THE

ASS(ICIATION
F(lR
OUERSEAS
TECHNICAL
SCHI)LARSHIP
M()TS]

xtJdc NHAI I

NGtIdI NHAT

A
AOTS
H6#ffif
(^t l- iAFE)
 M(IC LUC
cHrJdNGr DIAr,f vA r_'.IcH
sr]
Phong thd 1
Bdn mria 4
Giao thdng 6
Lich sfi 8
DAn tQc vd ng6n ngrl I
CHIJdNG II CHfI\H TRI
Hidn phrip 11
HQ thdng chfnh quydn trung trdng L2
HQ thdng chinh quydn dia phtrong t2
Chinh ddng L4
Tham gia chfnh tri 15
CHT'dNG III GIA DiNH
Crr trri L7
Kinh td gia clinh 20
Srl dgng thi gid nhAn r6i 22
Girio duc 24
CHIJdNG Tv vA.N H6A
Khudn m6u hdnh dQngcria ngUdi Nhat 27
Quan Hdn Tang Td 30
ViQc 5n udng 32
T6n girio 34
cHUdNGv vAx oS nrgx r4r
SqItidn thAn trong xa hQi ctia ngrrdi phq n[ 37
Xe hQi cao ni6n h6a 38
Qudctd h6a 39

m
 CHUdNG

DIALY VA LJCHSiI
1
PHoNG rnd
T\iOn tich cira Nhat b6n ld 377.600km,(kd cd diQntich 4.966km2cfra
t-r 16nh thd phia g6c). Qudn cl6oNhat bdn duoc tao thdnh gdm 4 d6o
ldn ld Hokkaido, Honshyu, Kyushyu, Shikoku vd chirng 4.000 d6o nh6
khdc. Til Nam chi Bdc ddi chtrng 3.000km vdi nhfrng d6y ntii trdi ddi 6
chinh gifra, til dAy ph6t xudt nhrlng gibng sOng ngfn chdy sidt dd nddc ra
bidn c6 chung quanh.

Vdi chtrng 70VodiQn tich ld ndi cldi, phAn cl6ngdAn sd sdng t4p
trung tai mQt sd ving ddng bhng ven sOngvd binh nguyOnduy6n hdi gidi
h4n. NhQt B6n c6 nrii lfia vd rdt thudng dQng ildt. \n nhidu nrii md. lai it
ddng bbng n6n ky thuat ddo dudng hdm, kf thuft n6ng nghiQp (ky thuat
dat thAu hoach cao vdi di6n tich canh t6c hep) vd ki thuat thriy loi dtroc
ph6t tridn. C6 chitng 80 nggn nfi lfia tai Nhat b6n, ngon nrii cao nhdt ld
Fuji (Phri si 3.776m) cfrng ld n(ri l&a.
DAn sd vudt qua mtc 124 triQu trong t16c6 11 thdnh phd ldn vdi
dAn sd tr6n l- triQu md phAn ldn t{p trung d vDng bd bidn ThAi binh
drrong.
Vd hanh chdnh Nhat b6n duoc chia thdnh 47 d6, d4o phti, tinh (To,
Do, Fu, Ken = Tinh), vd drrdi d6 la thdnh phd, qu{n, khu, x6, th6n.
Nhin quanh Nhat bin dAu cfrng ld bidn, khdng c6 nhfng dudng
bi6n gidi nhu ddt lidn. Vi lf do tl6 tU xa xda ngudi Nhat b6n ala thudng it
khi tidp xfc vdi ngrrdi ngoai qudc. Hon nfra vi tU xa xua chi trdng cQy vdo
ngudn h6i sdn ild ldy chdt dam n6n k! thuAt ngtr nghiOp cfrng rdt phat
tridn.
Okinawa dd drroc hodn tr6 lai vdo ndm t972 sau 27 ndm bi Hoa kj'
chidm d6ng khi thd chidn kdt thfic. Ngodi ra virng cldt phia B6c cfrng bi
LiOn sO (tOn goi vdo thdi cl6) chidm d6ng cho ddn ngdy nay. Til d6 ildn nay
chinh phfi Nhat bdn v6n tidp tuc chfr truong virng ddt phia Bdc ln lSnh
thd cd htru cfra Nhdt b6n.
 LinhthdphiaBfc

VtngHokkaldo ffi
t\.P---"
B{chli dao)
(Virnq

S^a
BIENNHATBAN VingTohoku
(ving00ngb5c)

)
(UinglrungbQ)

(vingB{cl1;c)
vingHokuriku

VingChugoku
(vingTrungquOc)
UtngKanlo
(vins0uandons)
Y
rai \
lhii) \

(vingCin ki' haYQuan

tdY) THAI BiNH DUdNG
VingShlkoku
(vingTf qu0c)
-)

ol
(vingCttuchiu)
VingKyushu

DiQntich
(kdcl ldnhthdphiaBfc)
Hokkaido km'?
83.408 22,1%
Honshu 230.964km2 61,11o
Shikoku kmz
18.796 5,0%
Kyushu 44.410
km2 1.1,8%

B0Noivu
T0nc6c00,0a0,
Phi,tinh Din sd(ngudi) tinhilfl t4i
Tdahdnhch6nh 0?nsd(ngrtUi)
lHokkaidol VingHokkaido

lHonshul VingTohoku
3. TinhAkita 1.227.478 Thanh DhdAkita s02.899
4. Tinhlwate 1.416.928 ThinhphOMorioka 278.177
5. TinhYamagata 1.258.390 Thdnh phdYamagata 247.204
ThinhnhdSendai 't0
923.1
6.TlnhMiyagi 2.248.558
7. TinhFukushima 2.104.058 ThinhohdFukushima 280.069
VungKanlo
8. Tinhlbaraki 2.845.382 Thdnh phOMito 244.434
9. TinhTochigi 1.935.168 ThdnhphOutsunomiya 429.514
10.TinhGunma 1.966.265 ThinhphOMaebashi 286.931
11.TinhSaitama 6.405.319 ThinhphOUrawa 430.672
12.Thtd0Tokyo 11.855.563 230u0n 7.989.687
13.TinhKanagawa 7.980.391 ThinhphdYokohama 3.?54.594
14.TinhChiba 5.555.429 ThinhphO Chiba 831.645
vlng Ghubu
15.TinnYamanashi 852.966 Thanh pnoKotu 199.19/
16.TlnhNiigata 2.474.583 Thenh ph6Niigata 480.079
17.TinhNagano 2.'t56.627 ThinhphONagano 350.593
18.TinhToyama 1.120.161 ThinhphdToyama 320.305
'19.TlnhGifu 2.066.569 Thanh phdGifu 406.697
20.Tinhlshikawa 1.'t64.628 ThinhphdKanazawa 432.542
2'1.finh Fukui 823.585 ThinhphdFukui 251.876
22.Tnh Shizuoka 3.670.840 ThinhphdShizuoka 472.573
23.TinhAichi 6.690.603 ThinhphO.Nagoya 2.107.370
24.TinhMie 1.792.514 I nannDnotsu 158.1
67
VungKinki
25.TinhShi0a 1.222.411 Tnanhpho0tsu 263.4/6
26.TinhNara 1.375.481 Thdnh phdNara 352.358
27.PhtrKyoto 2.602.460 ThirnhphdKyoto 1.404.548
28.Ph[rOsaka 8.734.516 ThinhphOOsaka 2.506.678
29.TlnhWakayama 1.074.325 ThinhphdWakayama 401.383
30.Tinh 5.405.040 Thdnh phOKobe 1.469.643'

32.TinhOkayama 1.925.877 ThinhphtlOkayama 595.129

33.TinhShimane 781.021 Thinhph6Matsue 142.534
34.TinhHiroshima 2.849.847 ThinhohdHiroshima 1.075.104
35.TinhYamaguchi 1.572.616 Thinhph6Yamaguchi 127.826

37.TinhTokushima 831598 ThinhphdTokushima 261.835

38.TinhEhime 1515025 ThinhphOMatsuyama 453.754
39.TinhKochi 825034 ThinhphdKochi 316.591
lKyushul VtngKyushu

41.Tinh0ita 1.236.942 ThinhphOOita 412.660

42.TinhMiyazaki 1.168.907 ThinhphOMiyazaki 292.035
43.TlnhSaga 877.851 ThinhphOSaga 168.244
44.TinhNagasaki 1.562.959 ThinhphONagasaki 443.019
45.TinhKumamoto 1.840.326 ThinhphdKumamoto 627.011
46.TinhKagoshima .824
1.797 ThdnhphOKagoshima 535.279
47.Tnh0kinawa 1.222.398 ThenhDhdNaha 306.364

TdngcOnggdm1 D0 1 Oao2 Phir43 tlnh (didutra dansd 1992)

BON MUA

DuqcphAn ldm XuAn,H?, Thu, D0ng mQt cSch16 rOt, c6 mua quanh ndm
nhtrnglugng mrranhidu nhdt ld vdo dAuHb vd mria Thu. QuAnd6o Nhat
b6n hdu nhu nhm trong khu vttc 0n ddi thich hop vdi viQctrdng hia. Vi
ddt nr-idcch?y dai til Nam chi Bdc nhu thd nOnkhi hdu Nam vdi B6c hoirn
todn khric bi6t.

Dic sdc cfia bdn mira

Xudn: Hoa c6 vd cAy cdi bdt dAu xanh trroi. MDa hoa Anh dio nd
b6o hiQu XuAn vd.

Mtia mrfa: Mua li0n tuc ti/ trung tuAn thdng 6 ctdntrung tuAn )

th6ng 7 ngo4i trtl virng Hokkaido. Nhirng cdn mua qui b6u ndy
khOng thd thidu cho vi6c trdng l6a.

Hq: Ap sudt kh6ng khi cao tr6n virng bidn phia Nam ldm n6n
nht(ng ngdy ndng tdt nhttng n6ng brlc li6n tuc. Bai bidn vi hd tdm
hic nho cfrng n6o nhiQt.

