eget) a system — t v il R 6 ldlie syctem — Ae J ws pe De is Independent q Topone eptien esa i voltage . jem siqnelune = —? presence ener storing elemet ogee i r SHE Se} OST ee: [ Modeling | osama system J a core of mode eimai on the applications. [ce 4D Aamolne controlled Dec. molan v | Sregd I —tnenta B ' DeraceakS) ein Time orecporetllere — < Tree ey eatdeep pnmatume vowye render’ AS [Me tadia 424 e] fete yr] —+ ay yo Boek emgh Ao aac Int Torro eee vt Theo a hens cab js pee seer FE) |— eee oace dey : ee Be Kde ——() f= ton) K [S° Ss mulbo’ isin seedy slate — ig become conchat dis se | 40 | ax > then en state Ej Rs become, iephfied A sce see 3 orden “ model hace been aa vies vehiclan Seer | 7 > \ s*y rl . &+—t | Onde on i model — and Ve4 (40) 5 sft flor) ia Heoco pia, ) deo7 | Cinclent before stthehinal —) s-domein Avprefenn + c OW) = sty os4+ segs) — - Tr Bele) 2 laced-B System must be initially nelaced 4 ep ne sendin, Ave, ie uate: dion “pere) ai ny "I afm fee nm. 7 % po Linens syshon Nonlnen system = diffe Jo mealise - 5 denn in peal ates Slate = spore poles + Dynamic Sila Ee eeen Dipicential equation thet — deseavhe, system dynamis ‘He liproies € acrore @ J J I : / Lge FRA Ne = v} Velkeve across Ve ok bored toleal| th epvotion % Voller aevese t= ind wallefk we ane lime joer mn awn | Vi Se ee acs Hep elt the de l—x* rece) Ocoee mmeryy ste elements On wemouing ‘| —> Here we ang [iu v3 shade v\ Frying to made rae the evden ef \gubetideds aU — >idii¢avev Cquedion. . NC amma ok suideble [ fevst ordest ‘epeliens] ! Py Seas) pace aa ant onden 13 = T(tee iia onden 4) P ledi 2-ve Lei tv S oF ME : ; gi gh Ne RL gay. ae ae a4 — (8) bey tq y> deo, Meter SY % tde}s OA Cindi —— V ctele condition] aes X20 ko Ft00" Deny indial eondidion ca tn deleting stale 4 tohole e.J qo Is In vector stete lias : + . ma‘ {meauy epee ree anie Te as Ve oo See [4 = “fe —dvom eypedion A. Madi BR) Mode BY pe 2 aantohy R “Tf a slele vasteble cath ae — Pate chan “HP Ud dish button mobein |] A Xx | Cpa "ary se 8) qerqen el ene . J iS 1s eyen vale & ° 7 | ° ‘s 7 | r fire sen colby —% -" 6 Aowe—’ a-lo ate oon > fray determinant , & a hae co [™ tear an as 6 =o] elyen volves, Poneto eral — Dpptare en eneeet Tie on mebet ial ” Bee Ree fre, a [x +Ra ¢i es c4| t4 Shy Leo dy Rd =v J— [ 13h + au etre | aaa eiscin ln x) [meng mererbremnys sppy ies vey ss pere- 3 Toes rane flevin - aati “ncdial Prey] eal Cade eis We (oBe On acy ty . co da a [er ss 4 -lof _ , an oa is> ~ L (s onclegous to al RXR A we find ot] ? podGz et, “eb fe eye Py te Coupe) Lowteje aerort nerislor] hana *] |<) t {ele *f, ec Sa bff erecdial jerm ] ee eg = voldege threw: Sr BAN ew Le observation ma bri, presi that velate edate variable eth al SEAM FRY { ae ecie) soe | [e- tHe 4 ap f state variable] Li ce tu? Fre 1 ~E z ce i 8. G,-ia)] [Loop 4) | Sf Le Btiinte adie 4 Rie] Care 2] | Nel — eer we fae ee h Sere * dhxpegh induc J : : je Vi ene vrata Rae pea 1©@- pt Utes i Bee | yo he e Rite) -eax, Ee PS eae PL ba In— yeb “nya [yu (vollene ‘ccrose “Ry it dehth ee gts J ba Mam