PERFORMANS LOW SPEED

PEFLS
PAYLOAD (PASSENGER, CARGO, BAGS
• Payload = Traffic Load, equal to the sum of the individual masses of:
• Passengers, including hand baggage
• Baggage
• Cargo
• Mail

• Most Operators use during their flight planning process standard masses,
shortly before departure actual masses are used.
 RUNWAY DECLARED DISTANCES

Define the terms clearway (CWY) and stopway (SWY)

according to regional/local certification specifications

‘Clearway’ (CWY) means an area beyond the TORA on the ground or water over which an
aeroplane may make a portion of its initial climb to a specified height.
It is not less than 500 ft wide, centrally located about the extended centreline of the runway and
under the control of the airport authorities.
The CWY extends from the end of the runway with an upward slope not exceeding 1.25%.

‘Stopway’ (SWY) is an area beyond the TORA, no less wide than the runway and centred upon
the extended centreline of the runway, able to support the aeroplane during an abortive take-off,
without causing structural damage to the aeroplane, and designated by the airport authorities for
use in decelerating the aeroplane during an abortive take-off.
By using the table of Maxuímum Allowable Clearway, what is the maximum
clearway of a RWY defined by ASDA3200m / TODA3500m?
Why it is sufficient to focus for clearway evaluations on TODA only?
Because Clearway counts only for TODA.

What is in this case TODA?

TODA3500m + 210m = 3710m
Consequences of TWY Closure in view of intersection Take offs

Example SJJ
TWY Closure
TWY A in SJJ is closed
What are the consequence for ASDA TODA TORA LDA?
What is an intersection Take off ? What is the main advantage?
Dimensions: 2600 x 45 meters
Displaced Threshold: 100M
By using the table of Takeoff Field Correction – Dry Runway, what is the effect of an uphill slope
of 2% if TORA is 4000m?
AERODROME MINIMA
• Take-off
Take-off minima normally consist of a visibility and/or RVR element only
• Approach and Landing​

Landing minima consist of both visibility and/or RVR, and cloud base elements.
Decode following ATIS information
This is Mönchengladbach Airport – Information Alpha – Met Report Time 1620 – expect ILS-
approach runway 13 – transition level 60 – wind 140 degrees, 5 knots – visibility 9 kilometers –
light rain – clouds scattered 3000 feet – temperature 24, dewpoint 18 – QNH 1018 – NOSIG –
(Information Alpha out).
•A Take-off alternate is an aerodrome at which an aircraft
would be able to land should this become necessary
shortly after take-off and it is not possible to use the
aerodrome of departure.​
•An En-route alternate is an aerodrome at which an
aircraft would be able to land in the event that a
diversion becomes necessary while en route.
•A Destination alternate is an aerodrome at which an
aircraft would be able to land should it become either
impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of
intended landing.
 Describe reasons of specific preferential RWYs
Define what might be the reason to have specific preferential
RWY’s in the following cases:
BRU: Preferential RWY 25R TO / 25L LDG Why?
 Why is RWY 05 prefered for LDG in FLR?
(SNOWTAM 1435
EBLG
11300120 04L 5/5/5 75/100/75 NR/03/03 WET/SLUSH/WET SNOW
11300130 04R 5/2/2 100/50/75 NR/06/06 WET/SLUSH/SLUSH
RWY 04L SNOW BANK LR20 FM CL. RWY 04R ADJ SNOW BANKS. TWY B POOR. APRON POOR)
Item A. Aerodrome location indicator (the four-letter location indicator according to ICAO Doc 7910). This
item is mandatory.
Item B. Date and time of assessment (eight-figure date/time group giving time of observation as month,
day, hour and minute in UTC). This item is mandatory.
Item C. Lower runway designator number (e.g. 09, 04L, etc.). Only one runway designator is inserted for
each runway and always the lower number. This item is mandatory.
Item D. Runway condition code for each runway third. Only one digit (0-6) is used for each runway third
(e.g. 6/4/5). The runway condition code depends on the type and depth of the contaminant and the
outside air temperature. Higher numbers indicate better braking action. This item is mandatory.
Item E. Per cent coverage for each runway third. This information is provided only when the runway
condition for each runway third (Item D) has been reported as other than 6 and there is a condition
description for each runway third (Item G) that has been reported other than DRY. In this case, values 25,
50, 75 or 100 for each runway third are given (e.g. 75/100/50). When the conditions are not reported,
"NR" is used instead of numbers.
Item F. Depth of loose contaminant for each runway third in millimetres (e.g. 10/12/10). When the
conditions are not reported, "NR" is used. This information is only provided for:
standing water
slush
wet snow
dry snow
•Item G. Condition description for each runway third. This item is mandatory. When the
conditions are not reported, "NR" is used. The following words and phrases are used:
• COMPACTED SNOW
• DRY SNOW
• DRY SNOW ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW
• DRY SNOW ON TOP OF ICE
• FROST
• ICE
• SLUSH
• STANDING WATER
• WATER ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW
• WET
• WET ICE
• WET SNOW
• WET SNOW ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW
• WET SNOW ON TOP OF ICE
• DRY (only reported when there is no contaminant)
•Item H. Width of runway to which the runway condition codes apply. This item is included
if the value in metres is less than the published runway width.
Situational awareness section, containing 11 items (I-T). Elements in the this section for which no
information exists, or where the conditional circumstances for publication are not fulfilled, are left out
completely.
Item I. Reduced runway length, example: "RWY 16R REDUCED TO 2000"
Item J. Drifting snow on the runway, example: "DRIFTING SNOW".
Item K. Loose sand on the runway, example: "RWY 09 LOOSE SAND"
Item L. Chemical treatment on the runway, example: "RWY 15L CHEMICALLY TREATED"
Item M. Snow banks on the runway, example: "RWY 27 SNOW BANK L20 FM CL" (snow bank 20 metres
to the left of the centreline of runway 27); if the banks are on both sides, LR is used.
Item N. Snow banks on a taxiway, example: "TWY A SNOW BANK"
Item O. Snow banks adjacent to the runway (penetrating the height profile in the aerodrome snow plan),
example: "RWY 12L ADJ SNOW BANKS"
Item P. Taxiway conditions (only when the conditions are poor), examples: "TWY B POOR" or "ALL TWYS
POOR"
Item R. Apron conditions (only when the conditions are poor), examples: "APRON POOR" or "APRON
EAST POOR" or "ALL APRONS POOR"
Item S. Measured friction coefficient (includes the measured friction coefficient and measuring device).
This is only used if the State has an established programme of runway friction measurement using a
State-approved measuring device.
Item T. Plain language remarks.
Take-off Flight Path

