International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 49: 23-30, 2023

ISSN: 2320-5199 (Online); https://doi.org/10.55863/ijees.2023.sp003

© NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY, NEW DELHI
49 (Special issue): 23-30 Takkar et al.: Biomining of legacy waste dump sites 23
Biomining of Legacy Waste Dump Sites in India - Overview
AMIT R. THAKKAR*, NIRPENDRA SEMWAL AND PRASOON GARGAVA
Central Pollution Control Board, Parivesh Bhawan, High Tension Road, Subhanpura, Vadodara, 390023,
Gujarat, India
E-mail: amitthakkar.cpcb@nic.in, prasoon.cpcb@nic.in
*
Corresponding author

ABSTRACT
Solid waste generated in India during 2020-21 was 160038.9 TPD, out of which, 95.4% of waste was collected,
50% of collected waste was treated and 18.4% of collected waste was landfilled. The remaining quantum of
about 50655.4 TPD which is 31.65 % of the total waste generated remained un-accounted. The unaccounted
waste gets littered haphazardly at many locations in the cities and ultimately dumped in unscientific manner in
the sites commonly referred as dump sites. Unscientific and uncontrolled dumping of solid waste in the past
several decades has resulted in creation of many dump sites in cities and towns. Earlier, these dump sites existed
on the outskirts of the cities but now due to expansion of city limits, these dump sites have become part of the
cities. In India, there are 3184 dump sites having estimated 18,56,00,000 MT of legacy waste occupying
approximate 15,000 acres’ area of city land. Dump sites are not only waste of the valuable urban land resources
but also has potential of significant adverse impact on health and environment. Hon’ble Prime Minister of India
has given remarkable momentum to efforts and initiatives for Swachh Bharat and waste management through
the 56th episode of Mann Ki Baat broadcasted on 25.08.2019. Further, directives of Hon’ble National Green
Tribunal, technical guidelines and tool kits, efforts of line ministries, state administrative and regulatory boards,
urban local bodies have accelerated the momentum with added focus on biomining of legacy waste. The number
of cleared dump sites from 36 in the year 2019 to more than 550 in the year 2022 clearly indicates the impact of
cumulative efforts. This paper provides insight on the present status of legacy waste dump sites in India and its
management with changes in status during recent years. Biomining technology for remediation of dump site and
associated benefits such as land reclamation, recovery of valuables and benefits towards improved health and
environmental condition are discussed.

Key words: NGT, Municipal Solid Waste, dump site, environment, Swachh Bharat

INTRODUCTION amended Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, and

Municipal solid waste generation has shown drastic
increase in recent decades with increased population,
urbanisation and lifestyle. Annually, out of about
2,01,00,00,000 MT (about 55,06,849.31 Tons per
Day (TPD)) of waste generated globally, 33% of
waste is not managed in environmentally secure
manner (Kaza et al. 2018). As per annual report
published by Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB) for the year 2020-2021 on Solid Waste
Management in India, out of 1,60,038.9 TPD of solid
waste generated, 31.65% of waste is unaccounted
and dumped in unscientific manner (CPCB 2021).
In India, there are 3184 reported dump sites having
estimated 18,56,00,000 MT of legacy waste. As per
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affair, these dump
sites account to about 15,000 acres of city land
(Anonymous 2021a). Identification of dump sites
and potential for biomining was highlighted in the
accordingly duties and responsibilities of local
authorities and village Panchayats of census towns
and urban agglomerations were identified under
section 15 of the said rules (Anonymous 2016).
Hon’ble Prime Minister of India has given
remarkable momentum to efforts and initiatives for
Swachh Bharat and Waste Management through the
56 th episode of Mann Ki Baat broadcasted on
25.08.2019. Biomining is not a new concept as it
has already been practiced in India since the year
2002-2003 (Mohan and Charles 2018). However,
the adequate use of this technique for suitable
application was not widely adopted across the
country before guidance in the form of intended
policy suggested in Mann Ki Baat by Hon’ble Prime
Minister.
