Battery Thermal Management by PCM

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ICATECH 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2117 (2021) 011001 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2117/1/011001
PREFACE
It is with great pleasure that I introduce the proceedings of the 3rd International Conference
on Advance Engineering and Technology (ICATECH 2021) is an international seminar
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
EDITOR
Prof. Keiya Nishida
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Hiroshima, Japan
nishida@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
Dr. Malabika Basu

School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringTechnological University Dublin, Ireland
mbasu@ieee.org
Dr. Eng. Rizal Mahmud, S.Pd, MT

Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya, Indonesia
rizal@itats.ac.id
Dr. Michele Bici

Mechanical Engineering Department Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
michele.bici@uniroma1.it
Dr. Mat Syai’in, ST., MT., PhD

Surabaya Shipbuilding State Polytechnic, Indonesia
matt.syaiin@gmail.com
Dr. Agus Budianto

budichemical@itats.ac.id
Syamsuri, ST., MT., PhD

syamsuri@itats.ac.id
2
SPECIAL THANKS TO OUR KEYNOTE SPEAKER
Prof. Keiya Nishida

Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering
University of Hiroshima, Japan
Dr. Malabika Basu

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Technological University Dublin, Ireland
Aan Eddy Antana, S.T., M.Eng.

Head of Industrial Research and Standardization Center, Surabaya,
Indonesia
3
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
General Chairman : Syamsuri, S.T., M.T., PhD.

Dr. Mat Syai’in, S.T., M.T., Ph.D
Dr. Eng Rizal Mahmud, S.Pd. M.T
General Chief of : Dr. H. Agus Budianto, S.T., M.T.
Committee
Chief of Committee : Ahmad Anas Arifin, S.T., M.Sc
Vice Chief of Committee : Nasyith Hananur Rohiem, S.ST., M.T.
Dr. Rahayu Saraswati, ST, MT.
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IT : Nanang Fakhrur Rozi. S.ST., M.Kom
Member : Anwar Sodik, S.Kom., M.T.
Reviewer Coordinator : Prof. Dr. Ir. Nyoman Puspa Asri, MS.
4
SCIENTIFIC COMMIITTEE
1. Prof. Keiya Nishida (Hiroshima University, Japan)

2. Prof. Malabika Basu (University Dublin, Ireland)
3. Dr. Michele Bici (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy)
4. Dr. Dimas Fajar ST., MT. (Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia)
5. Aji Akbar Firdaus S.T., M.T. (Airlangga University)
6. Gunawan Tanuwidjaja, S.T., M.Sc. (Petra Christian University, Indonesia)
7. Syamsuri, S.T., M.T., PhD. (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya, Indonesia)
8. Dr. Mat Syai'in, ST., MT., Ph.D (Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia)
9. Dr. H. Agus Budianto, S.T., M.T. (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya, Indonesia)
10. Dr. Yustia Wulandari Mirzayanti, ST., MT (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya,
Indonesia)
11. Dr. Lukmandono, ST., MT (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya, Indonesia)
12. Dr. Rony Prabowo, S.E., S.T., M.T. (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya, Indonesia)
13. Evi Yuliawati, S.T., M.T. (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya, Indonesia)
14. Ahmad Yusuf Ismail, S.T., M.Sc. (Kunsan University, South Korea)
15. Eka Susanti, ST, MT (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya, Indonesia)
16. Dr. Ir. Hari Agus Sujono, M.Sc (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya, Indonesia)
17. Rinci Kembang Hapsari, S.Si., M.Kom (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya,
Indonesia)
18. Enggar Alfianto. S.Si, M.Si (Osaka University, Japan)
19. Andy Rachman, S.T.,M.Kom (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya, Indonesia)
20. Dr. Ir. Minto Basuki, MT (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya, Indonesia)
21. Dr.Eng. Rizal Mahmud, S.Pd., M.T. (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya, Indonesia)
22. Dr. Esthi Kusdarini, ST., MT (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya, Indonesia)
23. Avellyn Shintya Sari, S.T., M.T. (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya, Indonesia)
24. Dr. Moch. Junaidi Hidayat, ST., M.Ds (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya,
Indonesia)
25. Indra Komara, ST., MT (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya, Indonesia)
26. Achmad Chusnun Ni'am, S.Si., MT, PhD (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya,
Indonesia)
27. Dr. Eng. Mohamad Ferdaus Noor Aulady, ST., MT., M.SC (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama
Surabaya, Indonesia)
28. Dr. Ir. Wiwik Widyo Widjajanti, MT (Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya, Indonesia)
5