The Take-off path extends from a standing start to a point at which the airplane is at a height:
• Of 1500 ft above the Take-off surface, or •
At which the transition from the Take-off to the en-route configuration is completed and the final
Take-off speed is reached, whichever point is higher”
•MTOW (Maximum Take-Off Weight) - the maximum weight at the start of the take-off
•MLW (Maximum Landing Weight) - the maximum weight for landing
•MZFW (Maximum Zero Fuel Weight) - the maximum weight before fuel is loaded
REGULATORY TAKE-OFF WEIGHT CHART
• The charts must be generated for each runway heading, and can be
produced for different Take-off conditions at the convenience of the applicant
(temperature, wind, QNH, flap setting, runway status, inoperative items).
• They provide the: • Maximum Take-off Weight (MTOW)
• Take-off speeds (V1 ,VR ,V2 )
• Limitation code
• Minimum and maximum acceleration heights.
• Example 1
• MTOW and speeds determination
• DATA
• Take-off from Paris-Orly, Runway
08
• Slat/Flap configuration: 1+F
• OAT = 24ºC
• Wind = Calm
• QNH = 1013 hPa
• Air conditioning: Off
• Runway state: Dry

• MTOW = 73.6 tons

• V1 = 149 Kt,
• VR = 149 Kt,
• V2 = 153 Kt
• MTOW limited by: second
segment and obstacle (2/4)
Example 2
• MTOW and speeds determination
• DATA
• Take-off from Paris-Orly, Runway 08
• Slat/Flap configuration: 1+F
• OAT = 34ºC
• Wind = 26010kt
• QNH = 1013 hPa
• Air conditioning: Off
• Runway state: Dry

➢ MTOW = 70.8 tons

➢ V1 = 148 Kt,
➢ VR = 148 Kt,
➢ V2 = 153 Kt
➢ MTOW limited by: second
segment and obstacle(4/4)
• Flexible Temperature and
Speeds Determination
• DATA
• Take-off from Paris-Orly,
Runway 08
• Slat/Flap configuration: 1+F
• Actual TOW = 66 tons
• OAT = 24ºC
• Wind = +20 Kt headwind
• QNH = 1013 hPa
• Air conditioning: Off
• Runway state: Dry

➢ RESULT
➢ Flex Temp = 68ºC
➢ V1 = 145 Kt,
➢ VR = 145 Kt,
➢ V2 = 150 Kt