Swachh Bharat Mission initiative has shown mass
momentum and resulted in improvement of overall
solid waste management practices. Further, directives
24 Takkar et al.: Biomining of legacy waste dump sites Int. J. Ecol. Env. Sci.
of Hon’ble National Green Tribunal in the matters and mineralization of organic portion of dumped
of original application of 606 of 2018 and original solid waste. The mixing of fresh waste with legacy
application 519 of 2019 with original application 386 waste may affect the efficiency of the biomining
of 2019, has given judicature support for the effective process.
compliance of the rules. Guidelines for disposal of
legacy waste prepared by Central Pollution Control APPROACH
Board, efforts of line ministries, state administrative
and regulatory boards, Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) The menace of municipal solid waste is dealt in
have accelerated the momentum with special focus several linear and circular manner with varying
on biomining of legacy waste. degree of management, skill, infrastructure and
advancement. The cost incurred for successful
Biomining of legacy waste dump sites biomining, nature of waste available at the dump site
Old and abandoned dumped solid waste can be and its composition varies considerably. Therefore,
termed legacy waste. Bio capping and biomining/ the status of biomining of legacy waste in India is
bioremediation are two most commonly practiced studied and reviewed from existing literature and
techniques for remediation of legacy waste dump associated legacy waste management strategy. Best
sites. Bio capping is the process of scientific capping practices based on reported successful completion
and slope stabilization of the dump sites. In bio of biomining were examined and the lacunae or
capping, the land is not reclaimed and there is no constraints existing in present practice and
treatment of legacy waste. Clause (j), Schedule I of management of recovered material is reviewed.
the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 and the The inferences were drawn based on the finding
directives of Hon’ble NGT have mandated the ULBs in this study and way forward for such key issues
to remediate dumpsites through biomining process were delineated. Based on the findings, measures are
as a preferred technology over bio capping. proposed for addressing such issues and the policy
Biomining is the process of digging out the legacy intervention required to be taken is highlighted
waste from dump site to recover valuables in the form looking into the available scientific knowledge and
of metal, plastic, combustible and other inert best practices across the globe.
materials. In biomining, legacy waste is excavated, Literature review covered the annual reports of
processed, reused, recycled in environmentally sound solid waste management in India (CPCB 2019a, 2020
manner and land is reclaimed to ensure long term and 2021) compiled by CPCB based on the
sustainability. submission of information by State Pollution Control
The biomining experiment was first carried out Boards & Pollution Control Committees of the
at Panchvati in Nashik City of Maharashtra during country, information on status of completion of
2002-2003. The biomining cleared off average 4 to biomining from states and UTs after 2020-21,
7 meters depth of garbage spread over 28 acres in submission of status of biomining before Hon’ble
120 days at a cost of about INR 6.4 million (Mohan NGT in various matters, published articles, reference
and Charles 2018). In recent years, biomining books, CPCB guideline, available reports on
technique has successfully cleared many of dump successful completion of biomining etc. are referred
sites in the country and therefore can be considered and examined to present this paper.
as one of the best available techniques for
environmentally sound management of legacy waste METHODOLOGY OF BIOMINING
from dump site.
The time and resources required for biomining The biomining technique targets excavation of
depends on the quantum of legacy waste and age of targeted material from the excavated mass for further
dump site. Age of legacy waste is important criteria, process of screening and segregation. Equipment and
as freshly dumped waste carries more potential for machinery required for biomining are hydraulic
generation of marsh gas resulting from biochemical excavator, backhoe, front-end loader, trommel,
process. This process is responsible for stabilization clamshell or a combination of these. The composition
49 (Special issue): 23-30 Takkar et al.: Biomining of legacy waste dump sites
Figure 1. Typical composition of legacy waste
of excavated mass varies largely with the age of dump
site. Proportion of fines depends upon degree of
degradation of organic waste. Higher proportion of
fines indicates that the dump site is old (CSE 2022).
In general, the remaining portion can be categorized
as combustible portion like paper, plastics, textiles,
cardboard, constitutes 15-20%, Construction &
Demolition (C&D) waste constitutes nearly 20% and
metallic fractions, sanitary waste, diapers, etc.
constitute 1-5%. Typical composition of legacy waste
is depicted in Figure 1(CSE 2022).