Bio: 86o ph6t sinh d vilng bidn gAn Phi luAt TAn til trung tudn
thdng 7 ddn trung tudn thdng 10, mang ddn NhAt b6n nhtrng cdn
mtra to gi6 ldn gAy nhidu thiet hai to tdt tai nhidu noi.

Thu: L6 cdy b6t tlAu nhudm mdu d6 ho[c mdu vdng.

Ddng: Nhltng cdn gi6 mia til phia Bdc ldm phia bidn NhQt bin c6
tuydt to, trong khi phia Thdi binh Duong thi khOng khi kh6 r5o vir )
trdi luOn sring stia.

4
KHi HAu va sdN nnue

lKhi hfu vi lrrOng nr/dc mr/al (Tokyo)

Inang I Ihdng2 I nano\) Thiing4 Thrinq
5 Ihing6 I nanq / Thins8 Thrinq
9 Ihrinq10 Inano | | r n a n ot z

5.2"C 5.6 8.5 t q I 18.6 21.7 25.2 2 7. 1 IJ.L 17.6 12.6 7.9

N h i Ot t ) 15,6"C
linhqud hingnd )

45 mm 60 100 125 138 185 126 148 r80 164 89 46

T SU nuocr ua trong
4 0 6m
l
.1961
[Ni0nbidukhoahgc 1992:Binhquantil nam ddn nim 1990]

r'l-J
<-1J
Giao thdng
M6y bay

C6c tuydn tludng bay nQi dia ndi lidn c6c thdnh phd quan trong nhrr Sap-
poro, Tokyo, Osaka, Fukuoka, Naha v.v... TrOn tohn nddc Nhat c6 79 phi
trUdng vd c6 7 cdng ty hdng khdng hoat dQngvdi 163 tuydn dudng bay.

Dudng sdt
Tdng sd chidu dii c6c tuydn drrdngsdt tr6n Nhat b6n ld 27.000km (Cdc
d6o Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku, Kyushu dugc ndi lidn vdi nhau bhng hQ
thdng cAu hodc dudng hdm drrdi c16ybidn). Sd lttong hdnh kh6ch sfi dr;ng
m6i n[m l6n ddn 20,7 t9 ngudi. DAy ln phuong ti6n ti6n loi, hiQu qu6 vd ),'
an tohn nhdt. HAu nhu c6c thdnh phd cldudrrocndi lidn bhng hO thdng
tuydn dudng JR, cdc thinh phd ld'n vi. cdc khu du lich thi c6 cdc hQ thdng
tuydn tludng tu nhAn hoat dOng song song hod.cphu trd cho tuydn JR.

JR: Kd tU khi tuydn dudng sdt dAu ti6n ctia Nhat bdn ndi lidn
Shinbashi vd Yokohama ra ddi nam L872, JNR (CUc tlrrdngs6t qudc gia
Nhat) d6ng vai trb cdt loi v6 dudng sdt cfra Nhat bin sudt 1L4 nd.m cho
t6i khi n6 duoc trr nhAn h6a vd phAn chia thdnh 6 c0ng ty trl nhdn vd
dudng sdt chuydn ch& hdnh kh6ch tr6n tohn qudc nhrl c6ng ty JR
Higashi-Nihon, cOngty JR Nishi-Nihon v.v... vi c5.cc6ng ty dudng sdt
chuy6n chd hdng h6a vho th6ng 4 ndm 1987. JR hoat dQng tr6n tuydn
drrdng dai 20.000km vdi hon 25.000 chuydn tdu m6i ngay (kd cd tuydn
cao tdc Shinkansen). Tai c6c ving thdnh phd ldn, hO thdng tQp trung
)
phUc vu rdt hoirn chinh thi du nhtr tuydn Yamanote; tuydn Chuo tai
Tokyo, chuydn Osaka Kanjo tai Osaka v.v...

Shinkansen: B6t dAu hoat ttQngtir nim 1964 vdi chi ti6u chuyOnch6
tl6ng dAo hdnh kh6ch bhng mQt v4n tdc cao dn dinh nhung an tohn.
HiQn tai Shinkansen chAy v6i vAn tdc cao nhdt ld 270km/g, vir nhlrng
cuQcthi nghiQm dd vd dang dtroc x0c tidn dd ndi lidn Tokyo vh Osaka
trong vdng 1 gid tldng hd.

6
 Drrdng sdt trr nhAn: HiQn tai c6 132 cOngty drrdngsdt cirng vdi JR tao
thdnh h0 thdng m?ng ludi tr6n todn qudc. Cde c6ng ty drrdngsdt chfi
ydu gdm c6:

Tokyo
Tobu Tetsudo, Seibu Tetsudo, Keisei Tetsudo,Keio Teito Dentetsu,
Odakyu Dentetsu, Tokyu Dentetsu, Keihin Kyuko
Nagoya
Nagoya Tetsudo
Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe
Kinki Nippon Tetsudo, Nankai Denki Tetsudo, Keihan Denki
Tetsudo, Hankyu Denki Tetsudo, Hanshin Denki Tetsudo
Kyushu
Nishi Nihon Tetsudo
Dr/dng xe diQn ngdm: Hoat ilQng t4i 9 thdnh phd ldn li Tokyo,
Osaka, Nagoya, Yokohama, Kobe, Kyoto, Sapporo,Fukuoka, Sendai ld
mdt trong nhfrng phrrong ti6n giao thdng chinh, 16 tidn tld tli ldm vd ili
hgc.

Drt'dng xd vdr xe hoi

Todn thd hC thdng dudng xd t4i Nhat b6n ddi 1.12 tri6u km (kd cd
4.560km tltrdng cao tdc) trong d6 70Vodd cluoctr6ng nhua. Nhat bdn c6
58.600.000chidc xe hoi drlng h4ng nhi sau Hoa kj' tuy nhi6n mat d0 xe
hoi so vdi diQn tich lai drlng hdng ttdu thd gi6i vi thd n4n ket xe, tai nan
giao thdng, khi thei, tidng dn v.v... trd thdnh nhlrng vdn dd xe hQi.

Tai nan giao th6ng: Qua sr,fphd c{p cfra xe hdi, ndm 1970 sd ngudi chdt
vi tai nan giao thdng l6n ddn cao clidm le 16.765 ngtrdi, nhung tir cldy c6
khuynh hrrdng srit gi6m. Tuy nhi6n kd ti/ khodng ndm 1985 lai gia
tdng vd nim 1990 con sd nb.yvtfdt tr6n 11.000 ngUdi. Nhdt ld nhf,ng
tai nan chdt ngttdi do tdi xd ld thdnh phdn tr6 thudng hay xAy ra.
Ch6nh phfi vd cdc nhd s6n xudt n6 luc itdi ph6 vdi vdn dd ndy qua vi6c
bdt bugc mang d6y dai an todn, hodc viQc trang bi gdi hoi, hQ thdng
ngila trtr{t b6nh khi th6ng (ABS), ldm cfia xe crlng c6p thdm v.v...tuy
nhi6n didu quan trong nhdt ld t6c phong dqo drlc cria ngudi cAm tay l6i
v6n cdn nhidu thidu s6t.

7
Lich sfi

Nhat b6n tirng ndi lidn vdi luc dia A chAu,nhung tr6i qua nhfing bidn
tlOng cfia ldp v6 dia cdu vd hoat dQng cria nfi lita n6 cld t6ch rdi kh6i luc
dia vd mang hinh th6i gidng nhu ngdy h6m nay t<dtU chrlng 10.000 nim
tnJdc.

Thdi dai nguy6n thrfry (8.000 ndm trd6c Thi6n ch(ra- thd ki thrl 3)
Con ngrrdi sinh hoat chinh ydu dua trOn viQc sin bdn vd g6p nhat. Tdi
khoAng thd ki thf 3 vi6c tr6ng lfra duoc truydn sang tit lqc dia.

Thdi cd aqi (thd ki tlrlt 4 - thd k9 12)

Vdn h6a luc dia drrocdu nhap vdo vd ndn tAng dd thdnh hinh mQt qudc
)
gia d5 vllng chdi, viQc phAn dinh giai cdp dd trd n6n 16 rdng. Trdng hia
rt6 trd thdnh c6ng viQc chinh vd ddi sdng dinh cd dd duoc hinh thdnh.
Quydn ltrc ni.m trong tay Thi6n hodng vd giai cdp quf tQc.

Thdi trung cd (tfrd ki 13 - thd ki 19)

Giai cdp vfr si thay thd giai cdp qui tQc ndm quydn luc. Thi6n chfa gi6o vd
sdng h6a mai duoc truydn vho tit' gifra thd ki 16. TiJ dAu thd kjr 17 viQc
thdng thuong vDrgiao thi6p vdi ngoai qudc bi cdm trrf mQt sd khu vrlc gi6i
han. Tir thd ki 17 ddn thd ki 19 la mQt thdi dai vO cirng dn dinh.

Thdi cin dai (thd ki 19 - trudc thd chidn thrr 2)

Do 6p luc cria Hoa kj', Nhat bdn phii md crla vd Thi6n hodng lai duoc
khdi phuc quy6n luc. Sau khi md cfia nhhm theo kip c6c qudc gia khdc,
Nhat b6n d6 khuydn khich chfnh srich cOngk! nghQ md cdt l6i la cdng )r
nghiQp, nhtrng qua cuQckhring ho6ng kinh td thd gi6i Nhat b6n budc vdo
con dudng cria chri nghia quAn phiQt.

Thdi hiQn d4i (Hau chiSn)

Chidn tranh chdm dft ndm 1.945sau khi hai qu6 bom nguy6n trl th6
xudng Hiroshima vit Nagasaki. Sau thd chidn Nhat b6n ddc tod.n luc qudc
gia CldphUc hrrng xrirs6, xAy dtrng lai mQt qudc gia hoh binh. Nuong theo
ndn kinh td tdng tnldng cao, Nhflt bAn cle vddt qua duoc 2 lAn bidn dQng
dAu ho6 dd trd thdnh mQt trong nhdng cudng qudc kinh td trOn thd gidi.