Ma the nodes ott “e (where es er move brevehts meet] Men) Kei, tas FM + (Lk) - Pax] cag wey Ratin yirk = Ve = LyX) ae, Ve sx, = Ly + i Xafd-2) ld [hs a sig] = —? Select th ® 1g & Stade venvable d & Te thind in on any due, 4 othe, two, term fa- 4) one jig- Ly commecting UR erty free aleacs aA lee | “TP —-— a. . ee § Ma fordomendal loop lace evtee] — fon ese led ee eee ie i wdamental coleed eet, oe ae : as ieeelee tare eet | x Beckectd) ot cp en weltye Me casedmed | eS shade Lesvabte L4 eas | tree | lr An — 22 Ns i So acces fas —_—_ J Medelmy ]- 1S SD Hans aah acess gf F Sas { Svat "ye op acres 1E Ky — Veurredt m dhe nductoy, NX [xin —2X%af— 2 4, se] maT tyr | bei. dt[vetlel branches im vee Not] Momben af melee matt F Shas | Vs a iL Fy an Po ots | oy oe IF tox 4 2 —erge ia (ee) 5 A Ma 2g 1g =o] = 4 —% 3 i 2-4] p20 Penne a [ z iis v & nl |cutsel — tonlairs JLT tne branch, [Contetrr ont ares cece!) a 3b 5c * theme ot dred TPA 2 tee sheld neh entein f ses 3 closed ced toop. art 10°64 {Frias 4 (fortemental eset fe A ese (eeu nr) —?> ye [ka— ewrenb in an] | i ett] Urry geet ong — Sane corvenl 2-veCheck hethen Qny tended th hetemen + irre reeee ee ee J Seri ieeeaty ~ L XK. = 3 x " 1 Ww = ' ie eee loop shold neh — contain, mor then eae yout 3 uncie “eR ' men inputs ) Bor (Vac Reagent i‘ => A— Sasi meaty, Ae RINE be ReXt opel acral mene ssy ane (W) a [gor ost! aaa acress an (v,) t odein]Us —V) =X (Ay vin gee * Cy, 5 woe le Vee tion — 43 a gol[hen ee LQ pata St geben RE 2 perl ae) som 2 . = Tolar t [iv = cx 4 se ] ee KX “ imac (ia pendelem = ' Ascome, Seal roa aLe Sis ne AN Tnenenting 6 > pacteel eel t te hs ' J pele ntial Ch 0 Facacaicamim cats 3 two shades OH einelic meray position & me [een is + ts > (renqve . rgierne) “S$ -ve de fo neciening nechone i> I> oon! Ae aie a gel 3 C4: ~ngisine] Pec pe fens ES%, os a? inwy ees Non —Unean an. a pal & = 3 c 3 —~ 3 Re oe | eee at —> imped ih gendelemn — Tongue. Co viside) Céutenel ter i I = qin) i % ei gpemuy 4 2 yf 1 uc Lx Fjar + geo | Lgraien ne] [2 |; [ i te] nL “2 4.b0 7200) 8B a B yw so & wed fi) 2M PR . ao) seal to ] > whet is dr feauaa Yoo ~ AK & ce Linear Non-lenean AX fica’ Bu gery Xe px 480 — LTT gaan 2 Ponce foes system, ve. wean tay 3 {x = AX ] ns Ron, of motrin AL? Ge ot in: al a I. 3 3] [Rew ranlt 2 Column werk]— "Ef ebb 6] 2 Ge cg ewist except cr ee. Jhen colums ame nel ea eran Re medi. or Aomeng ia wows thd — colemn eens will gd x= AX [AR velee qx the sctisfies xz0 | Xe DAxXe= ° “| Xe iste fpr Mb mniem pot X= AK x [ € = AKe=0) a, eqetlibyiom Concer dtnin AR is invertible — [xe sto = o] the, we evalate 7 i [xe =7° cae live [: ae ° > system Beare’ 7 rte wit hecome 0, when Ne & ic =0 Reeienel 4 ore ai state vanrable, . cy L je 2n As =aqpss | torvend Vl Aglare ig weaeked.