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NUCLEAR PHYSICS

— By Sushant Sir
ijek.kq(Atom) same mass number but different atomic numbers.
 The atom is the smallest particle of an element which takes vyx&vyx rRoksa ds oks ijek.kq ftudk ijek.kq Hkkj leku ysfdu
parts in chemical reaction. ijek.kq Øekad vyx&vyx gksrk gS ,d nwljs ds leHkkjh dgykrs
rRo dk og lw{ed.k] ftlesa inkFkZ ds lHkh xq.k gksrs gSaA gSaArFkk
jlk;fud fØ;k esa Hkkx ysrk gS] ijek.kq dgykrk gSA Eg. (1) 15P32 & 16S32 (2) 20Ca40 & 18Ar40

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 Nucleons : Protons and Neutrons are present in a nucleus,  Isotones (leU;wVªkWfud) : Atoms of different elements having
these fundamental particles are collectively known as same number of Neutrons but different atomic number &
Nucleons.
AD M N mass number.

24 IR
izksVkWu ,oa U;wVªkWUl ukfHkd esa mifLFkr gksrs gSaA bu ewyHkwr
vyx&vyx rRoksa d.kksa
ds oks dks
ijek.kq ftuesa U;wVªkWuksa dh la[;k
lkewfgd :i ls U;wfDy;kUl dgk tkrk gSA gksrh gS ysfdu ijek.kq Øekad ,oa ijek.kq Hkkj vyx&vyx gksrk
AR HA
 Isotopes (leLFkkfud) : Atoms of the element with same gS ,d nwljs ds leU;wVªkWfud dgykrs gSaA
atomic number but different mass number e.g., H1, H2, H3, Eg. 6C14, 8O16, 7N15.
DA A S
are three isotopes of hydrogen.
 Isoelectronic (lebysDVªkWfud)

ijek.kq nzO;eku (Hkkj) vyx&vyx gksrk gS ,d nwljs ds leLFkkfud

isoelectronic.
: Atoms, molecules or ions
,d gh rRo ds oks ijek.kq ftudk ijek.kq Øekad leku ysfduhaving same number of total electrons are called

dgykrs gSaA ijek.kq] v.kq ;k vk;u ftuesa dqy bysDVªkWuksa dh la[;k cjkc
SH US

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C12, 6C13, 6C14 & 92U235, 92U238 etc. gksrh gS ,d&nwljs ds lebysDVªkWfud dgykrs gSaA
Isobars (leHkkjh): Atoms of different elements having the

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 Eg. N2, CO, CN—
Elementary Particle Discovered by Charge Mass
 Electron (bysDVªkWu) J.J. Thomson 1.6×10–19 columb 9.1×10–28gm
Charge of e– was measured by
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R.A. Millikan (Oil drop model)

 Proton (izksVkWu) Term proton was given by Rutherford +1.6×10–19 columb 1.672×10–24gm
Discovered by Goldstein
 Neutron (U;wVªkWu) James Chadwick Zero 1.675×10–24gm
Note : U;wVªkWu lcls Hkkjh o vLFkkbZ gksrk gSA bldk thoudky 17 feuV gksrk gSA

RADIOACTIVITY (jsfM;ks,sfDVork) (Negatron/-particle)

 It was discovered by Henry Becquerel. Artificial radioactivity Emittion of Neutron — (0n1)
was discovered by Madam Curie. X A  Z Y A 1  O n1
Z
The phenomenon of spontaneous emission of radiations ,
 &  by certain unstable nuclei is called radioactivity. In Note : Pb (lhlk) is stable end product
such a radiation some or all of these radiations may be-Rays : They are massless and chargeless. (budk vkos'k