8
DAn tQc vi ngdn ngfi

Ngudn gdc cria ngudi Nhat c6 nhidu thuydt nhu Id ttl phia Bdc, tit Nam A
ChAu, ttr cric d6o d phrrongNam... tuy nhiOn chua c6 thuydt ndo vlrng ci.
C6 thuydt cho rXng ngudi Nhat ngay h6m nay ld do sr1pha m6u cfra c6c
dAn tQc tr6n.

C6 thuydt thi cho rhng Nhat b6n ld mQt qudc gia chi c6 1 dAn tQc,
tuy nhi6n x6t cho k! n6 ld su thdnh hinh crja nhidu dAn tOc nhu ngtrdi
Nhat, ngudi Ainu (Hokkaido), ngrJdiDai hAn, ngudi Tridu ti6n, ngt/di
Trung qudc sdng tai NhQt. GAn dAy sd ngudi ngoai qudc crl tni tai Nhat
b6n cfrng c6 gia tang.

Con ngtrdi d6 sinh sdng tai qudn d6o Nhat b6n til trdn 10000 nim
trddc. Tidng n6i thi chi c6 tidng Nhat nhung c6 nhidu thd dm (Hogen),thd
Am Tohoku vh Kyushu rdt kh6. Tuy nhi6n vdi tidng ti6u chudn c6 thd
truydn dgt ttr td&ng ddy dri dugc.

Ngddi Nhat sft dung chrl vidt gdm c6 H6n tu vd b0 chfr Kana. H6n
trr duoc luu truydn tr} Trung qudc cbn bQ chlt Kana (gdm Hiragana vd
Katakana) dtlgc chd bidn tir H6n trJ. BO chfr Katakana thtrdng dnng dd
vidt c6c ttt ngfr du nhAp tU tidng nddc ngohi.

Hiragana
vi Katakana til Hiint{
lrtqcctreUiCh

F rf FEJ F X *

.t .t ,t J .t .t
4 F 6 vl b
')-

.t .t .t ,t ,t .t
v(u)
4 7
(i) (a)
)
(u)
\

t\
(i)
h (a)

katakana hiragana

9
 C HUdNG

CHINHTRI
2
ia" phrip cia nudc Nhat dugc c6ng bd vdo ngey 3 th6ng 11 ndm
ff
I I L946, dugc thi hdnh tir ngdy 3 th6ng 5 ndm 1947. Hai ngdy ndy trd
thdnh 2 ngiry 16 at6lDr"Ngdy VEn ho6" vDr"Ngdy ki niQm Hidn ph6p".

Ba c16ctrtrng chinh

Chri quyin t4i d6n - Chir quyAn d noi qudc d6n. Trong hidn
ph6p trttdc ddy n6 nim trong tay Thi6n hodng.

Chri nghia Hoi binh - Td b6 chidn tranh, cdm chi quydn

giao chidn, khOng c6 nghla vu quAn dich.

Tdn trong nhdn quy6n cIn bAn - Quydn loi cd hfru cfra con
ngudi c6 til khi mdi sanh ra.

Thi6n hodng (Nhat Hodng) ld bidu trrQngcho qudc dAn tuyQt ddi
khOng c6 mQt quydn han chinh tri ndo c6. Chi cfi hinh mOt sd nghi thrlc
qudc gia theo f kidn vd srJthila nh{n cria nQi c6c. Ching hAn nhtr thila
nhfn viQc triQu tQp qudc hQi, tidp nh4n viQc bd nhiQm chrlc vu Thfi trJdng
do qudc hQi chi dinh, chudn nhfn cdc hiQp rrdc,tidp nhQn riy nhiQm thrr
c$a c6.cDai sr1,Cdng sfi, tidp rudc Qudc khdch.

Thi0n hodng hi6n tai cfra Nhat b6n ld vi Thi0n hodng ddi thf L25
t6n ld Akihito. Ni6n hiQu ld "Heisei" drrgcsfi dqng chung v6i Dtrong lich.
Thi6n hodng (Tenno) kh6ng c6 ho, sau khi bdng hd s6 clrrocggi bhng ni6n
hiQu cira minh thi dg OO Tenno.

1l
H0 thdng chinh quydn trung r/dng
D4c trdng
(1) Thd chd chinh tri ld dAn chri lAp hidn.
(2) Ba quydn LAp ph6p, Hdnh ph6p, Tu phrip drrgcphAn chia 16 ring.
Chfng ld nhfrng td chfc dOclap dd kidm so6t, quAn binh l6n nhau.
Lap ph6p
Qudc hQi ld cd quan tdi cao c6 quydn lrrc qudc gia thdnh hinh bdi c6c dAn
bidu Clrrocqudc dAn bAu crl truc tidp, ld co quan lap ph6p duy nhdt. Qudc
hQi gdm Ha nghi viQn vd Thr-rongnghi vi6n . Cdc du luAt d5 drrocb6 phidu
chdp thu{n tai Ha nghi vi6n dr) c6 bi Thuong nghi vi6n bdc b6 tli chang
nfra ndu dem ra Ha nghi viQn b6 phidu lai mDrdrtoc tr6n 2/3 t6ng sd ddn
\,
bidu hiQn diQn chdp thu4n thi du luAt d6 sO duoc thdng qua. Ngodi ra
ludng vi6n qudc hdi sE phdi hop dd di6u chinh ngAn s6ch, hi6p trdc, chi
dinh thri ttrdng. Khi c6 bdt ddng xiy ra, nghi quy6t crja Ha nghi vi6n dtroc
quydn tfu tiOn.

Hinh phrip
Dugc ndi c6c tl6m nhiQm. Thrj tddng duoc bAu ttr c6c dAn bidu qudc hQi,
sau d6 thri tudng chi dinh mOt sd kh6ng qu6 20 bQ trudng.

Trr ph6p
Dugc tod 6n dAm nhiQm, dudc phAn ldm 5 thir td nhu sau: Tdi Cao Ph6p
ViQn (Tda 6ntdi cao),Toir Thrrong Thdm, Tod 6n dia phtrong,Tba 6n gia
dinh, Tda Tidu Hinh.
)i

Chinh quydn dia phrrong

Le td chfic dQclQp vdi trung ddng vd c6 quydn han hoat dQng trr chfi. Qua
hinh thrlc ndy chinh tri se ddn gAn vd liOn hQ mat thi6t vdi ngrrdi dAn
hon. Tuy goi ld ctQclap vdi trung ufdngnhrlng thrJctd ph6i chiu mQt sd
nhfrng han chd vd mat tdi ch6nh vd quydn han hdnh chSnh tr} trung
Lfdng.ThAu nhap ngAn sdch gdm c6 thud dia phuong vd mQt sd phAn trdm
nhdt dinh nh4n tit thud qudc gia.

12
T a m q u yd n p h d n l fp

Tuydn
ct

0u0cdanph6nx6t
phdnt0a6ntdicao.
(BOphiOutin nhi0m)

Hanghivion Thuong
nghivien

c[laqu6cgia
Cdquanl0pph6pduynh61

C h i d i n hT h 0 0uydn gilitdn GiiimdinhsU

tu6ng Hanghiviqn vi hidnclra
Nghiquycibal I ngur?pquoc L0pphap
t i n n h i q mn 0 i h0i
cic

(NQi
Hinhchiinh crlc)
Ph0th0tudng+ 12 B0 Tuphiip(Toiiin)
chdphinhc0ngviec Ng$icanhchUng
hinhph6p hiOn phiip

Gi6mdinhsUvi
clahinhphip

. NhAt holng.
(bidutuongchoquocgia)

I3
Chinh dfrng

C6c chinh ddng chri ydu gdm c6 D6ng Tu do DAn chrj (LDP), Ddng Xa h0i
Nhat b6n (SPD), Ddng Komei "Cdng minh", Ddng COngs6n NhAt b6n
(JCP), Ding Shinshin "TAn tidn", Ddng Sakigake"Ti6n phong" v.v...

Ddng Tu do dAn chfr li6n tuc ndm chinh quydn tir ndm 1955 ddn ndm
1993. C6c chinh clAngtldi lap chfnh gdm c6 DAng Xa hQi, DAng Cdng
minh (dttongthdi), Ding Dan chri xa h6i (duong thdi), Ddng cOng s6n. vi
m6t ddng 1i6n tuc ndm chinh quydn nhu thd dA tao n6n nhfrng vdn cld nhu
tham nhfrng, thdng ddng tay 3 gifa c6c gidi chinh tri, tdi chinh vh c6ng
chrlc tir d6 ndy sinh ra nhfrng tranh lu{n vd viQc cAi c6ch chinh tri. Qua
cuQctuydn cfr vdo Ha nghi vi0n ndm 1993, Ddng Ttr do Dan chfr di khOng
!,r
dat dtroctlfi phdn nfia tdng sd ghd nOn mQt chinh quydn li6n hiQp khOng
phdi ln Ddng Trr do DAn chri ra ddi gdm c6 Nhat bdn TAn Ddng, cdc d6ng
ddi lap tnt6c dAy (khOng c6 ding COngs6n Nhft b6n) vd DAng TAn sinh,
Ddng Sakigake ld 2 DAng tdch ra tr} Ddng Tu do DAn chfi. CUc diQn chinh
tri v6n cdn nhidu bidn d6ng vi vi6c cdi c6ch chinh tri, t6i td chrlc cdc chinh
d6ng v6n cbn vddng cuOnvdo nhau.