(i A is’ fell Verathy medvine , “ ba — Le civevit. then, xe 20 cle elie will become oniatens aS Leese vicm guint - vate change shode vemoble — becdme a sca fo ene] K=O > Pryre! sip dl le walle [ax =ax|> AX —ALX =o HOO 36 JA-arlso [chanachenstic aa haar Detenmingnt ah de Jere. CARNAL Carat N Ae-1,-2 &-3, “w yee ney fa Fa] sot] te weiss | = -| xy % % ' Sc ° ome qe vecton aad Ayfoe Ay:-2, j Bae ayer fet ie One Ha, eye vector {| -3 —> [Belecl im eaten ee pone Small valee pet ae i eigen veclor - ree!) hy Acherminant — is ai medic is hel sit aes mdeig] me bred a a) onelis ation | 1 tee | gL tA Ma aur 4-2 53 fA ee (scutes! Mae oane 9) ees rom Made ees os IN© 16 eigen YY MAM = | : NX at ser we o o\-23 y Se ne Replact= = choweclenstics ~* qo Abatoa® H1A46 20adetily mo daie, “eps fos) oo Of o eee Loo Clete. 1 Ol Ol tol on meter wee “1-2 “3-4-5 = pea bata aad ygatyaatl =o (By observation ] os, On ne-etnan: Ca vous © column in = onden , chonaclenstrc i jes eh 1G) aes a male nh companion fanm, make il chenactens bres init i eA 5 ese tree tows | a aceon al ae A3! eee Alsen = yn valve pare RAY = 1 ay , 4 oI %= Ax + BU Hols VER Y= cx + dU € y Y c i R h — Sirgle — tpt single outpa de B. atl column \ pel system, g te aa ei oud T a i) eee Faia Ciel wei a wal pl Xe) = 16 any aaa Pyrefeomntion on equntigs (a) ax + 2u} SKO — xl0) = Axe) Fos)YE) Fale vey 4 wuss cyection (ey a £ RW = axes 4 3 us) vo. Cos a-ny x = Bus | eee both side , sal (si ay" xs) = (s1-A) Te us) oes) ecbsAltel th equation. @) Y= clst—ajieus) + > us) YO = ¢Csr-a)'s + >| ovlpul ao Trans fen fencho ' — yop Ty = cadj (st-A)8 4 D Isz-A | { \ st Ayre chavactensties apoatce 4 seca unebiens, severable. we get ae valee . al -t poles | TR = ia valve a Cae elhes & y en ae weeton = — Eigen tw) 7 AX = AX 1 [2] cf ah— Basis nag wy) on this je (') d Tyee 7 : (s rd eR S Ireente Hependent ? Siam Ba i i ami RoxR=2, both ane ct inpende + [Bos veclens— ows be Mrewnly i dpendnd | ocd other] | How to nprcerd Guy 3 (2) | — | at8 --K. es aoe i met eat » OS wes eo wee ae Ni desdonee naka + vecte a) (3,0) Scalar mu llipleation — magnitede Jeb sealed.=> [Meri both gel 42) etgen veelor , associat, J cuiated oa, 5 pa au Reecrloriecere: Nor dena 9 hi bed oelesiented.] a ia + Fm velve = le | ts Cy e8hn, al en vecton [ase ay associated — with i valee, A= AX js SNC ]S] testy am wyeo a fk -2> : cue veclen atsodaled say — 2) ES) eb] SS Ae | ee ee x as vector, l ] a Laity redwith 6101 vecdon) A= madvin, metre dees ned ali onientadtron f veclon ae a vee = toy fo stretch etyen vectooi]* Spee oy ony ceetec sy ie! Went a ae 4 ench other] Le a ce (bod Gy wy vecln 2 um yt pearaaed fe lhcae ae ecto Preponelisadion —_ Dia Aaa Zable meaty when | es Algebreic multinitei bh Geome ivic = fo re eae p u IE great tee nite Joy Jo 1 ° fe ana es te ee eg tectet) ee ore 4 nm tdlen ale ‘Laecen Wen veclon ft 27 J “ “osx AX = AX KIax s Klan x = arty [wee e*] Sees see eect cane by A] Si valve ie scale, “> Az fo ., ind out etyen veclon. oe ° Solve: ie at rere cia velvee one, Ape-o & Aaet Merci, aed low AS-i ergenve ctor Sa : af ea x for Art, Ch aecatta zc [3] i boa! pea eee °} Deterninect } n JAl = eg) AX = ax @rayx og => | A-arl sy([Repelerntnar| sree sense eee af onea Is 2d) cigrificence af Debominnd SAL Yo 1 © CEA oo 3 da2re 4 1-6 paraee — AX =AX [Assume ren dateral sen) ie xo