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Julius Ezra M. Gundran, Alvin B. Culaba
and Aristotle T. Ubando

Thermal Management System Using Phase Change Material

for Lithium-ion Battery
E Grimonia1, M R C Andhika1, M F N Aulady2, R V C Rubi3, N L Hamidah1

1
Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems
Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Institut
Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya, Indonesia
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Adamson University, Manila,
Philippines
nurlaila.hamidah88@gmail.com
Abstract. The lithium-ion battery is promising energy storage that provides proper stability, no
memory effect, low self-discharge rate, and high energy density. During its usage, batteries
generate heat caused by energy loss due to the transition of chemical energy to electricity and
the electron transfer cycle. Consequently, a thermal management system by cooling methods in
the battery is needed to control heat. One of the cooling methods is a passive cooling system
using a phase change material (PCM). PCM can accommodate a large amount of heat through
small dimensions. It is easy to apply and requires no power in the cooling system. This study
aims to find the best type of PCM criteria for a Lithium-ion battery cooling system. The
research was conducted by simulations using computational fluid dynamics. The variations
were using PCM Capric Acid and PCM Hexacosane, with thickness variations of 3 mm, 6 mm,
and 9 mm. Hexacosane PCM with 9 mm thickness indicates the best result to reduce heat up to
6.54°K, demonstrating a suitable passive cooling system for Li-ion batteries.
1. Introduction
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are promising candidates among types of batteries [1]. Lithium-ion is
known for its preferable stability, no memory effect, low self-discharge rate, and high energy density
[2]. In electrochemical batteries, modules and battery packs generate a certain amount of heat during
discharge [3]. This phenomenon occurs due to electrochemical exothermic reactions and ohmic heat
effects. The ineffectively removed heat accumulates and causes an increase in battery temperature.
This excessive heat decreases the battery cycle performance, lifetime, safety factor and causing battery
thermal runaway [4]. The thermal runaway is known as the process of a sudden and uncontrolled
increase in battery temperature followed by a sudden voltage drop [5]. Thus, battery thermal
management is needed to control its heat, minimize the risk of damage, and increase the safety factor
for Li-ion batteries.
One of the thermal management methods is, passive cooling system. The thermal management
cools down outside the battery, with low additional equipment needed (pumps, compressors, pipes).
This study focuses on the use of passive cooling in batteries using phase change materials (PCM).
PCM is a material that undergoes a phase change and uses its chemical bonds to absorb and release
heat. The PCM at room temperature can be in solid form. Once the temperature gets high, the PCM
absorbs the excess heat until its melting point. At this high temperature, the PCM changes to a liquid
melting phase, then retreat to solid when the temperature reverts to normal. Besides integrating the
system, PCM as a passive cooling system is also an efficient, easy to maintain, long-term, low price,
good heat distribution, and dissipation. To get an optimum PCM for batteries, a passive cooling
system, preferable type, and thickness of PCM are needed [6].
Verma. et al [7] performed passive cooling methods using PCM (Capric acid) on a battery
management system. In this study, PCM (Capric acid) is used to decrease the battery temperature and
enhance the uniformity of temperature in the battery. Therefore, the PCM can avoid any localized heat
that causes battery damage and safety problem. The result demonstrates that PCM could absorb the
peaks of extreme temperatures and improve the uniformity of temperature distribution in the battery.
On the other hand, Al hallaj and Selman [8] proposed the PCM-based battery cooling system (BCS)
using a paraffin mixture of hexacosane. The result suggests that the PCM have changed phases
between solid and liquid and cooled the Li-ion cylindrical batteries
Accordingly, Two PCM-based BCS using capric acid and hexacosane are applied in this research.
The heat transfer and temperature change on the battery are investigated. The objective of this study is
to provide an effective passive cooling method for a battery thermal management system using phase
change material
2. Methodology
2.1. Heat absorption