It is also seen that, there are many dump sites
which contain mix of legacy waste and fresh waste
having different characteristics and composition.
Successful biomining of legacy waste dump sites can
be achieved by steps given below:
Prefeasibility study
Prefeasibility study before biomining of any dump
site comprises of collection of preliminary data like
area, height, age, active site or non-operational, past
accidents, fire, etc. Examination of baseline data
covers contour, hydrogeology, rainfall, topography,
prominent wind directions, etc. including
quantification and composition of the dumped waste.
Planning stage
Requirement of wind shield, heavy vehicles and
machineries, movement of vehicles, permission from
authorities, etc. besides infrastructure planning like
fire safety arrangement, leachate management,
environmental monitoring, parking, etc. are to be
looked into at initial stage. Emergency action plan,
25
risk assessment, timeline including training and
capacity building are also important pre-requisites.
Further, availability of water, power, manpower,
excavation plan, operational work flow for biomining
are key components to meet the time line. Detailed
planning is also required for identification of stake
holders to ensure end-use of the recovered material.
Operational stage
During operational stage adequate number of heavy
earth machineries with trained manpower is required.
It is important to ensure execution of operation of
biomining with necessary personal protective
equipment (PPEs), safe excavation, odour &
environment management, proper record keeping for
review and disposal of recovered materials as per
defined pathways.
Waste stabilization, processing and handling
Excavated waste may require stabilization based on
the age of dump site. The stabilization process helps
in further sorting and segregation. Effective
segregation, separation and dewatering are important
processes at this stage. With due consideration of
defined pathways of recovered material, rejects and
inert are disposed as backfilling material after
confirming its required properties, metallic fraction
can be recycled, combustible materials classified as
residual derived fuel (RDF) can be co-processed in
the cement kiln or incinerated, C&D waste can be
processed in C&D waste management facility for
various products or can be used as stabilization
material. Stabilized organic portion are composted
and can be utilised for soil enrichment. Success of
biomining depends on extent of utilization of
recovered materials.
Health and environmental problems due to dump
sites
Dump sites are uncontrolled, unsegregated and
unscientifically dumped municipal solid waste since
decades. Dumping of unsegregated municipal solid
waste on open land mostly located in outskirts of
the city was common practice. Many examples of
such dump sites like Ghazipur, Bhalswa and Okhla
in the National Capital Region, Pirana dump site of
Ahmedabad, Deonar in Mumbai, Bingipura and
Laksmipura in Bengaluru, Dhapa and Garden Reach
in Kolkata, etc. are known for frequent fire
incidences, associated environmental problems and
26 Takkar et al.: Biomining of legacy waste dump sites Int. J. Ecol. Env. Sci.
other accidents. dump sites in the country. The number of dump sites
Dump sites act as breeding grounds for various in the states are relatively more as compared to the
pathogens which lead to the production of UTs because of variation in geographical area and
greenhouse gases (Marsh Gases) through population. Figures 2 and 3 show the number of dump
methanogenic activity. In addition, such dumping sites in respective states and UTs during 2018-19 to
grounds are also associated with other nuisance like2020-2021.
odour problem, insects etc. Unscientific dumping Highest number of dump sites exists in Uttar
adversely affects all components of the environment.Pradesh followed by Madhya Pradesh and
Generation and emission of methane and other gases Maharashtra (Fig. 2). States having more than 100
like H2S, Ammonia, VOCs etc. adversely affects the dump sites are Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat,
quality of ambient air. Methane is one of the potential
Karnataka Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa,
greenhouse gasses linked to climate change. FrequentPunjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Naidu, Telangana and West
fires on dump sites emit fumes, particulate matters Bengal. Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Assam
and gases. Associated air pollution due to movement and Uttarakhand have dump sites ranging from 50
of vehicles is also reported in various studies. to 100. Similarly, it is observed that Jammu &
Lacking in management of runoff and leachate Kashmir has highest number of dump sites among
generated from such old dump sites are very UTs (Fig. 3). The remaining UTs have less than 10
common. Therefore, the generated leachate generally dump sites. Lakshdeep has reported 09 dump sites
finds its way in the water bodies and deteriorate during 2018-2019, however thereafter zero dump
quality of recipient bodies. Potential of ground water
sites are reported. Inconsistency in the information
contamination due to leaching from dump sites over submitted during the consecutive years was also
the years are also reported in various studies (Machhi
observed in few states/UTs.
