking skills questions:
Question 1
How do organisms like amoeba transport materials?
Answer
Amoeba is a unicellular organism. In unicellular organisms a single cell carries out
all the life processes as the cell itself is the organism. The uptake of materials from
the environment is through the general body surface and the transport within the
cell is by diffusion.

Question 2
Why do higher plants and animals need a transportation system?
Answer
In higher plants and animals, the sites of absorption and synthesis are very specific
and a greater distance from the other parts of the body. Thus, they need a
transportation.

Question 3
What is mass flow system?
Answer
The transport of materials in bulk across the plant or animal body through the
vascular tissue is called the mass flow system.

Question 4
Which transport system- plant or animal, does not use muscular energy?
Answer
Transport in plants does not use muscular energy.

Question 5
What are vascular plants?
Answer
The higher plants are also called the vascular plants as the transport in them is with
the help of the vascular system.

Question 6
which are the materials transported in plants?
Answer
The materials transported across the plant body are water, minerals, food and
metabolites like the hormones and vitamins.

Question 7
What are the two types of vascular tissues?
Answer
The two types of vascular tissues are xylem and phloem.

Question 8
What are the functions of xylem and phloem?
Answer
Xylem conducts water from the roots to the other parts of the plant and phloem
conducts food from the leaves to the different parts of the body.

Question 9
Which tissue conducts organic substances in plants?
Answer
Phloem conducts organic substances in plants.

Question 10
Why are the sieve tube cells called so?
Answer
The sieve tube cells are joined end to end and their end walls are performed. This
gives the appearance of a sieve and hence they are called as the sieve tube cells.

Question 11
What is the process by which carbon dioxide enters the cell?
Answer
The process by which carbon dioxide enters the cell is called diffusion.

Question 12
Define osmosis?
Answer
The process of movement of solvent particles from the region of higher
concentration to the region of lower concentrations through a semi- permeable
membrane is called osmosis.

Question 13
What is turgor pressure?
Answer
It is a positive pressure developed inside the cells due to pushing of the cytoplasm
against the cell wall as cytoplasm gets more water.

Question 14
When does a cell become flaccid?
Answer
A cell becomes flaccid on losing water.

Question 15
What is active transport? Give an example.
Answer
Active transport is the transport are stomatal, lenticular and cuticular transpiration.

Question 16
What is transpiration?
Answer
It is the loss of water from the aerial parts of the plant in the form of water vapour

Question 17
What are the three types to transpiration?
Answer

The three types of transpiration are stomatal, lenticular and cuticular transpiration.

Question 18
What are stomata? Where are they present?
Answer
Stomata are opening on the surface of the leaves that are surrounded by the guard
cells. They are present more on the lower surface of the leaves.

Question 19
How is the rate of transpiration affected?
Answer
The rate of transpiration is affected by many factors such as light, temperature,
availability of soil water and atmospheric humidity.

Question 20
Why is transpiration affected?
Answer

Transpiration is important because:

1. It is responsible for uptake of water from the soil.

2. It is responsible for movement of water and dissolved minerals from the
roots to different parts of the plants.
 3. It results in cooling of the leaf surfaces, thereby protecting them from
excessive heat.

Question 21
What is ascent of sap?
Answer
The upward movement of water along with the dissolved solutes up the xylem is
called ascent of sap.

Question 22
What are the two factors responsible for ascent of sap?
Answer
The two factors responsible for ascent of sap are root pressure and transpiration
pull.

Question 23
What are root hairs? What is their function?
Answer Root hairs are outgrowths of the epidermal cells. They help in increasing
the surface area of water absorption.

Question 24
What is root pressure?
Answer
The water enters the roots through the root hairs. It then travels through the root
tissue to reach the root xylem. Therefore, the xylem in the root has more water than
the xylem column above it and this creates a positive pressure in the xylem of the
root. This is called the root pressure.

Question 25
What is transpiration pull? What is its effect?
Answer The force with which the water is pulled up the xylem is called the
transpiration pull. The transpiration pulls results in a continuous stream of water
called the transpiration stream extending from the xylem of the leaves to the xylem
of the roots.

Extra questions for slow learners:

Question 1 Difference between arteries & veins?

Answer
Arteries Veins
Arteries are thick walled. They do not have thick walls.
They have no valves. They have valves.
They carry oxygenated blood except They carry deoxygenated blood except
pulmonary artery. pulmonary vein.

Question 2 Which mechanism plays an important role in transportation of water?

i. During Day time
ii. During Night
Answer
Transpiration pull
Root pressure
Question 3 What is translocation?
Answer Transportation of soluble products of photosynthesis or food from leaves
to other part of plant is called translocation.

Question 4 Give reason why the separation of right & left side of heart is useful to
keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing.
Answer Such separation allows a highly sufficient supply of CO2 to the blood, this
is highly useful in animal that have high energy need, such as birds & mammals
which use energy constantly to maintain their body temperature.
Question 5 How is the process of transportation is useful to plants?
Answer It helps in upward movement of sap or water from roots to leaves.
*it regulates temperature.
*under the optimum conditions leaf can transpire its own weight of water in one
hour.
Question 6 What would be the consequences of deficiency of haemoglobin in our
body?
Answer Deficiency of haemoglobin will seriously effect of supply of O2 to the
cells causing anaemia.