Sd ghe-c0a c6c chfnhdAngtai Ha nghi viQn(1993)

lr

ffi OAng TUdoDanchil

ffil oAns Xi hqiNhatbAn
ffi OAng Komei"COng minh"
t5 n DAng C0ng sinNhfltbAn
30
ffil 0AngDAn ch0xI hOi
t5 ffi OAng Shinsei "TAnsinh"
)0/6
A Nht bdnTdn dAng
ffi gAng Sakigake"Ti0nphong"
S Cric ph6i
dAng khilc
B0Tutri

I4
Tham gia vdro chinh tri

Phd thOng ddu phidu ddnh cho nhrfng ngrrdi trrrdng thdnh tU 20 tudi trd
l6n dd dugc thuc thi til nam 1945. DAy ld hinh thfic dAu phidu binh tt8ng
kh6ng phAn bi6t chfing tQc, tfn didu, dia vi, gidu nghdo vd ld hinh thrlc
dAu phidu kin b6o ddm t6n cria ngtrdi cli bdu kh6ng bi ghi tr6n 16 phidu.
Trudc clAyviQc dAu phidu chi ddnh cho ph6i Nam t'] 25 tudi trd lOn c6
d6ng thud tr6n mdt kho6n nhdt dinh ndo d6. Ngodi ra mudn rlng cfi vdo
Thuong nghi viQn vd chrlc Tinh tnldng phdi trOn 30 tudi, cdn c6c chfrcvu
kh6c chi cAn tr6n 25 tudi.

Ph6n x6t cira qudc dAn (b6 phidu tin nhiQm)

Sau khi nhiQm chfrc, Chrj tich Tdi Cao Ph6p ViQn sE dufgcqudc ddn phdn
x6t vio lAn tdng tuydn crl td chrlc sau d6. TU d6 crl m6i t0 ndm s6 c6 1 ldn
tdi ph6n x6t. Chd dQ ndy cho ph6p bdi mi6n vi Chti tich Tdi Cao PhSp
Vien ndu c6 hon phAn nita qudc dAn b6 phidu bdt tin nhiQm.

Trtt'ng CAu DAn Y

DAy ld m6t trong nhltng thri tuc khi cdn cdi chinh hidn ph6p. Qudc hQi sO
td chrlc tn/ng cdu ddn 1f ndu c6 2/3 dAn bidu ludng viQn t6n thdnh vd qua
d6 ndu qu6 nira qudc dAn t6n thdnh, hidn phdp s6 drroc cdi chfnh, nhung
cho tdi nay tlidu ndy chua duoc thrrc thi qua.

Tr6n nguyOnt6c nhiQm kj' cria Ha nghi viQn ld 4 n5m. Tuy nhi6n nhi6m
kj' s6 chdm df/t khi qudc hQi bi gi6i trin. NhiQm ky c0a Thrr.ongnghi viQn
ld 6 nim vd cfr mdi 3 ndm se bdu lai ph6n nira.

Sd ghd cta cdc chinh dAng tai H? nghi viQn (19S0)

ffil oangTUdoDanchir
ffiNDAng XdhgiNh|tbAn
E 0 A nK g o m e i " Cm
0 ni ngh "
f, DAnq COng sin Nh0tBAn
ffi Oang
Ddn xl hOi
chlr
ffi Cacdlngkhdc

B0Nqivu

15
 CHUONG

GIA DINH
3
Crf tni

he Nhet b6n truydn thdng ld loai nhd c6 sdn cao ngita dm U6t, vdi
vit liQu ld 96, gtdy, chidu tatami (ldm bhng rdm vd s4y). HiQn t4i c6
nhidu nhd d v6i ldi xdy cdt theo kidu vira TAy vila Nhat. Di6n tich phdng
dc dugc bidu hiQn bing sd Tatamr "Jo" (Kich thudc cria 1 Jo ld 180cm x
90cm), ngohi ra diQn tich ddt dai duoc bidu hiQn bdng Tsubo (1 tsubo = 2 io
= 3 , 3 m2 ).

vdi ttdt nrJdcch{t hep, dan sd t{p trung v}ro c6c vr)ng thdnh phd
ldn cQngth6m vi6c c6c nhd tldu tu vir c0ng ty mua ddt dai vdi muc dich
ddu co dd ldm cho gi6 ddt dai tang rdt cao. Vi rdt kh6 khan dd c6 thd mua
drrgc mQt cdn nhd c6 kdm theo m6nh vrJdn tai khu vrrc thitnh phd ldn n6n
c6c loai nhh cao tAng nhU ld chung crl, nhd lAu c6 nhidu phdng cho thu6
(mansion) xudt hi6n nhidu. Ngoii ra khi mua nhd hogc mansion cbn c6
loai mua trA g6p dAn theo ldi dai lnan 2 tldi. \n dAn sd cld ddn vdo thdnh
phd ldn n6n su c6ch biot gifra nong thon vd thdnh phd ngdy cirng ldn
ddn.

Trtfdc thd chidn, cdt l6i cria gia dinh lh str li6n hQ cha con vi ngrJdi
tru&ng nam duoc thira hu6ng nhh critavir tdi s6n nhung sau thd chidn cdt
lOi ndy trd thdnh ld li6n he vg chdng (tidu gia dinh lirm cdn bin). Tuy
nhi6n vi tinh trang sd vo chdng chi sinh mQt clfracon ngdy cdng nhidu
n6n c6 16 trJdnglai con cdi sE sdng chung ho4c gAn cha me nhidu hon.

GiAi thich ttl ngr1

Tokonoma: NguyQn thfiy til ndy chi noi linh thiQng trong nhd ttd
bdi tri ttrgng Phat, t?i ddy thrrdng drjoc treo mQt tdm li6n v6 c6c
hinh hoa, phtrgng,phong, nguyot n6i l6n nhtrng n6t dgp cria chim,
hoa, tring vd gi6.
oshiire: Tri chfa. Nem vDrchdn drroc xdp vdo oshiire ldm cho
phbng dc drrocrQng rdi d6 srl dung.

I7
 Nure-en: DAy ld phAn bao lon nhm ngodi ct?ache mrra. Thudng
dtroc ldm bing 96 vd nhm drrdi mdi hi6n. Phdn bao lon nbm phia
trong cira che mua drloc goi ld Engawa. Trong sinh hoat binh
thudng noi ndy ding cld tidp ban bb ho6c ldng gidng.

Tuy nhi6n chi c6 loai nhd 1 cdn hO truydn thdng cfia Nhdt
mdi c6 Tokonoma hoic Nure-en cdn loai nhd mddn tap thd hodc
mansion thi khOng c6.

Tinh tr4ng nhir crla tgi Nhft bAn

1978 1983 1988
Sdnha(donvi 1000) 31.059 35.451 38.607 42.007
S0h0(ddnvi 1000) 29.651 32.835 35.1
97 37.812
Sdnhdchom6ih0 1,05 1,08 1,10 1,11
Sudtsdhilunhi (%) 59,2 60,4 62,4 61,3
Dian
tichsin chom6inna1m; 77,41 80,28 85,92 89,29
Sdphdng chom6inha 4,15 4,52 .t,/J 4,86
S0Jochom6infra 23,98 26,96 28,60 30,31
chom6iphdng
Sdngudi 0,87 0,77 0,71 0,66

Phi thi tadng

),,

]B
Gia dinh PhongchotrOem
(4 chidu
rrldi)
1.Dactrungc0aloainhi truydnthongNhatban
a.Limbang 96
(1) Ratthoens
khi
(2)C6bdukh0ng khithoAi mdi
b. Nhitr0thoac2 tdng
c.Trdnnhdgh6pvdn
d.VdchvOi
e.Chi0u Tatami Tl ch0a(0shiire)
f. Cilakeo(Fusuma) Bindn
2. Nhiingvi'nddvdnh)c[tataiNhat
a.Cdch xandilemvigc Phdng khilch
li gi5da'tcao)
b. chathepc. Ddttic'n(Nhe',t kiOm phdng
nqit(6 io)

Sd ilO'mOtcin nhi mrldndidn hlnh

Tinhtr?ngs0 hfruc6csin phdmti€uthqbin

Sdhfrusuil (%)
(19e0)
Tivimau 99,3 99,1
qRq
Maylanh 98,0
Meygiat 99,4 99,2
Mriyh0tbui 98,7 98,4
Mayinh 86,8 87,3
Xehdi 7qq 80,0
MAyhdt 57,9 61,3
Maylanh 68,1 72,3
M6yhimviba 75,6 81,3
DduVideo 71,5 75,1
DduCD 54,3
(LoEi
Di€nthoai b0m) 53,2
Miy Fax o,l
Mdyvi tinhcdnhdn 11,5 11,9

Kinht0 Oudcgia
CUcK6'hoach

19
Kinh td gia dinh

Theo kdt qu6 didu tra kinh td gia dinh cria Phdng thdng ko thudc Cuc
Tdng vu md trong tdm ld nhitng gia dinh cong nhan (sd ngudi binh quan
trong h0 3,65; tudi trung binh cfia chfi h6 45,3) thi m6i h0 chi ti6u trung
binh m6i th6ng 355.276yen . Mrlc tang gia thuc chdt so vd'i ndm trrrdc d6
(sau khi loai b6 phdn vdt gi6 leo thang) dfrng 6 mfc 0,lvo. Cbn v6 mfc thu
nhap thtJc thu cfia m6i ho le 570.545yen thdc chdt tang l,2vo. Can cfr
tr6n co b6n cira tidn chi ti6u vd tidn cld ddnh thi quAn binh m((c thu nhap
rbng hdng th6ng le 478.155yen thuc chdt t6ng 0,2Vo.
(c6c sd thdng kO 6 tr6n tinh vho thdi didm nam 1993)

GiAi thich tr} ngrl

Thu nhQ.p rdng: Ld thu nhap thrrc chdt sau khi dA trrl thud, phi
b6o hidm xe hQi (86o hidm vd giir, 86o hidm Y td...) v.v... lir
nhrlng khodn khOng duoc tinh viro tiOu thu. Chinh ld kho6n thAu
nhQp md cricgia dinh c6 thd ti6u dung hoac dd ddnh.

Tidn lrrong c6 thd dugc phAn ldm 3 phAn chinh nhu sau:

1) Luong c5.nb6n: Chidm phAn ldn tidn hJong,hAu hdt cdc cOngty
m6i ndm lOn luong 1 ldn vd.omira XuAn.