fon azl. => x27! “1 ‘ os vedeor Wrox =] ee)Meine fo 6 © |: Oo 1 1 = Ceol ee V L—A— (7 °] ee { | Tose medi —{ ¥ Abe BA PO, then [mire] ( os j= ° ae [vid] = egta] = olE wed {S mean el nn 4 qe melee. | In divenn 4 tha nae vec ] led 20° Ar + 05 ° al ala paler Feet ten, r E—0 2 6 : i ur Streteny, Ws : d ~Jvy i Byer :ye walueco, Theme 6 diveclion catapce] valve — mare nesides a a Shrudune [°° eye valve } See Ae Te is oat 5 Herein ne dimen [rey je determinant rity | —ffe> fayette ii ae) | [2 2] a the vecton- } ay hoe | eth [ya] =e in) iG allergen Valves contain atl “ye veclon ARIE(2 1)". 2] —) are number neprescentedion ceca e] Lsr28 ws Jute «veda Py pest omg oH comondinade , can he unt al mepwes ented in 6) conondinate) ee nepresentation ae ome Ce ciara ten locabiny wy Sy Mem section a tee2 veniables fr efits, ther “de al em Dian Ws ses Hew many ventables do mepresent time tn ge >? nl (24) qeinds , hel “herd wont x 4 ° J Te is a pred ne oa ‘re vial all Variables, We ell ae tevlenr fe cent ve soln} “fae a sank, EI bee coil jet 1 0 oF 22 |x o 0 3 ~(3-d Porstiel pipe] —a_phyticel may “4 xenk pro tuwlen soln, leo 6 2 | 2 a 0] Tne fe aboul 5 co-andinate " [3] Ti nie] 2 7 co-andinste = . y re -——— © [ae [: 1 coordinele =¢ Tae 2 £——— [<2] — |e tersection 4 jae je + line] =[jeep aes Hie Ven es ee Vee ee = Check whether we are jena ling : Plene- ite T = pee he 4 cyesvese) [@ we ee mahrin, ohh > sleet ap valve 7 [Ax = ax] Deo, 2 (a- ° =e 2] Hee 1 ay Ciyem valve Boas a Ao-1,-2,3 > eyen vale Ent), -2-0,-3-¢1) zoe yn?wid, 20 oS day a nen te cyte vector al poe (ve con er noh—aeno 21 ad r Gavel} nT Tr cle veclo yoo ale . | (2) | onden 2 | yen valee. FEE) Ang combination con uelle ee lia ecto, L2-d space] A ees Er 2 o-Dd ia iE ICI ey eye es emia nssl MEE Me epsom a li | KER 1 only line veclan allign on ates (me. aie | el ace spenned by etgen vector Dimension, P]-p re yy = 2d ee 2] TJ 1D 1 Dimension4 ia which we can a ie Ce eee ee les a on rs oy neler Algebreave. Toad ped mel fe ty [ee mye pteation| apa fF for a rot apey yf! n Ca-at) bn ce appl & Agel ade" = Ceameleie stipe on o.al! peat “| | fi | a 4'4 gle geeqe id p= ee Ponieerestred pe in dun 4 wil dominate, > ergen valve eth nealen magnifede J eae located clese fo weaker eestor 9 ira) eet ps (= Lanes “ye wa has even the a ee reniants We au vom point, [wtaker [ have (ae oai cae tals as aK pe dion {fred “nr valles one a3 ay — dic tance paeee eS ee an in absence 4 Bl AR > al my Movement in alll dived ion Can + ag +e] IT PS ee. panel fee pe — Cs ¥ ance 4 matyin ele edion a: ] mass ie eT Os ~oS EAE] [euse te Sheng et ergen valve , we will a a pres ae 4ve@ — mov awe sooty i] Me 7d ged] a direction ‘| 7 Kcedion — once align with An%n { GS i ext iP Sa a angler 2 1 [Mot eleven ieOne eta Az ]t 6 -1 5 aa TEE Fe acct / / fronkca) = 2] 1 le Cy -2C4 ¢ sree rank 4d the malin! ae yous venk = colvmn rank] a ff dimension + mmedvie. See fats Ros ‘te spenned | independent ha, [ en-vecbrs [ple is dhe column aa [a me) = ta nid (a (: (al) Bat elements 4 fe as ala,:] —Jun ona 4] Ps