Question 18
What are the functions of leucocytes?
Answer
The functions of leucocytes are:
Phagocytosis : The neutrophils and lymphocytes can engulf foreign bodies by the
process called phagocytes.
Antibody Production: The leucocytes produce antibodies that attack the foreign
bodies.
Anti- allergic Properties Eosinophil, a granulocytes thought to be anti- allergic.

Question 19
What is the other name for platelets and what is their function?
Answer
Platelets are also called thrombocytes. They play an important role in the clotting
of blood.

Question 20
What are the functions of platelets?
Answer
The functions of platelets are:
a. Release of thromboplastin when damaged.
Thromboplastin which initiates a series of reactions that result in the clotting of
blood.
b. Retraction of clot
The clot formed by the blood is further made dense by the addition of platelets and
this retracts the clot making it tighter and smaller.
c. Repair of damaged endothelium
The platelets stick to the damaged portion of the wall and prevent loss of blood.

ICT: Power point presentation is shown to the students by the teacher. Students
are asked to collect information on different parts of respiratory system and share
in the class.

Textbook questions:

Question 1:
What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the
functions of these components?
Answer
The main components of the transport system in human beings are the heart, blood,
and blood vessels.

Heart pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body. It receives deoxygenated

blood from the various body parts and sends this impure blood to the lungs for
oxygenation.
Being a fluid connective tissue, blood helps in the transport of oxygen, nutrients,
CO2, and nitrogenous wastes.
The blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) carry blood either away from the
heart to various organs or from various organs back to the heart.
Question 2:
Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals
and birds?
Answer
Warm-blooded animals such as birds and mammals maintain a constant body
temperature by cooling themselves when they are in a hotter environment and by
warming their bodies when they are in a cooler environment. Hence, these animals
require more oxygen (O2) for more cellular respiration so that they can produce
more energy to maintain their body temperature. Thus, it is necessary for them to
separate oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood, so that their circulatory system is
more efficient and can maintain their constant body temperature.

Question 3:
What are the components of the transport system in highly organized plants?
Answer
In highly organized plants, there are two different types of conducting tissues −
xylem and phloem. Xylem conducts water and minerals obtained from the soil (via
roots) to the rest of the plant. Phloem transports food materials from the leaves to
different parts of the plant body.

Question 4:
How are water and minerals transported in plants?
Answer
The components of xylem tissue (tracheid and vessels) of roots, stems, and leaves
are interconnected to form a continuous system of water-conducting channels that
reaches all parts of the plant. Transpiration creates a suction pressure, as a result of
which water is forced into the xylem cells of the roots. Then there is a steady
movement of water from the root xylem to all the plant parts through the
interconnected water-conducting channels.

Question 5:
How is food transported in plants?
Answer
Phloem transports food materials from the leaves to different parts of the plant
body. The transportation of food in phloem is achieved by utilizing energy from
ATP. As a result of this, the osmotic pressure in the tissue increases causing water
to move into it. This pressure moves the material in the phloem to the tissues
which have less pressure. This is helpful in moving materials according to the
needs of the plant. For example, the food material, such as sucrose, is transported
into the phloem tissue using ATP energy.
Question 10:
What would be the consequences of a deficiency of hemoglobin in our bodies?
Answer
Hemoglobin is the respiratory pigment that transports oxygen to the body cells for
cellular respiration. Therefore, deficiency of hemoglobin in blood can affect the
oxygen supplying capacity of blood. This can lead to deficiency of oxygen in the
body cells. It can also lead to a disease called anemia.

Question 11:
Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?
Answer
The human heart is divided into four chambers − the right atrium, the right
ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
Flow of blood in the heart:
– The heart has superior and inferior vena cava, which carries de-oxygenated blood
from the upper and lower regions of the body respectively and supplies this de-
oxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart.

Flow of blood in the human heart

The right atrium then contracts and passes the de-oxygenated blood to the right
ventricle, through an auriculo-ventricular aperture.
Then the right ventricle contracts and passes the de-oxygenated blood into the two
pulmonary arteries, which pumps it to the lungs where the blood becomes
oxygenated.
From the lungs, the pulmonary veins transport the oxygenated blood to the left
atrium of the heart.
Then the left atrium contracts and through the auriculo-ventricular aperture, the
oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle.
The blood passes to aorta from the left ventricle. The aorta gives rise to many
arteries that distribute the oxygenated blood to all the regions of the body.

Schematic diagram of blood circulation in humans. Therefore, the blood goes twice
through the heart. This is known as double circulation.
Importance of double circulation:
The separation of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood allows a more efficient
supply of oxygen to the body cells. This efficient system of oxygen supply is very
useful in warm-blooded animals such as human beings.
As we know, warm-blooded animals have to maintain a constant body temperature
by cooling themselves when they are in a hotter environment and by warming their
bodies when they are in a cooler environment. Hence, they require more O2 for
more respiration so that they can produce more energy to maintain their body
temperature. Thus, the circulatory system of humans is more efficient because of
the double circulatory heart.

Value Based Question:

1.Nisha was in a party where people were dancing on the dancing floor. A person
on the floor suddenly felt severe pain on chest, he also felt dizziness. Some people
were mentioning that he might have a heart attack. Nisha immediately called an
ambulance. Read the above passage and answer the following questions

a. What are the causes of heart attack?

b. What are the symptoms of heart attack?
c. what values were shown by Nisha?