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In this science we
study matter,
its properties,
and its behavior.
What is Matter?
Matter is anything
that has mass and
occupies space.
1.1 The Study of Chemistry
The Atomic & Molecular Perspective
Atomic
&
Molecular levels.
1.1 The Study of Chemistry
The Atomic & Molecular Perspective
Sodium chloride
H2 (not a compound)
NH3 (compound)
O2 (not a compound)
CH4 (compound)
1.2 Classifications of Matter
Mixtures
1.2 Classifications of Matter
Mixtures
Homogeneous Mixtures (also called solutions)
Constant composition throughout
Examples: air, salt water, metal alloys
Heterogeneous Mixtures
non-uniform composition
Examples: potting soil, oil and water, iron and
sulfur
1.2 Classifications of Matter
Mixtures
Mixtures: 2 or more pure substances that exist
together but are not combined chemically.
Components of a mixture (homogeneous or
heterogeneous) can be separated by physical
processes – more on this later
1.3 Properties of Matter
Physical Properties…
Can be observed without changing a substance
into another substance.
◦ Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.
Chemical Properties…
Can only be observed when a substance is
changed into another substance.
◦ Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with acid, etc.
1.3 Properties of Matter
Intensive Properties…
Are independent of the amount of the
substance that is present (useful for
identifying substances).
◦ Density, boiling point, color, etc.
Extensive Properties…
Depend upon the amount of the substance
present.
◦ Mass, volume, energy, etc.
1.3 Properties of Matter
Physical & Chemical Changes
Physical Changes
These are changes in matter that do not
change the composition of a substance.
◦ Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.
Chemical Changes
Chemical changes result in new substances.
◦ Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.
1.3 Properties of Matter
Physical & Chemical Changes
gas
solid
1.3 Properties of Matter
Physical & Chemical Changes
Rusting 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)
These are chemical changes
1.3 Properties of Matter
Physical & Chemical Changes
chemical change
Combustion of hydrogen:
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g)
Evidence:
Gas generated
Heat evolved/absorbed
Color change
In the course of a chemical change, the reacting
substances are converted to new substances.
1.3 Properties of Matter
Separation of Mixtures
Distillation separates
water (H2O) from salt (NaCl)