2) Phu cdp: Duoc tr6 tiry theo nhidu didu ki6n kh6c nhau ngodi
luong cdn b6n. Thi du nhu ldm ngodi gid, nhd cfra, phu dudng,
chric vu v.v... GAn day ddi vdi nhAn vi6n ph6i ldm vi6c xa gia
dinh cbn c6 tidn phu cdp cOng tdc xa gia dinh.

3) Phi b6o hidm vd tidn thud dtroc khdu tril trong tidn lrrong m6i
th6ng. Gdm cdc loai: thud loi tfrc, thud cd tr(r, phi b6o hidm vd
gid, phi b6o hidm thdt nghiQp v.v...

Ngodi c6c khodn tron c6 nhidu cdng ty phdt 2 lAn tidn thtr6'ngm6i nam.
Th0ng thudng le 4 - 5 th6ng luong cd b6n cOngthom 1 sd phu troi ndo d6.
Ngodi ra cdn duoc lanh mdt sd ti6n khi thdi viOc drroctrd frng vdi sd n6m
ldm viQcli6n tuc tai c6ng ty.

20
 ChithuciramQtgia dinhc0ngnh0n (Ddnvi Yen)
't970 1980 1985 1990 1993
Thunh0pthUc 112.949 349.686 444.846 521.757 570.545
ThdunhOp dinhky cla chfrh0 70,212 22.6117 284.330 332.026 364.427
Chiti0uthUct6' 91.897 282.263 360.642 412.813 447.666
ChiphichotiOu thU 82.582 238.126 289.489 331.59s 355.276
Chiphikhong rd la ticutnr- 9.315 44.137 71.153 81.218 92.390
Thdu nh?pr0ng 103.634 305.549 373.693 440.539 478..t55
I ren0ural 21.052 67.423 84.203 108.944 122.879
Giating rdngcirati0'ndddanh 13.480 39.714 48.181 74.526 81.123
Khuynhhudngti0uthptrungbinh 79,7% 77,9"/" 77,5% 75,SYo 74,3%
Sua'ttielkiqmbinhqudn 13,0% 13,0% 12,9% 16,9% 17,0o/"
CucT0ngvu

N0idungchiphiti0uthucfram6igiadinhc0ngnhin (Donvi:Yen)
1970 19 8 0 1985 1990 1993
phdm
ThUc tb.DUo 66.245 74.369 79.993 82.478
32,2% 27,8Yo 25,7To 24,1% 23,2%
Nhhc0a 4.364 11.297 13.748 16.475 20.258
s,3% 4,7fo 4,7% 5,0% 5,7%
Di0n,ga,nudc 3.407 12.693 17.125 16.797 18.674
4,1% 5,3% 5,9% 5]% 5,3%
GiacU,ddgiadUng 4.193 10.092 12.182 13.103 13.144
5,1To 4,20/o 4,2To 4,0% 3,7%
60,giiyd6p
Qudn 7.653 17.914 20.176 23.902 23j34
9,3% 7,5% 7,0% 7,2% 6,5%
Biohidm,Y td 2.141 5.771 6.814 8.670 9.586
2,6% 2,40/o 2,4% 2,6% 2,7%
Giao tinlienlac
Th0ng
th0ng, 4.550 20.236 27.950 33.499 38.561
5,50/o 8,5% s,7% 10,1% 10,9%
Gi6oduc 2.212 8.637 12.157 16.827 18.269
2,7% 3,6% Aro/" 5,1% 5j%
Vanhoii,GiAitri 7.619 20.135 25.265 31.761 34.799
q 20/" 8,5% 8,7% 9,6% 9,8%
Phigiaotd 6.323 21..t90 25.224 28.630 30.957
1 ao/
|,l lo 8,9% 8,7fo 8,6% 8,7fo
Linhtinh 13.514 43.9't5 s4.475 61.939 65.416
16,3% 18,6% 18,8% 18,6% 18,4Yo
(chiphitiOulhg)
TdnqcQng 238.126 289.489 331.595 355.276
CUcT0ngvu

21
St?drrng gid nhin r6i
Thd thao
Thrrdng ld nhrlng mOn nhu: D6nh gOn, quAn vddt, b6ng chAy, chay bQ,
d6nh Bowling, Aerobics(thd duc kdm Am nhac), b6ng bin, xe clap,boi lQi,
trugt tuydt, trtJdt bing. Mdn d0 vat Sumo ld mOn thd thao qudc h6n qudc
trSydrrgc nhidu ngddi Nhat 6i mO nhung sd ngrrdi c6 thd ddu dd vQt kh6ng
nhidu. Mdn b6ng trdn khdng thinh hdnh ldm ndu so vdi cdc nd6c khdc
nhung kd tU nim 1993 khi liOn dodn b6ng trbn chuyOnnghiOp ra ddi mfc
6i mQ t6ng l6n. MOn ddnh b6ng xuy6n khung crla (gateball) md trpng tAm
ddnh cho ngudi ldn tudi c6 hinh thfc tuong tu nhu mOn d6nh gOn cflng trd
n6n thfnh hdnh.

Sd thich \,;
Ngodi nhfrng bO m6n nhu thd thao, Am nhac, xem s6ch, m?t chudc, phim
6nh, du lich gAn t16ytrd choi cliQntfr vd hdt Karaoke cfrng trd n6n phd
cap.
C6ch sinh ho4t vio ngiy nghi
Ho4c nhm nhd hodc ld ali d6nh g6n cDngvdi thdn chfr cria minh hodc phr:c
vu gia dinh bing c6ch cirng vd con di sd thfr, vtrdn gi6i tri, mua s6m.

Nhrlng m6n thd thao vi nghQ thuflt thudn triy Nhft bfrn
Thd thao:
Dd v4t Sumo, Nhu dao, KiSm dao, Cung dao, Kh0ng thfi dao (Karate)v.v...

NShQ thuft:
HAt bQi (Kabuki), IQch No (cd didn), Ddn 3 dAy, Ditn tranh (Koto), Ti6u
l,lr'
Shakuhachi v.v...

22
 SU ttdi chidu vd cdc khoAnchi phi
cho viQcgiai tri trong mQtndm

32,489
3o/o ffi Di5nnhi hdng
T Sin phdmti0uthUbdn
m Vanhoii,GiAitri
li:3:l Trrdthao
ffi Dulich
ffi Linhtinh

| 992 year(yen)
(Prime Minister's Office) 36,410 4o/o

lVIn phdngPhlThtTudng
(1992)ddnbiyenl

Tinhtr4ng chiti6u ve thamgia vio

ho4tdQngkhi nhdrnr5i lnam 1992)
Nh0nsd Sud't Sdldnhoatd0nq Chiphicdnthi61ChiphicdnthiOi
thamgia thamgia trungbinhm6inem trungbinhm6i chom6itdn
(10.000) (%) (ldn) nim (1.000yen) (ven)
ThC'thao
I aprneouc 3.060 29,6 54,6 4,8 90
DdnhBowling 3.630 35.2 6,4 9,3 1.540
Chayb0,chqyMarathon 2.440 23,6 37,9 5,3 140
Bdiroi 2.370 23,0 13,4 19,3 1.440
N6mbdtbanh, b6ngchiy 2.180 21,1 17,3 4,7 270
S0lhich,Siingtiic
XemVideo 4.300 41,6 21,3 12,6 590
Ldmkidnglim vuon 3.260 31,6 38,5 17,0 440
Nghe nhac 4.090 39,6 70,2 17,8 250
Xemphim 2.910 28,2 5,1 7,8 1.530
Nghehodnhac, xemtridnl6m 2.160 20,9 4,0 13,4 3.550

Giaifit
Didnnhi hing 6.850 00,J 16,2 60,1 3.710
HdtKaraoke 5.360 51,9 11,3 22,1 1.960
Diqudnruou 4.460 43,2 15,3 82,2 5.370
Ddnhbdi,diinhcd
sO'p
ng&aOthelo 3.690 35,7 12,8 2? 170
Muavdsd 3.760 36,4 4,9 20,4 4.160

Dulich
Ldixedi choi 5.810 56,3 12,3 33,5 2.720
DulichnOidia 6.170 59,8 3,0 126,0 42.000
S0th0,COng vi6nthUcv6t 4.330 41,9 3,2 13,2 4.130
VuongiAitri 3.960 38,4 3,4 19,1 5.620
0i picnic,
di b0dungoan 3.490 33,8 9,3 15,0 1. 6 1 0