The heat absorption process of the PCM occurs through the energy equation below [9] :
(1)
𝜕(𝜌𝑃𝐶𝑀 𝐻)
= 𝛻( 𝐾𝑃𝐶𝑀 𝛻𝑇) + 𝑠ℎ
𝜕𝑡
𝐻 = ℎ + ∆𝐻 (2)
∆𝐻 = 𝛽𝐻 (3)
𝛽 = 0, 𝑇 > 𝑇𝑚 (4)
𝛽 = 1, 𝑇 < 𝑇𝑚 (5)
Where 𝒔𝒉 is heat generation rate, 𝑯 for the PCM enthalpy, ∆𝒉 for PCM latent heat, 𝒉 for PCM
sensible heat, 𝑲𝑷𝑪𝑴 as thermal conductivity PCM, 𝝆𝑷𝑪𝑴 as PCM density, 𝜷 for the PCM liquid
fraction, and 𝑻𝒎 as melting temperature or namely liquidus temperature.
Equation (1) support the possible total of absorbed heat by the PCM. Indeed, the high absorbed
heat of the PCM occurs on the PCM with a high value of melting temperature, density, specific heat,
and thermal conductivity. These conditions can be used as a reference for choosing a good PCM.
2.2. Simulation set-up for the thermal management

In the simulation set-up, the stages are formation of battery geometry (shows on Figure 1), meshing,
set-up the boundary condition and entering the required data during simulation and post-processing in
the form of contours and plots of temperature graphs on the battery.
2
(a) (b)
(C) (d)
Figure 1. Battery Geometry (a) Without PCM (b) Thickness of 3 mm, (c) Thickness of 6 mm, (d)
Thickness of 9 mm
The simulation of the geometry using boundary conditions as written on Table 1
Table 1. Boundary Condition

Boundary Condition Information
Cell Capacity 2 Ah
MSMD Battery Model C-rate 3
Initial DoD 0
Density (constant) 2604.92 Kg/m³
Spesific Heat (constant) 894 J/Kg°K
Battery Material Thermal Conductivity
1.035
(constant)
Convection h = 7 W/m²K
Outer Wall (Battery and
Free Stream Temperature 306 °K
PCM)
Heat Generation Rate 181466.2 W/m³
2.3. Numerical Solution

The numerical solution of this thermal management study is using Computational Fluid Dynamics to
perform and analyze heat transfer and its fluid flow of battery cooling system. The first stage start with
meshing, which dividing geometry into small element of volume control for the mathematical
calculation.Tetrahedral mesh type is used in this study, for the main mesh construction. The boundary
conditions are determined after the meshing process. The outer wall of the battery cell simulation is set
as free convection boundary conditions, with the heat transfer coefficient as written on Table 1 of 7
W/m2K.
2.4. Validation
Validation is done by comparing the obtained simulation results and the experimental results [10]. The
experiment uses a battery with the same models, type, and voltage, namely Li-ion type 18650 with a
3
voltage of 3.7 Volt. These experiments produce a visualization of battery temperature with a set-up
discharge rate (C-rate) of 3.5. Based on the experimental results, the maximum temperature of the
battery is 55.4°C, while the maximum temperature from the simulation is 323.9°K or 50.75°C. The
error calculation reached was 8.3%.
(a) (b)
Figure 2. Validation with –rate of 3.5 a) Experiment result [10] b) Simulation result
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of the ambient temperature effect on the cooling process