2023, Anonymous 2021b). Hon’ble Prime Minister of India has given
Report titled “Assessment of Amount of Damage remarkable momentum to efforts and initiatives for
to Environment Due to Three Dump Sites in Delhi” Swachh Bharat and Waste Management through the
submitted by the joint committee constituted by 56th episode of Mann Ki Baat broadcasted on
Hon’ble NGT in the matter original application 519 25.08.2019, various funding under schemes of
of 2019 with original application 386 of 2019 shows Government of India, technical initiatives of
the impact on air quality, water quality, leachate Government of India, directives of Hon’ble National
management besides calculations of amount of Green Tribunal have resulted increase in number of
damage to the environment (Anonymous 2021c). cleared dump sites. Figure 4 shows number of
Efforts of Government of India with “Lakshya to biomining completed in the country from 2018-2019
Zero Dump Site” under Swachh Bharat Mission has onwards.
given considerable push to all concerned authorities It is found from the data reported in the CPCB
to reclaim dump sites. Technical assistance by the annual reports that the number of dump sites cleared
way of publishing various guidelines and toolkits were 36 during 2018-2019 and the numbers increased
(CSE 2022, CPCB 2019b) and financial assistant for to 234 during 2020-2021. The state of Maharashtra
biomining of legacy waste, dump sites under various reported highest successful completion of biomining
schemes like Swachh Bharat Mission, XV Finance and reclaimed land followed by Madhya Pradesh and
Commission etc. were also provided with aim to Tamil Naidu (CPCB 2019a, 2020, 2021). As per the
target garbage free cities. latest information submitted by SPCBs and PCCs to
CPCB for annual compilation of status of solid waste
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION management in India for 2021-2022, there are more
than 500 legacy waste dump sites where work of
Information about the number of dump sites reported biomining is under progress and biomining of more
in the annual reports of solid waste management than 550 sites are completed. Information of
during three consecutive years from 2018-2019 following reported success stories of legacy waste
onwards are examined. There are more than 3000 biomining are examined (CSE 2022, Anonymous
49 (Special issue): 23-30 Takkar et al.: Biomining of legacy waste dump sites 27

Figure 2. Number of dump sites in states during 2018-19 to 2020-2021

Figure 3. Number of dump sites in UTs during 2018-19 to 2020-2021

2021a, 2021b). The findings of these success stories
are discussed below.
City of Indore has been consistently holding first
position in Swachh Bharat Sarvekshan ranking for
past several years. Indore has initiated biomining
operation for about 15,00,000 MT of accumulated
legacy waste during 2016. The entire process of
remediation and processing of legacy waste took 24
months. The overall treatment and disposal cost of
legacy waste was estimated INR 360 per MT of
waste. Indore Municipal Corporation has deployed
its own resources for the biomining. The RDF and
combustible fraction recovered from the biomining
process was utilised in cement and road making,
C&D waste was processed for making building
materials, 8-10% fraction was recovered as
recyclables and the left over fraction of about 15%
was disposed in secured landfill site. About 100 acres
28 Takkar et al.: Biomining of legacy waste dump sites
Figure 4. Number of dump sites bio-mined and cleared in India
of land was reclaimed and converted into city forest.
Hon’ble NGT referred the success story of Indore in
various directions.