t6mkhaithdcgidnhenr6i]
[Trung

23
Gi6o dqc

PhAn tinh vd mOt ndn gi6o duc md tdt c6 ddu hu6ng vdo muc tiOu cfia
qudc gia thdi trudc thd chidn. Bd lu4t cdn bin vd gi6o duc c6 thd dLtgcgoi
ld hidn phSp cfia gi6o duc qui dinh mr,rcdich gido duc, phtlong ph6p, binh
ding co hOi, gi6o duc crrdngb6ch, trung lap vd chinh tri cirng nhrr t6n gi6o
tr6n nguy6n tdc gi6o dr,rctr-rdo, binh d&ng, hod binh vh B0 luQt giSo duc
hoc dudng qui dinh hO thdng hgc dudng clrrgcthi hdnh ndm 1947.
Chuong trinh hoc 6-3-3-4 mir trong d6 c6 9 n6m lh crldng b6ch gi6o
dr.rc.Tuy nhi6n hdu nhu ai cing ddu c6 di nhd tr6 ho[c vtldn tr6 tnJdc khi
vdo tidu hoc vd sau khi tdt nghiOp cdp 2 ddu di hoc cdp 3. MEt kh6c song
song vdi sd ngtrdi hoc l6n nhidu nhrr thd ld tinh trang c6 nhidu hoc sinh
kh6ng mudn ddn trudng ho[c b6 hoc gifra chr]ng.GAn dAy sd nr1gidi hoc ),i
l6n dai hoc ho{c dai hoc dodn ki' 2 ndm c6 gia tdng hon nam gidi.
Nhfrng noi giSo dr,rcb6n ngodi hoc dudng c6 thd ttugc kd ra lh c6c
ldp hoc th6m, cdc trudng luyQn thi. Hoc sinh cdp 3 chudn bi thi vdo Dai
hoc thudng ddn hoc tQp chdm chi tai c6c tnldng luyQn thi ndy sau gid tan
hoc. Ngodi ra cfrng c6 nhfrng em hoc xong nhung chrradfu vdo dai hgc
ddn hoc t{p.
Trong x5 hOi Nhat b6n xem trong trinh clQhoc vdn khiSn s6 tr6 em
khidm khuydt nhQn thfc vd xd hQi gia tdng ldm ph6t sinh nhlrng vdn dd
nhU d.n hidp ban bb, bao lrtc trong gia dinh, bao lqc trong tnldng hoc.
Cung vi ti 16 sinh d6 thdp nOn con c6i duoc nuOngchi6u qu6 mfic vd d
trong mOt thd hO md cha me kh6ng bidt c6ch gi6o dr,rccon cfi c6 thd xem
ld nhfrng nguyOnnhAn chinh dua ddn c6c vdn dd d6.
);r
Chi phi giSo duc cung tang vgt. Cha me ph6i g6nh chiu nhltng chi
phi kh6c ngodi hoc phi nhu ld chi phi cho ldp hoc th6m, chi phi cho trddng
luyQnthi, tidn tiOu v4t cho con em v.v... Cung c6 nhltng hoc sinh, sinh
vi6n di ldm viQc [n luong gid (tidng Nhat goi ld Arubaito) nhrrng hAu hdt
le dd kidm th6m tidn ti6u vdt.
Viec x6t lai cdc qui tdc nghiOm khdc c&a c|.c tnldng hoc nhu ld kidu
t6c, chidu ddi cria v6y v.v... dang duoc xric tidn.
VAin dd kidm dinh s6ch giSo khoa - C6c Iiy viOn kidm clinh bQ
Gi6o duc crlu x6t, chdt vdn Uy ban kidm dinh, quydt dinh kdt qu6. Sfi
dqng chlr "tidn xudt" thay cho chfr "xAm hrgc" de gap sd chi trich mdnh
liet.

24
 Tr r tong
hgct4i Nhit Bin
s0'hOcsinh,s0gi6osrt
S0'trrldng,
SdtrUdnq b0 So,
S0hocsintr Gido
su H g cs i n h
| ong c0ng 0udclAp COnglflp TUl0p (1000nguoi)
( 1 . 0 0n
0g u
Tiduhoc(6 nam) 24.730 't70
24.487 448 8.947
Cd'p2 (3 nam) 11.300 7B 10.596 626 303 5.037
Cdp3 (3 nam) 5.501 17 4 . 16 6 1. 3 1 8 347 5.218
Daihqc(4 nim) 523 98 41 384 228 2.293
Daihocdoin ky
(2 nam) 591 39 53 499 525
Trudng caoding
chuyOnm6n 62 54 5 J 6 55
Trudng dic biQt. 963 45 901 17 51 90
r Truong chuy6nmOn
Ciicloaitrudngkhdc
3.409
3.202
161
3
190
80
3.058
3.119
133
43
862
390
vudntre 15.006 49 6.220 8.737 111 1.949
TdngcQng 65.287 617 46.739 17.931 1.727 25.366
. TrUdng
mir,trudng
didc,truong
ddnhchotr6 embi tflt nguydn
v.v... lB0gi6oducl

C h ip h ig i d od u c
qu6llap,c0ngl6p(Nim1990)
1. Giictrrfdng (Donvi 10000
Yen)
Phdnchicta chfnhph0 Phdnchicla chame Tdngc0ng
vi chinhquydndiaphudng
I teunoc 66,7 8,9 75,6
C{p2 7 2,2 '13,8
86,0
cdpe 73,0 26,1 99,1

2. GitctrUdng
[r lap (Ddn
vi 10000
Yen)
Hocphi L0 phi L0phicho TdngcOng
nhaphqc phudng
tienvd thidtbi
T i d uh o c 1982 19,6 11,7 14,5 45,8
19 9 2 27,B 15,0 16,4 59,2
Cdp2 1982 21,1 13,1 13,5 47,7
19 9 2 30,5 16,7 15,9 63,1
Cdp3 1982 18,4 10,8 11,0 40,2
19 9 2 27,3 14,3 14,2 55,8
lB0sidoducl

25
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26
 C HUdNc

VAN HOA
4
Khudn m6u hinh dQng cria ngrt'di NhAt

cdch tdng qu6t ngtrdi Nhat it c6 hdnh dOng kh6c ngudi. (Thi du
h/TO,
Mnhu: Ddng phuc cria hoc sinh vd nhan vion. Dn hdt vi6c nhung ndu
chrla c6 ai ra vd cd thi kh6 lbng ddi chan. Khong xin nghi ph6p c6 hu6ng
luong vi ngai cdp trOn vd ddng nghi6p. Ai c0ng hoc ldn cd vi thd ph6i hoc
r l O n c dp 3 , D a i h o c v.v...)

Khi vdi ngrrdi Nhat t{p trung lai, khdng ph6i ld cd jr nhung tu
nhi6n ho qui dinh trAt td tr6n dtrdi cria nhau qua tudi tdc, dia vi xd h6i vd
didu ndy 6nh hrrdng l6n khu6n mAu hdnh dOng cfra ho.
,
Khi c6 phrit ng6n vd hdnh dQng gi, ngrrdi Nhat hay quan s6t tAm
lf vd lap tnrdng cfia ddi tuong vi thd ho khdng bOc lO manh m6 i kidn cfia
minh cldn tldi trrgng. Thuc ra thi ho nghr nhrr thd ndy (Thuc tdm "Honne")
nhung c6 l(rc tr6n thrrc td vi tOn trong ddi ttrong n6n ho lai n6i ra f kidn
kh6c biOt (Bd ngodi "Tatemae") vdi ho nght. N6i m6t c6ch gi6n di d6 la
tinh trang cudi ngodi m4t (Tatemae)nhung kh6c trong ldng (Honne).

Ho c6 khuynh hrrdng kh6ng bidu hiQn rO rd.ng "Phai" hay "Kh6ng

ph6i". Gia thfi c6 n6i ra ch5.ngnfra ho thudng ddi dbng riro d6n tnJdc sau
rdi mdi n6i ra vi so cham tV 6.i ddi tuong.

HAu hdt ngudi Nhat ddu nghi rhng ho thuQc giai cdp trung lrru.

Ngrrdi Nhat ndi tidng ld c6 nhidu tidn .ld ddnh nhrrng th6t ra day
chi ld phdn dnh cfia viQc dd ddnh tidn cho mai hfu vi so vdi tudi tho trung
binh khd ddi cfra ngudi Nhat, chd d0 an sinh xd hdi cfra NhQt cdn non ndt
qu5. Nhdt ld nhffng bdt an khi vd gid ldm gia tdng th6m khuynh hudng
ndy.

27
 C h d oh 6 i v i r r a d d u

1.ChiohOi

ual0au Crliddukinhcdn
]i

2 . R ad i u

a)
aP

G6iddu Orjahaing6ntaytr6
l0nddugiAllm silng

d)
)r
c)

Dungng6ntaytrd chi Ddnim ddmtnlocm0imlnh

vdomUiminh

2B
 e) 0

Ddch6ohaing6ntaytr6 Sol0ngmdy

8) h)

{,

Duatayvd phiatrudcnhuli phAn Ldmthinhchl0 bdngng6nc6i

chiamQtvft gi giongnhuhinhv0 vi ng6ntrb

D i)

Xoaynlm di'mtrOnldngbdntay Viy lenv5yxudng

bintay
mi "ninhb0")
(Xay
k) D

Dirngtaychemi0ngkhicudi Khoanh
tay

29
Quan- Hdn - Tang - Td (Kan - Kon - So - Sai)
Quan (Thinh ni6n)
LO thdnh niOn. Ngdy 15 th6ng 1 ld ngdy chfrc mrJngnhfrng ngtrdi tr6 duoc
20 tudi trd thdnh ngrJdildn. Tai Nhat b6n khi duoc 20 tudi thi drrgccdng
nhQn c6c quydn: bdu crl, ttl ikdt hdn khOng cdn su ildng y crtacha me,
udng rugu, h(rt thudc 16.

Hdn
LC kdt hOn. C6 c6c nghi thfc nhu Thdn dao, Ph{t gi6o hay Thi6n chfa
giSo v.v... Kdt h6n vdi nhau ld do srr y6u drronghodc do viQc mai mdi. Sau
khi dinh hOn vd nap sinh 16,ddm crJdisO drroccir hdnh vdi sd hi6n di6n
cira hai ho vd ban b6.

Tang ))
HiQn tai hAu hdt le ho6 t6ng, ngey xua 1)rch6n cdt. GAn dAy vi c6 kh6
khan khi tim ddt xAy nghla trang vh quan tAm ddn sd ph6 hoai mdi
trddng do viQc xAy nghla trang n6n ngrldi ta dang kOu goi tr/ do trong vi6c
tdng tring.

Td (L6 hoi)
C5 cdc l0 hQi nhrr ld Higan, O-Bon, Aki-Matsuri v.v... Higan vd O-Bon ld
nhtrng ngay 16 do 6nh hudng cfra Phat gi6o dd cdng b6i, trrdng niQm td
ti6n vd ngudi qu6 cd, Akimatsuri ld "L6 mira Thu" dd c6m ta trdi ddt de
ban cho nhidu hoa loi n6ng nghiQp c6c th6n x6 td chrlc 16 ndy rdt dinh
ddm.