The variation is to change the ambient temperature of the battery and PCM to determine the effect of
environmental conditions on the passive cooling process. The temperature variation is done by
changing the ambient temperature to be higher than the temperature in the previous simulation
(306°K) to 325°K (51°C). The graph of the maximum temperature drop of the battery is depicted in
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Graph of Battery Temperature with Variations of Ambient Temperature
It was found that PCM under extreme ambient conditions was able to lower the temperature greater
than under normal condition. But, PCM was not able to keep the battery temperature below the
operating temperature recommended by the manufacturer, which is 323°K (50°C). This result is
similar to a previous study [7], which showed a better temperature reduction performance when the
PCM was in extreme environmental temperature conditions but was unable to keep the battery
temperature below 323°K (50°C).
The above result is then compared with the decrease in battery's normal ambient temperature
(306°K), which is presented in Table 2
4
Table 2. Decrement of Battery Temperature with Variation of Ambient Temperature

Variation of Decrement of Battery Temperature (°K)
Ambient PCM Thickness of PCM Thickness of PCM Thickness of
Temperature 3 mm 6 mm 9 mm
Normal (306°K) 1.39°K 2.26°K 2.84°K
Extreme (325°K) 3.26°K 3.95°K 4.39°K
3.2. Analysis of the effect of PCM type variations

The variation is to change the type of PCM used as passive cooling in the battery, the type of PCM
used is Capric Acid (CH3(CH2)8COOH) and Hexacosane as a comparison.
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 4. Battery Temperature with Variations in PCM Type with Thickness (a) 3 mm (b) 6 mm (c) 9
mm
Figure 4 demonstrates that Hexacosane PCM can reduce battery temperature better than Capric
Acid PCM at the same thickness. At a thickness of 3 mm, Capric Acid can reduce the maximum
battery temperature by 1.39°K, while Hexacosane PCM can reduce the maximum temperature by
2.26°K. At a thickness of 6 mm, Capric Acid can reduce the maximum temperature of the battery by
2.26°K. At the same time, the Hexacosane type PCM is able to reduce the maximum temperature of
3.37°K. And at a thickness of 9 mm, Capric Acid is able to reduce the maximum temperature of the
battery by 2.84 °K. Meanwhile, Hexacosane PCM can reduce the maximum temperature by 6.54°K.
Furthermore, the cooling effectiveness for each PCM thickness is calculated as shown in Table 3
Table 3 Cooling Effectiveness of Hexacosane PCM

Thickness
Cooling Effectiveness
variations
3 mm 0.15
6 mm 0.22
9 mm 0.43
5
Based on these results, it can be concluded that 9 mm Hexacosane PCM has the highest cooling
effectiveness value compared to other PCM thickness variations. These results are similar to [6], the
PCM with the best cooling effectiveness value is the PCM with the greatest thickness by showing
better cooling of the battery.
3.3. Analysis of the effect of thickness variations

The thickness variation of the PCM for the passive cooling in the battery, using the type of PCM used
is Capric Acid (CH3(CH2)8COOH) with variations in the thickness of 3 mm, 6 mm, and 9 mm.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 5. Battery contour temperature (a) without PCM, (b) thickness of 3 mm (c) thickness of 6 mm
(d) thickness of PCM 9 mm.
Based on Figure 5, it shows that a battery without PCM has a maximum temperature of 321°K. In
contrast, a battery using a PCM passive cooling system shows a maximum decrease in temperature. A
battery that uses a PCM with a thickness of 3 mm has a maximum temperature of 320°K. In
comparison, a battery that uses a PCM with a thickness of 6 mm has a maximum temperature of
319°K, and a PCM with a thickness of 9 mm has a maximum temperature of 318°K.
3.4. Phase Change Analysis on Hexacosane PCM