pt) (sige CG) surf (Ar, Aer Ma “Tow: es lenes 4 malvit =: Dimensron 4 col spoce 1 Dimension 4 nell spa caer al ears | peiii feeeper ear 4 sronk, f Ww) = dim wy — lal zo,AX = 2 Kiax = wtze® ye exisd atin sy eigen veclon ‘| can elo pla eS ons oe ae eo 1 0 Az ef A) = ty 2, -3 eo 8 1 ‘ eae inyec efy cat) yin jon meena = Lend = ey Medal matric A=[o1 0 !eors-¢ 7-6] ywhen |aAl=o Mieasl ene Hl etgen value is) 0, in oo —— 2! the direction aint ill bedeom lonce saa Texts | ees! ee — Net spew SIN medi K | dlmenston eae ys e) he non i ial 4-2. — Veclons het will i oer nels oe [ Axo) K = Hel sHace Dey to} then, if willl sabisf a axisAM elects pen coed Iaiz oy, Ta [sxs)o, ‘ independ ent- Dimension oF collin ‘ a3) Dimension of mets spate =O eee nee one tuo vectors belon "J fo eee BoM & Me space 4 we oper } ve af ei le Rutoms vector a . is dtmeng —» {oj slp all) antoms 0 ™EnSonlece | A= fon length matein YO} become nell space .f : —> Neon i ts not dimensionless , Te 1 1- m7 ' o 2 we = o a fh en olf SS los 7 wy =0 wet Meek = OO en Ky - 2% +%, co ugel Mare —? ™) ye lee a br coventa ton + Sanaa MAI same | (wen Tai, 5 A im ens ion Ney Fd K3 eI IM Lag Rig rt]SS 7 { Ieneanty independent. Lean ie Baers J I cst les] f 9 we frenspose, wheal ell happen fo 3 r J | fee | a 7 ‘ ° 2 eee 2) ini i ° Is vrenkl®) ay erent then AT, — > venk [P) = dimenson { celeinn aa ben pers itera cot! steed [3-2] [*| ‘| My a OM 4 M2 + 2*Z=zO My bO-Ma + 2u3 = “Myst Mast wey at AX 4+BU U=0 ( Foree po xX = AX L% zo al a0 brivey pal os ae sol [nee es Wife 2 [Rz0]ne r rs e ealcaln iO) ° 6 ° 7 cao) 3 2 independent colemn, hee ec / go nell Tat Yimeneion = y Woss MX =0 — xe 0 aaa ns i on net fom > Conf inoum iI Bp boom Generalised eryen vedon then heise” do {rs ran vector. ° teeteo 2 ° H lense Sel Chonactenst'e lg ~tan p= iS Ment Aaeol ) Aged (B-ar)x =o AX = AX EE_alen we ce HB tines | generalised — et gen + iften modal veclow : —> (p-ar\x=o b= eee wn xem Baloated rom ( Ax—ax) ‘ aean acaria ov if]. 4 LE TE dag eso Ky) dae Hl Ka aug = 1 > Repeated , eter en valve, fx eots & | Alles: rs) ei er vector , tgen vector. to {2 ow ° ci veer oo second ! | ° “4 1 = Ye Sra ‘| = |* eee eigen Vector Pee eee las) 2 eigen vector > f! E J 2 thivd Opa vector 7 as Cy esol eetesesD cfeecri aa : eee Model mod vin mtam 2 ps fa = “4 4 ea ° 4 4 ° > (P-as} 2 anrelegate, Hagonalizallon - teat ar tet f a ! ; ° ye we Py — pg: 0 Hy Fb IT OE RY ions Freed avi y, UV. 7 Tale veniable Sms fan) fas 4 wns ie eee be comendind eae game 1 2 Zt tt bY Zz2> 222 + bea 4g = 3%; thsv Both one apmesertin same aad San veniables “rete | eye aaa es a - Deco “ples feo . veckOr$s [penx] Wy Kame KE ax dt pu, ML = Amz + gu Consdatd metric Zs rome y MeuSEE Jy 2 -bZy 4 osu zy: 72% -u % = 323 405U yee! Sard | ths a _ mesent value__el. 2j210__&_ y=o" LT — Seeder: Zz) = -l0 Ca cir! in nefone) att stale — ventable aay “ny eum direction, a Ao)? 