))
 Ciicngiy l0 nghivd
s{ uiecdin0ghinhdtrongnim
nhrtng

Nh0ng vigcdiingghinhdtrongndm
Ngiyblov0thi0nnhi0n L0tuutrudng,L6gianhqphdng
Ngimhoa
Tranhd0-ulao
Ngiyki'niQmHi€nph6p Ngiy0udct6'Lao d6ng
NgAynghic[ratoinddn ruanrevang
l t e tu o a n
MLamua
rrongtua
Ph6ttidn
hcl
lNshi NgurlangChfcnil
t* Truno
nowdn
6&9 NSAyki niQmbomnguy0n
til
1 3- 1 5 t6 O-gon(Vulan)
15 chidntranhchdmdrlt
Bio,Ngam
trang

Gatlla
Aki-Matsuri "LdmLaThu"
Ld0amdu(ving,dO)
Nohithrlc "7-5-3"
Ngaysinhnh0tNhathodng Phdttidnthrt0ng
ilecIaInten
DOns]
[Nqhi Gi6ng sinh
qui
Tang t01
Giao thila
Mdng1 tatDudng
lich ^ . r-
ut teoaunam
-a

Li xi
Ngayki'ni0ml4pqu0c Thivaotrudng
Ti01
Ngiy Xu0nph6n Ngay16cfiabdgiii
LOratrr-tong
Higan (Ti01
CdnPhdn)
lNshiXu6nl Thayddinhiom sd

MOnDAuvit SumotruydnthOngctraNhatbendu0ctd chucsr:O't

t S ngiy c0anh0ngth6ngt6

31
ViQc in udng

Dd an chinh ld gao nhrlng gAn dAy sd ngudi an b6nh mi gia tAng ldm cho
lrrgng ti6u thg g4o srit gi6m. M6n 5:n thi c6 tOm c6, thit rau v.v... Ngudi
Nhat 6n t6m c6 til thdi xa xda. TrOn cdn b6n ld ngdy 3 blra nhung chng
c6 ngttdi b6 bfra s6ng. Ngodi ra ngddi Nhat hAu nhu kh6ng c6 t4p qudn
ki€ng ctr thit c6 do qui luAt cria tOn gi6o vi thd thudng thi ngudi Nhat
khOng bidt nhidu vd nhtrng qui luAt cria c6.ctOn gi6o khdc.

Vd cdch [n th6ng thrrdng thi ngudi Nhat ding dfra nhung cfrng c6
khi bXng tay khi 6n cdm ndm hodc com ndm kdm cd sdng (Sushi). Khi 6n
m6n Tdy ngddi ta dr)ng dao, mu6ng, nla. Dao gAn dAy c6 nhidu ngudi
dilng dfra kh6ng dring c6ch. Ngodi ra tldi vdi c6c thfic udng nhtr ld nudc
nggt, bia, n-(ouv.v... ngrrdi ta n6.ng ly l6n vd r6t viro nhung theo dring
c6ch thfc le phii r6t cho ngudi khdc trddc.

Phdn vi ngtldi chdng thudng di ldm vd tr6, phAn vi con c6i ph6i di
hoc 6 c6c ldp hgc th6m ho5.cldp luyQn thi v.v... n6n c6 gia dinh cirng 6n
com tdi vdi nhau chi vdi ldn 1 tuAn.

Khi ding cdc m6n nhu: canh trrong Miso, canh, m6n mi v.v... ndu
c6 ldm ph6t ra nhltng Am thanh trJ nhi6n khi hfp vdo cfrng kh0ng phii ld
bdt lich s{. (Tuy nhiOn khi ding brra tai khdch san ho5.cnhi hdng tdt
hon hdt ld kh6ng n6n gAy nhidu Am thanh khi [n udng).

Ngudi Nhat cfrng thich 6n mi, m6n Oden, b6nh Okonomiyaki (gAn i)
gidng b6nh xdo), m6n Takoyaki (b6nh vi6n bOt vd muc ma), vd ldm mdt ly
tai c6c qu6n c6c. Thtrdng thi sau khi udng rtldu ngddi Nhat hay gh6 lai
c6c qu6n nDry.

Trddc khi 6n ngrldi NhAt n6i "Itadakimasu" vA.sau khi 6n n6i "Gochiso
sama deshita" dd bey t6 lbng bidt on.

)'l
)L
 C d c hd i n g d 0 a

KepchiOtd-uandmtrOngila Dungng6ncdivi ng6ndeo

ng6ntr6vi ngongilardidUa nh6n(ap0t)gil chatkhOng
l0ndr.ta
xuOng. chochi0'cdla bdn dudidi
chuydn.
r
Ph6plich sUkhi d0ng dOa
dfiacdnluuf
Khidirng

ft
Kh0ngnim dla nhLIhinhvE cim duavdoch6ncdm
KhOn0 ghimtruavirodd6y thr.tc
KhOng
dn

effi
"Yosebashi":
d[adddi
dwcdilng
Kh0ng
dia
chdn
chuydn
Khongdung
"Saguribashi":
O[addtim m6nanvilaf minh
w
"Mayoibashi":0u0dnatrOn
thrtcanvirchdnchilkhOngcA
quydt qip m6nnio

33
TOn girio
Tai Nhat b6n trr do tdn gi6o drroccOngnhAn vd c6 nhidu tOn gi6o tdn tai
6 day. T6n gi6o cria ngtrdi Nhat c6 thd phAn ldm 2 t6n gi6o chinh d6 le
Thdn d4o vd Phet gi6o, tuy nhiOn sd tin ttd thuAn thdnh thi khdng nhidu.
HAu nhrr trong nhidu trddng hop n6 trd thdnh nhltng tQp qu6n vd nghi 16
khi c6 ma chay hodc crldi h6i v.v... MQt thi du rdt thrrdng xAy ra ld khi
mQt tr6 so sinh mdi chdo ddi s6 duoc dua di 16 tai ddn thd ThAn d4o, khi
kdt hOn thi tai nhDrthd, vd khi qua ddi thi ma chay 6 chia. Ngodi ra tir
thdi xa xda do nhfrng sd hei trtrdc sfrc manh crja thiOn nhi6n vi6c sing b6i
c6cvQt,thi6n nhi6n cfrng rdt thinh hdnh.
Thdn d4o
DAy ld mQt tOn gi6o truydn thdng cd hrru cira NhAt b6n duoc b6o tdn til
khi thdnh hinh dAn tQc Nhat bdn. Ngddi Nhat thdi cd tin ring c6 linh
hdn ngu tri trong cric vQt thi0n nhi6n nhrl nrii, sOng,cdy cdi, t6ng d6 r)
v.v... vd goi d6 le "Kami" nghia ld ThAn linh. MOt sd vi anh hirng vd
ngudi lsnh dao cfrng trd thdnh ThAn linh. Tir d6 ngudi Nhat bdt dAu c6
quan niQm ld nhfrng ThAn linh nhy mang hanh phric cung nhu nhrlng
didu bdt hanh ddn cho minh vd bdt dAu sirng b6i. ThAn dao ph6t sinh tU
416.Vi lf do d6 n6n hQ thdng l;i ludn cria ThAn dao rdt nghbo nhn, lai
khOng c6 kinh s6ch nhting c6 liOn hO sAu xa vdi nhfrng nghi 16.TrOn todn
ntrdc Nhat c6 ph6ng chirng 80.000 ddn thd ThAn dao "Jinja" thd dri c6c vi
thdn.
Vdo thdi thd chidn tht 2, ThAn dqo bi nhfrng ngudi PhAt xit loi
dqng qua vi6c ThAn th6nh h6a NhQt hodng, dda ThAn d4o lOn hdng Qudc
gido. Sau thd chidn b6n Hidn ph6p t6ch rdi t6n gi6o ra kh6i chinh tri.

PhAt gi6o
Phat giao d,lo. truydn sang Nhat b6n kho6ng thd ki th(r 6 tt An dQ qua
ngd Trung qudc vd Tridu ti6n, tir ddy Phat gido dd tao mQt 6nh hudng to jI

ldn tr6n todn thd vdn h6a Nhat bdn. Nhlrng tdng si Ph4t giSo ddy c6ng
khd luy0n dd hdu duoc gidc ng6. Trong khi d6 ngudi binh thtrdng xem
Phat gi6o nhtf ld mQt tdn gi6o gi6i tho6t ho kh6i nhfng khd sd trOn c6i
ddi, gi6p ho cldn midn ct/c lac sau khi qua ddi, cAu nguyQncho ngrldi chdt.
Phat gi6o c6 nhidu tOng phdi khdc nhau nhung thriy td cria Phat gi6o ld
dfic Thich ca mAu ni ngudi An d6, hay cbn duoc goi ld Phat dd c6 nghla ld
"k6 gi6c r80", tU c16md t6n Phat gi6o ra ddi. Chna Phat gi6o thddng nb.m
kd nghia trang, trong chira bdi tri tugng Phat vd c6 tdng ni crJngu. Hinh
thdi xAy cdt 6t gi6n di vd kin d5o. Khi ma chay theo nghi thfrc Ph{t gi6o
ngrJdiqud c6'sOduoc ban ph6p danh vd thi hdi se duoc h6a t6ng.

Ngodi raZen trlc ld Thidn rdt ndi tidng cCrngld mQt tOng ph6i cria Phat
gi6o. Toa Thidn ld phuong ph6p tu luyQn tinh thAn ndl tidng vi toa Thi6n
girip cho tinh thAn duoc yOn dn.

34
 Ddnthd Thdn dao (jinja) 2.Thdndien(Chanh
diOn)

c0ngqui
1.Thlngcilngdudng

3. Bdchrlanudctdytrdn

4. Cdng
de'n

5. Ch6d6 TusTThdndao TrinhnilgitiP

viOctrongddn

1 . Thirng
c0ngdudngc0ngqutr"Saisen KhicdunguyQn
bako" ta n6mtidn(tidncringduong
ngudi choddn
thdhoicchLa)vdothUng
ndy.