PCM Hexacosane specification data shows a solidus temperature of 327 °K and a liquidus temperature
of 329 °K. It means that when the surrounding temperature of the battery exceeds 327 °K, Hexacosane
PCM starts to experience a phase change. Between 327 °K and 329 °K, Hexacosane PCM is in a phase
between solid and liquid.
Based on the simulation results, it is found that the maximum temperature of the battery only
reaches 321°K, so the Hexacosane PCM material has not yet experienced a phase or form change
because the solidus temperature of the battery is 327°K. Based on this analysis, PCM Hexacosane at
the time of the simulation had not yet changed its form. As an illustration of how PCM changes the
phase or form of the Hexacosane PCM, the thick red line shows the maximum temperature of the
simulated battery (Figure 6). In contrast, the black line shows the pattern of the Hexacosane PCM
phase change to changes in temperature and time.
6
Figure 6. Phase Change Analysis on Hexacosane
4. Conclusion
The simulation result concluded that as the thickness of the PCM increases, the decrease in battery
temperature also increases. This is because the greater the volume and mass of the PCM increase the
value of heat absorbed by the PCM from the battery. When examined in terms of heat transfer, a good
PCM criterion is PCM, which has a large value of melting temperature, density, specific heat, and
thermal conductivity. The PCM can absorb and store heat with large values. PCM Hexacosane has
better cooling performance than PCM Capric Acid. PCM Hexacosane with a thickness of 9 mm can
reduce the maximum battery temperature by 6.54°K. In comparison, PCM Capric Acid with a
thickness of 9 mm can only reduce the maximum temperature of the battery by 2.84° K . 9 mm thick
PCM has the best cooling effectiveness due to Hexacosane PCM has higher melting temperature,
density, specific heat, and thermal conductivity values than Capric Acid PCM. Hexacosane PCM is
better at absorbing and releasing heat since the thickness of the PCM is also more efficient. Therefore,
the authors suggest Hexacosane PCM with a thickness of 9 mm as a reference for passive cooling
systems in batteries.
5. References
[1] Hamidah, N. L., Nugroho, G., & Wang, F. M. (2016). Electrochemical analysis of electrolyte
additive effect on ionic diffusion for high-performance lithium ion battery. Ionics, 22(1), 33-41.
[2] Etacheri V, Marom R, Ran E, Salitra G, Aurbach D. (2011) Challenges in the development of
advanced li-ion batteries: a review. Energy Environ Sci 4:3243–62.
[3] Hamidah, N. L., Wang, F. M., & Nugroho, G. (2019). The understanding of solid electrolyte
interface (SEI) formation and mechanism as the effect of flouro‐o‐phenylenedimaleimaide (F‐MI)
additive on lithium‐ion battery. Surface and Interface Analysis, 51(3), 345-352.
[4] T. Yuksel, J. Michalek. (2012) Development of a simulation model to analyze the effect of
thermal management on battery life. SAE 2012 World Congress & Exhibition, Vol. 25, pp. 8–18.
[5] Feng, X. (2018) Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: a
review. Energy Storage Materials 10, 246–267
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Battery Thermal Management by PCM

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12/14/21, 3:57 PM Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume 2117, 2021 - IOPscience

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Dr. Malabika Basu

Dr. Eng. Rizal Mahmud, S.Pd, MT

Dr. Michele Bici

Dr. Mat Syai’in, ST., MT., PhD

Dr. Agus Budianto

Syamsuri, ST., MT., PhD

SPECIAL THANKS TO OUR KEYNOTE SPEAKER

Prof. Keiya Nishida

Dr. Malabika Basu

Aan Eddy Antana, S.T., M.Eng.

General Chairman : Syamsuri, S.T., M.T., PhD.

1. Prof. Keiya Nishida (Hiroshima University, Japan)

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Peer review declaration

 Type of peer review: Single-blind with two level review system

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Thermal Management System Using Phase Change Material

E Grimonia1, M R C Andhika1, M F N Aulady2, R V C Rubi3, N L Hamidah1

2.1. Heat absorption

2.2. Simulation set-up for the thermal management

The simulation of the geometry using boundary conditions as written on Table 1

Table 1. Boundary Condition

2.3. Numerical Solution

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Analysis of the ambient temperature effect on the cooling process

Figure 3. Graph of Battery Temperature with Variations of Ambient Temperature

Table 2. Decrement of Battery Temperature with Variation of Ambient Temperature

3.2. Analysis of the effect of PCM type variations

Table 3 Cooling Effectiveness of Hexacosane PCM

3.3. Analysis of the effect of thickness variations

3.4. Phase Change Analysis on Hexacosane PCM

Figure 6. Phase Change Analysis on Hexacosane

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