1S 212 10 “yer cali y fo jis melen at BY [ey valve — Tea) > i. “1 o ole lecedior= -! | caer redone! | sai merit => owe | Basis fai al Tread “1 00 ~ Jos | 0 - © Be\- Oo 0 3 a Cowndinnte Basic vecby > B: Ag sate [=] Ey]o-s OS OS ie -I 2 =p 1g as XS ver = tay = [-6 0 67 “8 0 4 -3 1 ° eyo lnadin f rer a, ey ee ‘i chee ig basis en oth, fs mentioned, maetrin is ” feen in [iee; ere reo] (standard basic) J > MAM — we “ye? sr Sede re ics + cya X Cone el brfem ee aaaTae ee) change bass faa Slondend 45 she, ay Co Space & Nell a y pear +f eptem, tac i f “ enemao tot AFlo o 4 ~ ol ns new t Nuli(a) = © pM PA Dimensionless Le —bel a i " 7 fe neil T ee, ale a-aros yo ae o 1 4 Mx 20 6 =n -8 [3] ° ° a ere vector 5 rapa tor dlemn tee Not 1 —\34 At | is hawt) dist net ‘ ae valve CS in ‘ en pee [A- ary J ENT fico] Leste sy ey DDimerstien ce Ei olumn Sfacel SNe ef eent son sata AST” “ AN column one ee ea (ao ara —fen same matey Ai mane eigen valves [re peer forsineCay nally (ae arapel, [opisting efgen \ 1 wale | [7 wll only make on€ celumn de end et / Tmeans ft condaly only 1 Vecloy — hell , sla — A tine i 4 a vector ~ Cose 1 en 4 Tt ie valve Xe axe Pe ea other 1. if xe as ane. R= 6 [Axe eel Netle onl Jy vo * af wremk iWhahore_ ete © epg ean 4 ice Ke will hos o}fm) sf, ' oo oigLs . °| . — contihvom | eer with tite fe veag? pice there an th continua, 1-2 O7f ae,” © A= ' i 2 -4o |p Me] F 1 20° Ms x Dimencio h 1 col space = | [en : z] 1 i tpr2er= aay au, 20 Peer pa States cate 4 op — yeaa |e l bo given fp mandi, ce x“ reat ie dimenevon , a HIE rrapaen, “Vas x, Ne at e2 Nel = MQ Ven) = -2 Cy Vol EQ Seo ae ty tnctiaN conditien , Ve will be medamed, bes — this 8S aguil Whalen,Mer 7° Me, FO en =O meant @ \ Some thi ‘ will happen ef | [ ve a sto 5 Mec S 4 Mefoderts ] PRemain at came eae tke s ving) > A B < a+ —_—_——_ x & (st) qetaeyn St cae S440 nee ' 1 = a (ssast sgt B E1401 + cog “4 1 = A(c*+ @ostas) +o) + @(st4 405) + elstrag h+eate= 0 A4Q + 408 +4070 leoA <1 [Po me]Eqvillibrivm int: 4 Roe ax + BU Ffoxce ip oe Jew, ind Rar it P Kee —— Are=o Dimension cI cel space =] | [Rake of chenge nll become o| T jal #2 name aipo WwW tsten akeleo — Xe a@ PY Jal =o, atleast one 7 me { om een Ralwe f A E 4 Re, Germ) eigen \alue os feo.) then aa=o (lal =e), Dimension o| col space = humben ren ye Gr valve Fimben of edima—nomben of 0 a } 5 : “a Chenactenshe ogy = A (AHO a) Aco, A, fo & rm fo | [Dimensi or ‘| col Spaces Number ea f = Nuwl Ei 7jere ie weleec] Shomber a) “— va hoes] colomn = pumben qeCre, tive i color, 7 HY iaise => [nse= 0] Xe wil be ey oorbitrors, pot oun hon va AY point n ie ROS > [one SI pat nem af aettetn ii ; “Abiserete Cg bei in " ond cen onl b col , . -Linean epoeh) P i d be f d nh Non Mis 9 Ws oO Ba oy aio X = 1s)fy bXe) =o Evaluate, on ao 1 Jn bxe)re hey | Prem ane beon-lnean in natune, aes : Oyective— find Ge =O J eee Kes] Me Xre Mere —— Kie = hn neo, 1, Kye 5 er >My 4s ON wen oventapning posts. due diced equillibviem _peint it one aT downmest| potak another al aienee int roe a lsiaore aes fie Le] — Th Non-linean Point. Unt eammediate fone ane nd ps eit), as also nefianel fh es 5} clem— = mt Hie distinctive sents ad ict one- f Ke 4 cj Lore sl] (hee > aon) Xe {~ Hypo |) vee, x