2. Thdndign"Shinden"
(Chrinh
diQn"Honden")
Vattuong chothdnlinhduqcthdphuong
trUng trongthdndiQn.

Bdchrianu6ctdytrdn"Chozuya"
Ndichrianrl6cddsricmienghodcrilatayddtdytrdnthanthdtruockhiddnthdndiencdunguyqn.

4. Cdngddn"Torii"
Cdngddnla bidutuongchoddnthoThdndao.Ouacdngddnvio trongli thOgi6ithdnlinh,ngoiri
cdng
ddnldthdgiditrdntuc.

Ch6dd"Komainu"
Ch6ldmbingddgdm2 conduocbaitri 2 b0ntdivaoOO'i
diqnnhauOdtrOng sdnddn.
chirng

35
C h u aP h Q g
t irio

5 tdng
ThAp di$n(KimdiOn)
Chilnh

il

TrongchilnhdiOn BdnthdPhattainhi ri€ng

* Chiinh
ifi0n(Kimdien)
Noithidng Phat(photugng
li6ngdddattuqng DaylAndiquan
chinh). trgngnh61
trongchua

" Thdp5 ti'ngho{cthiip3 li'ng

Ldthrip5 hoac3 tdng.Bidutuong BAoquAn
ch0daoPhAt. X6l0iPhat.

l,

T6n girio cia ngdoi Nhat (1991)

TOngiSo DoanthdtOngi6o Sdvi lSnhdaotinhthdn Sdtindd
I n a n0 4 0 90.969 90.309 106.644.000
Phatgiao 88.563 287.854 95.766.000
Thi0nchudgiiio 9.347 17.279 1.487.000
C6ctOngiiiokh6c 42.143 270.373 10.834.000
|ongcQng 231.022 665.815 214.731.000
CUcVIn hod

36
 CH{JdNG
-

5
VAN DE HIEI{ TAI

S1.ftidn th6n trong x5 hQi ctia phu nfi

ai Nhat b6n trrldc dAy theo thOng 16 ngrldi phu nf sd thOi vi6c khi ldp
gia dinh. Sau nhy c6 srJbidn ctdi le dil lap gia tlinh ngudi phU nfr v6n
tiSp tqc lim vi6c cho ddn khi sanh n6 mdi th6i, hi6n tai tai nhidu cdng ty
ngrJdi phu n[ vAn tidp tuc lAm viQc dir cla lap gia dinh vir c6 con c6i.
Trong b0 Luat binh ding nam nit' vd co hQi ldm viQcthi hdnh ndm 1984,
c6 qui clinh vd viQc c6c c6ng ty ph6i n6 luc tld ddi xfi cdng binh vdi ngudi
phu nt( khi mudn vd tr6 luong cho ho. Ngodi ra bQ LuAt nghi vi6c dd cham
s6c con nh6 cho ph6p c6 Nam 15n Nfr nhAn vi6n ddu c6 thd bdt gid ldm
vi6c trong mQt thdi gian nhdt dinh ndo d6 hodc tam nghi viQc ctdchim s6c
con nh6 vd duoc cOngty trd mQt khodng ti6n khich 16 cho viQc ndy. Tuy
nhi6n dd clat dtroc kdt qu6 cbn ph6i cAn rdt nhidu thdi gian cho ddn khi
ndo f thfc phAn biQt Nam Nf da c6 tU lAu hodn todn mdt di.

Qua viQc tidn th6n cfra ngudi phu nfr trong xa hQi tudi lap gia ctinh
trung binh hiOn tai cfia phu nfr ld 26 tudi. Trong khi it6 nam gidi ld,29
tudi. Dd gi6i thich didu ndy ngrrdi ta cho rbng vi sd phu nfr hoc l6n cao
nghy cdng nhidu cQngvdi sd gia tdng cria co hOi ldm viQc phu nfr c6 thd
sdng tqJhp vd mat kinh td.

NAm 1993 c6 40,\Vosd phu nfr trOn 15 tudi ldm viQcv6i con sd ld
26,L2 triQu ngudi. Vd c6 63,8Vonam nfr trOn 15 tudi ldm viQc.

37
XA hQi cao ni6n h6a
Ndm 1955, ngrrdi trOn 65 tudi chidm chirng 5vo da.nsdNhat bin nhtrng
ddn nim 1993 l6n ddn 13,\vo. Ngudi ta drr kidn ndm 2000 lb.20vova ndm
2025 sE lOn d6n 25vo.C6 thd n6i nguyon nhan chinh ld do ti lQ sinh sdn
gi6m vd srJtidn bQ cfra Y khoa. Song song vdi vi6c xd hOi bi cao niOn h6a
ld vdn dd thuQcvd kinh td, d6 ld srlc lao dOngbi gie c6i ve tinh trang
thidu hut sfrc lao dQng tr6 tudi. C[ng c6 nhfng v6n dOng dd nang tudi vd
huu cfra c6c cong ty nhung kh6 c6 thd b6o reng tdt cA c6c trung tidu xi
nghiQp ddu nang tudi vd htru lon 60. Ngodi ra c0ng c6 noi 6p dung chd rlQ
cho nhf,ng ngrrdi dd ddn tudi vd huu nhung v6n cbn sfrc ldm viOc drroc tidp
tuc ldm vi6c tai c6ng ty. cung c6 nhidu ngrrdi d6 vd htlu mudn di ldm
nhrtng nhlrng noi c6 thd tidp nhAn vAn chrla dddc ddy dfi.
\1
r
vi tudi tho trung binh lOn cao sd ngudi gih ydu nbm liQt girrdng vd
sd ngudi gia 16 l6n c6 chidu hrrdng m5i nem m6i tang l6n. Nhfrng ngudi
gid ydu nhm liQt gitrdng vd nhfrng ngrrdi gid 16 l6n dtroc chim s6c tai nhd
ri6ng, bQnh vi6n, vi6n dudng l5o v.v... tuy nhion ho thdng tro girip cfra
qudc gia vd chinh quydn dia phuong vAn chua dtroc nhidu ldm.

Giai thich tfi ngrl

Ngtiri gid, bi lfi l6.n
Ngudi gia bi gi6m srit kh6 ndng mQt crich th6m hai, co ndng tri gi6c kh6
c6 thd sinh hoat tql lap dugc. Chfrng 16 l6n ndy do mach mdu ndo vd nd.o
b0 bi co rfrt gay nOn. Nhfrng triQu chrlng chinh ld: Mdt tri nhd (kh0ng
nh4n ra minh vd thAn thich chung quanh), di lang thang (di khOng c6 muc
ti6u), bi 6o giSc v.v...
Ngtdi gid. ydu nd.m IiQt gitdng
V6 tlidm khong thd tu chdm s6c cho minh drrgcthi c0ng tuong tqr nhrr
chfrng hi l6n nhrrng kh6c ld ndo b0 vAn binh thudng, vi lf do than thd
bQnh hoan kh6ng thd ngdi dAy drroc.
ViQn drldng 16o
C6 2 loai vi6n dudng 16o:vi6n dtrOng16oduoc nhan tdi ftd c6 dinh tir
chinh quydn vd vi6n dtrdng 16otrr lap phdi tdn tidrr. Trudng hop ddu, tr6n
nguy0n t6c nhfrng ngudi gid bi tdn tdt vd ttrd xdc l6n tinh thdn, vi ly do
thau nhflp k6m hoac hodn cdnh bi han chd khdng thd chrm s6c d nhd
duoc c6 thd vdo vi6n drroc.Trudng hop sau ld vion dtrdng ldo, khi vdo phAi
d6ng tidn sfr dung nhung c6 phbng ri6ng vd drrocch5m s6c sudt ddi.

3B
Qudc t6'h6a ln gi?

Sau mQt thdi gian til chdi tidp xric vdi nddc ngodi til thd ki 17 ctdn thd kf
19 kd tU khi Nhat b6n md crla, ddn nay da duoc 125 nim. Trong sudt thui
gian nhy nhim xfc tidn nhanh ch6ng viQc cAn dai h6a Nhet b6n d5
chuydn minh tit viQc s6n xudt mit hdng xdu, 16 tidn sang mdt hdng c6
phdm chdt tdt clrrocchd tao hdng loat ddn m[t hdng duoc chd tao vdi sd
lrrgng it nhung nhidu loai. Nhflng ldi k6u goi hop t6c qudc td vdi mQt Nhat
b6n d5 trd thdnh cddng qudc kinh td ngdy mQt nhidu, nhung cho t6i nay
Nhat b6n vAn thrJdngbi phd ph6n le "Chi b6 tidn chfr khdng b6 ngrrdi vd
phdm vAt". Til nay c6 16 nhrrng ldi kOu gAi hgp t6c qudc td vdi Nhat b6n
s6 cdn tdng nhidu vd ngtrdi ta hy vgng rhng Nhat b6n sE n6 luc viQn tro
vd m5t nh6n lttc song song vdi vi6n tro vd mdt kinh td.

Ngodi ra nhfrng ndm gAn dAy nhidu ngtrdi lao dQng tr) ngoai qudc
mudn vdo Nh{t "mOt nddc gidu, vdi ddng Yen manh", vd srr thidu hut lgc
lugng lao dQnglai chng thOi thric th6m khuynh hudng ndy. C6 nhtrng qui
chd lu{t ph6p vd cfrng c6 nhidu ngrrdi lao dQngnddc ngodi bi 6p ldm vi6c
nhidu gid vdi ddng luong 16, nhung thtlc trang nhu thd nho thi kh6ng 16.
Vd aldm niy kh6ng phdi chi dat ra qui chd rdi thdi md vdn dd tit nay cfra
Nhat b6n lh phdi suy x6t nhlrng ydu td li6n hC cld c6 ddi s6ch thich fng
ngay v6i thrrc trang nDry.

Qudc td h6a dting nghia chi c6 duoc khi dle gi6i quydt xong nhfrng
vdn dd tr6n. \n thd AOTS mong tlrrocg6p phdn trong viQc hop t6c kinh td
qudc td xuy6n qua vi6c hudn luyQn nhAn tii cfra c6c qudc gia dang ph6t
tridn.

39
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