Vadodara, Gujarat has completed biomining of
one dump site located at Atladra area. The biomining
of Atladara site was started during 2018 for about
3,75,000 MT of legacy waste and the process was
completed in about 36 months. About 17 acres of
land was reclaimed. The Vadodara Municipal
Corporation has allotted 3.0 acres of reclaimed land
for the construction of C&D waste processing plant
of 50 TPD capacity and remaining portion is under
process of converting into garden. The fraction
recovered from bio-mining are RDF:21% to cement
plants, Recyclables:1%, Fine soil + Inert:78% for
horticulture and filling of low-lying areas. The
complete mobilization of plant, manpower,
earthmovers and responsible disposal of aggregates
was carried out by the third-party contractor. The
total project cost was INR 33.26 million and thus
the overall treatment and disposal cost of legacy
waste was approximately Rs 880 per MT of waste.
An example of bio-capping and biomining was
completed at Bhanpur dump site in Bhopal, Madhya
Pradesh. The dump site was 30 years old. Out of 37
acres of covered area, 21 acres area has been
reclaimed and remaining 16 acres was capped. The
Int. J. Ecol. Env. Sci.
project took 36 months for completion. The capital
cost for Bioremediation, Land reclamation and
scientific closure is INR 42 crores and O&M cost
for 5 years post closure is INR 10 crores.
Biomining of two dump sites of New Okhla
Industrial Development Authority (NOIDA), Sector
54 and Sector 145 was successfully completed in 6
months and 15 months, respectively. In Sector 54,
1,00,000 MT waste remediated and 12.5 acres of land
was reclaimed. About 20% RDF fraction recovered
from the biomining process was utilised in cement
plant, about 11% C&D fraction waste was used for
levelling of low-lying areas and remaining 69% Bio-
earth was used for horticulture. The overall treatment
and disposal cost of legacy waste was approximately
INR 1193 per MT of waste. In Sector 145 Noida,
3,80,000 MT waste was remediated and about 10
acres land was reclaimed. About 24% RDF sent to
cement industries, about 16% C&D waste used for
levelling of low-lying areas, remaining about 50%
of bio-earth soil used as soil conditioners in
abandoned areas. The overall treatment and disposal
cost of legacy waste was approximately INR 986
per MT of waste.
Biomining of Ramapuram dumpsite in Tirupati
for about 2,00,000 MT of accumulated legacy waste
during 2019. The entire process of remediation and
49 (Special issue): 23-30 Takkar et al.: Biomining of legacy waste dump sites
processing of legacy waste took 24 months. About
12% RDF sent to cement industries, about 13% C&D
waste used for road embankment and low-lying
areas, about 1% recyclable and remaining 74% of
bio-earth soil used afforestation. The overall
treatment and disposal cost of legacy waste was
estimated to be approximately INR 911 per MT of
waste.
There are many dumpsites wherein biomining
started and are likely to be completed by 2024. Some
of the prominent sites such as 37 years old dumpsite
of Gazipur, Delhi wherein about 1,40,00,000 MT of
legacy waste piled up to about 65 meters height from
ground level covering an area of about 70 acres.
Another 42 years old dump site is Pirana dump site
at Ahmedabad, Gujarat wherein 1,25,00,000 MT of
estimated legacy waste was dumped in 84 acres of
land. The height of heaps at Pirana dump site rangs
from 25 to 55 meters with steep slope. About 38 acres
of land has been reclaimed by excavating 76,00,000
MT of legacy waste.
The above success stories indicate that biomining
is the best available and proven technique for
scientific disposal of legacy waste from dump sites.
Proper planning for recycle and reuse of recovered
materials can be considered as key for the success.
Besides valuables recovered from the process, the
land reclaimed after biomining is the biggest asset
for the city. Improvement in environmental aspects,
safety and health of habitants residing near dumpsites
and betterment in overall aesthetic condition of the
area added prominent advantages associated with it.
It is observed that, cost of biomining of legacy waste
varies from INR 360 to 1193 per MT. The variation
in the cost of biomining may be attributed to age of
dump site, time period for execution, proximity with
locations for utilization of the recovered materials,
variation in manpower cost, overall planning and
execution etc. Variation in composition of legacy
waste reported from one dump site to another was
also observed. Excavated legacy waste is broadly
recovered under four components, namely
combustible/RDF, bio-earth or good soil, C&D waste
or inert and recyclable.
