Chapter 2

Related Research Literature

Local Literature
According to Bill Velasco from the Philippine Star (2015), one major phenomenon that
has been gradually eroding the health of the Philippines is lack of sleep. Aside from allowing the
body to rest, sufficient, quality sleep allows our minds to refresh, and facilitates the transfer of
short-term to long-term memory. Proper sleep has been proven to help students perform better in
school the following day, particularly in complicated tasks. Decision-making and emotional
stability are also affected by the right amount of good sleep.

According to Paul Junrey A. Toyong (2020) Being sleepy in class can have a vital impact on the
academic performance of a student. Lack of sufficient and adequate sleep can be harmful and
even deadly. It is a basic necessity of life and an important part of learning. Findings revealed
that 88 percent of the students were sleep deprived and they usually sleep for less than 6 hours
only. Two of the reasons for sleeping late were using Facebook and Messenger accounts and
playing mobile games. The third reason was making assignments and homework.

Local Study

According to the 2016 Healthy Living Index Survey, Filipinos have one of the highest
rates of sleep deprivation in Asia; 46% of Filipinos do not get enough sleep while 32% said they
sleep for less than six hours. The amount of rest required depends on the activities you do and
what your body needs every day. Without proper and enough sleep, it could affect not just your
mood but also your productivity.

According to an article in Philstar. A study has found that a majority of Filipino teenagers 15 to
18 years of age spend only four to six hours of sleep at night during the pandemic. The study also
found that 34.5% within the age group sleep at 3 a.m. or past since the COVID-19 broke out in
March last year.Meanwhile, 32.7% sleep at 1 a.m. to 2 a.m. while the rest turn in from 9 p.m. to
12 a.m. The article also stated that the main reason given why the respondents think they don’t
have healthy sleeping habits is the massive change in their daily routine (from physically going
to school everyday to just staying at home).
Foreign Literature

An article in Medical News Today stated that one of the effects of not getting enough
sleep is Decreased learning ability. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH)(USA),
sleep is essential for healthy brain function. During sleep, the brain consolidates information it
has processed throughout the day. Because of this, a lack of sleep directly affects a person’s
ability to learn new information or skills.

According to the NIH, a lack of sleep can also have negative effects on the following:

● attention
● decision making
● creativity

On October 8, 2015 - By Ruthann Richter stated that. Sleep deprivation increases the
likelihood teens will suffer myriad negative consequences, including an inability to concentrate,
poor grades, drowsy-driving incidents, anxiety, depression, thoughts of suicide and even suicide
attempts. Social and cultural factors, as well as the advent of technology, all have collided with
the biology of the adolescent to prevent teens from getting enough rest. Since the early 1990s,
it’s been established that teens have a biologic tendency to go to sleep later — as much as two
hours later — than their younger counterparts.

Foreign Study

In npj Science of Learning volume 4, Article number: 16 (2019) it is stated that Sleep
measures accounted for nearly 25% of the variance in academic performance. These findings
provide quantitative, objective evidence that better quality, longer duration, and greater
consistency of sleep are strongly associated with better academic performance in college. There
was a significant positive correlation between mean sleep duration throughout the semester
(sleep duration) and overall score, indicating that a greater amount of sleep was associated with a
higher overall score. Similarly, there was a significant positive correlation between mean sleep
quality throughout the semester (Sleep Quality) and Overall Score. Sleep inconsistency was
defined for each participant as the standard deviation of the participant’s daily sleep duration in
minutes so that a larger standard deviation indicated greater sleep inconsistency. There was a
significant negative correlation between sleep inconsistency and overall score, indicating that the
greater inconsistency in sleep duration was associated with a lower overall score
 BMC Nursing 20, Article number: 100 (2021) found that. Using the 11-item ‘sleep
habits questionnaire’, 30.4 % of the Nursing students were identified as having bad sleep habits.
In addition, Nursing students included in this research were characterized by an evening
chronotype and a short sleep pattern. Regarding academic performance, half of the Nursing
students showed a poor one. A short sleep pattern, bad sleep habits, and younger age, were
independently associated with a higher risk of poor academic performance.