emitted. 'kwU; gksrk gS rFkk ;s nzO;eku jfgr gksrh gSa)
bldh [kkst gsujh cSdqjy us dh Fkh tcfd d`f=ke jsfM;ks,fDVork
 Their velocity is equal to that of light.
dh [kkst eSMe D;wjh us dh FkhA  In -decay, A and Z are not affected.
dqN vfLFkj ukfHkdksa
}kjk
vkSj fofdj.kksa ds Lor%LiQwrZComparison of some properties of ,  & 
mRltZu dh ?kVuk dks jsfM;ks/feZrk dgk tkrk gSA ,sls fofdj.k esa power :  <  < 
Penetrating
buesa ls dqN ;k lHkh fofdj.k mRlftZr gks ldrs gSaA CARBON DATING (dkcZu&MsfVax)
Emittion of -Particles – (2He4)  The ratio of C14 to C12 in the carbon dioxide molecules of
atmosphere has a constant value. It is used to detect the age
Z X A  2 He4  z  2 Y A  4
of fossils.
Emittion of -Particle - (-1) bldk bLrseky thok'e dh mez dk irk yxkus ds fy, fd;k
Z
A A
X  Z 1 Y  1  O
tkrk gSA

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 Nuclear Fission (ukfHkdh; fo[k.Mu) Co 5.3 years
 The fission of uranium (235) was discovered by gku(Hahn)
& (LVªkleu)
(Strassman). C14 5570 years

Note —
 All nuclei with Z > 83 are radioactive.
 Inventor of Nuclear reactor was Enrico Fermi.
 In fission, the percentage of mass converted into energy is
 Apsara was the first Indian Atomic Reactor. It was also the
about 0.1%.
first Nuclear reactor in Asia. Apsara went critical at Bhabha
 For the chain reaction to continue, the size of the substance Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Trombay on August 4,
to be fissional should be larger than a critical value, this 1956.
value is called the "critical size".  Dr. Homi Bhaba is known as "father of Indian nuclear
programme."
U 235  n1  Ba141  kr 92  3 n1  E 200MeV
92 o 56 36 0  Boron and cadmium are used in Nuclear reactors (;s BMs+
In form of heat (Å"ek) U;wVªkWu&vo'kks"kd dk dk;Z djrh gSµ)
as control rods, because
they are capable of absorbing the Neutrons, without
Nuclear Fusion (ukfHkdh; lay;u)
undergoing fision reaction. These rods are called controller
H 2  H 2  He4 (fu;U=kd)-
1 1 2  Graphite and Heavy water (D2O) used as coolant or Moderant

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 In fusion two light nuclei combine together to form a heavy
nucleus. Large amount of K. Energies are reaquired to
AD M N
overcome strong coulomb force between two nuclei.
Nuclear reactor (Nuclear power plant) (xzsiQkbV vkSj Hkkjh ty
dk dk;Z U;wVªkWuks dh xfr] dks eUn djuk gSA)
 Liquid sodium is used as coolant in fast reactor because heavy

24 IR
 Hydrogen bomb - Edward Tailar 1952 (AMERICA) Fusion
reaction will give energy if particles are heated to high
AR HA
temperature large enough to start fusion reaction. Because
of thermal energy some particles can overcome the coulomb
water slows the Neutrons in the reactor too much, whereas
sodium does not.
 84 Polonium is man made Ist element which is used in IInd
world war.


DA A S
force. The temp. Corresponding to this energy is 108k.
In fusion, the % of mass converted into energy is of the order


Cobalt—60 can be used in the treatment of cancer.
Radioactive sodium dk iz;ksx euq"; ds 'kjhj esa nokvksa ds
of 0.4%. ifjlapj.k dh tk¡p esa fd;k tkrk gSA
SH US

Radioactive Isotopes Half life  Xenon (Xe133) is used for diagnosis of lung ventilation.
(jsfM;ks,fDVo leLFkkfud)  Iodine (I133) is used for diagnosis of kidney infection.

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 Iodine (I131) is used for thyroid function test.
24 14.8 hr  P32 is used for study of osteoporosis (someformation)
Na
Series Starting isotope Stable end product

P 32 14.3 days Uranium (4n+2) U238 Pb206

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92 82
235
Actinium (natural) (4n+3) 92
U 82
Pb207
I 131
232
8 days Thorium (4n) 90
Th 82
Pb208
Neptunium (4n+1) 93
Np237 83
Pb209
Fe59 44 days Note — To photograph parts of human body, BaSO4 is used. It
absorbs X-rays. Lead is the best absorber of X-rays.

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