Environmental issues during biomining of dump
sites were also reported and Hon’ble NGT has also
imposed environment damage cost in some cases.
Thus, mitigation measures to control air pollution
29
and odour problem, safety measures, leachate
management etc. during process of biomining are
essential. Regular Monitoring of environmental
components to record the impact of biomining on
air, water and soil is essential part of the process.
Maintaining records of manpower, operational time
of equipment and machineries used for biomining,
composition of recovered material and its utilization
including time to time reporting to authorities is
another important aspect for time-to-time review of
progress and successful completion of biomining.
Various constraints during biomining operation were
also faced and reported which include continuous
receipt of fresh solid waste in the old dump site,
disposal of recovered material, residential area near
dump site, non-working condition during monsoon,
etc.
CONCLUSIONS AND WAY FORWARD
Biomining of legacy dump site is emerging as
effective technological tool to deal with the heaps of
old municipal solid waste in environmentally sound
manner besides reaping several associated benefits
like reclamation of valuable land occupied by the
waste and valuable fractions recovered. There are
more than 3000 reported dump sites in India having
estimated 18,56,00,000 MT of legacy waste spread
over 15,000 acres of precious city land. The state of
Uttar Pradesh has highest number of dump sites
followed by state of Madhya Pradesh and
Maharashtra.
The 56th episode of Mann Ki Baat by Hon’ble
Prime Minister of India has given remarkable
momentum to efforts and initiatives for Swachh
Bharat and Waste Management. Various funding
schemes of Government of India towards Swachh
Bharat, technical tool kits and guidance, directives
of Hon’ble National Green Tribunal have further
accelerated increase in number of cleared dump sites
from 36 during 2018-2019 to more than 550 during
2021-2022. Biomining is under process for more than
500 dump sites in various parts of the country.
Successful completion of biomining and reclaimed
land was reported highest by Maharashtra followed
by Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Naidu. It can be
assumed that ongoing momentum of remediation and
reclamation of dump sites will result in achieving
30 Takkar et al.: Biomining of legacy waste dump sites
“Lakshya towards zero dump site” of Swachh Bharat
Mission.
The key elements of biomining are utilization of
appropriate machinery, Bio-culture for stabilization
of waste, screening of different fractions of waste,
analysis of recovered earth material for proper
utilization, leachate management, record of
utilization of different category of products, etc.
There are many success stories of remediation of
dump sites through biomining in different parts of
the country to further improve upon the tools and
techniques based on experience gained so far.
Success story of Indore, Vadodara, Bhopal, Noida
and Triupati and ongoing biomining of Gazipur and
Pirana dump sites revealed that cost of biomining of
legacy waste varies from INR 360 to 1193 per MT.
It was also found that the composition of legacy
waste varies considerably. It can be concluded that
for successful remediation of dump sites proper
planning with reliable data to formulate the resource
recovery utilization, identification and coordination
for end use of recovered material, mitigation
measures for health, safety and environment,
monitoring and record keeping, use of advance
technology in the form of artificial intelligence etc.
are required. Continual efforts for engagement with
Producers/Brand owners for fulfilment of their
Extended Producers Responsibility under plastic
waste utilization of RDF in accordance with PWM
Rules, networking with different stake holders for
utilization of recovered material, adequate planning
to address and manage the present generation of solid
waste, adherence with the time line as per the
directives of Hon’ble NGT by concerned authorities
will help in addressing the efficacious
implementation of remediation of dump sites and
prevention of formation of new sites in future.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are thankful to Shri Tanmay Kumar,
Chairman, CPCB, Dr Prashant Gargava, Member
Secretary, CPCB and Mrs. Divya Sinha, Scientist F,
CPCB for guidance and encouragement. Inspired by
Mann Ki Baat Episode No. 56; dated August 25, 2019
Authors’ contributions: All authors contributed
equally
Int. J. Ecol. Env. Sci.
Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of
interest
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Received:2nd April 2023
Accepted:28th April 2023