fo Kern | ta eR" XK— hn dimensional Heese as fereMon thet is collect a Hhombey a “ys 2 2 wot + gh Ky, = Hien wy ft] +o Nol wren xg me fo fey: Re perce ler flo oR ane vogue valve / behing Venta ble [wg 1 sm sangJmean tredel — X= ow x: Joy Me = =G, cme, Ais > Re, Sea rates {5 in X= AX, representation | fret eo Jobo eS “Yer © & da Ph A =] > aM aoe he eT PMat KE Xe we have te evaluate | Ve Cumterting, A mele ot (e.0) a lo, ej —— > Wb iol his euibiom, oxmat ston) wt oa np - 2 i become X= Apx (2) e'g (ad = Ly,IK miei force "ei fame Eee 4 oscillate on Te = heteoral Pig) pole = Real + at eae] ZL [reteret haat aa J Alo neal po oscilla tony, sasiak “ty ail la) = "IY ane Ts . 7 unstable SA ot [3] esthon, > i ce [ae ep nesent vertical pec! t r / In some lineeowsed — cue tenn — eR) = Rel # Tm vn / ayr 2 ya. _theomem! [Hardman — Grebinen waving) pendulum in vinttcal dounwend pucitton — co) u Crmen velue = $4 7 *J : Is ee ] J ] oF “fi | ep whee AH ("ype ce valves] oe y tFO LeIH JeO , Suttch ‘ale aend j vel Mesh : jt How much covvent fieved ie befire aa LdZ yipiew MF * (=) hese Ye | Thm four ence some, a a across Re | Vin 5 toe + ai] [ew =sLilot ere] uy = _t Vink) seteNot are drop acrees nesrstoor, Mouls) = Russ fk Vin (S) suteR Net 2 RR Vins St 2 PR s+ es Trvense ee Iepuce Min) 2 oy ie = a oh* L [Tae {eu t = eat Sta At 40, [vary = A c a deals 9 exponentia| ©. ae | e j— +, ot ibe te Vinlsy | ao Neal) 2 Retrela) >Re Ceryee velve) A = 1m @ ms} ]pede ly) tei tncee ais ea eg ‘ nts Bemadetel cole CO \ | Se eet 1 wre) (s* + ze | Sears.) e*Le +1 = sx (S35 Ke) 7 Tue ales (we inde “Ty a} tlemeds } > 16) ts hasty 4 yer Valee 4 sg wl meke ctped 0, cn ato Nch al Scumee [assouate S with { ta *f we “rd De cue > Sea current ‘isl betom one. | ee ee =A s cua | } al | he (| {Fences naa en selection -| ovlp-t] Locebion | fina i , Tepe e nesponse 4 corvent — Ye 7 / stay Le Ce). EP hene — Re valve 4 ass tm beth Case Iswt u detnot st1eor | REX) =O —— See will become aaa) Alar pee e eh nett thene] Bee ere ee cl eae i cacaa! a sole do, eqstem ergen wale one have Re re ae codich a] d i ? ia valve 4 a de ee ee ee a yee netene- / (Cee ame a0 ] [> iE] Caen ensteble | eed tecee! re caraa et limact cal valve, for casi] + copie there exis} - cope — which nen model js nelrable [omen ws net.Second Onden sycheme Wort Lb rR c Bence Ne ae 7 oS Neto 4 Rde ge cee ve vl) T+ 3H) | fase rrenafoc Inv hiell melaced eytten a QO + crags + Qb) ] mee as) . ' vis) cs*L 4 csR +h ae sail acress C= ai weg. [fret 4 select | eel 935] olW) = as) c New 2 ( 1 Vinls) stuct a| al js qvotien in ae pyrene! {u best Jeon coreffictent al m wel ; Ltn tna bom ce ttyse mo By, Bg] JL Mose rie = CA cna sNty 2) Wee =o hya aa onder en, a “y Geer stLe + sre tt =F aly mem ial i ee o fel monic, - Jorsmel wie vuelve | L&e can be pee, when Le xe 2 roe (to t in] s ea Le oe — 1 ondox] med AL ay the. Not) . ie =u aa joe del — won =) hens ede Or gg tre Seast wn wke aw l [2sen = “) [er = y! snotunel I 2a [oss myfe a ~ We qi eset lad asxl = B We ts [*-#E] 4 = § —unitlecs rey "| — Dimension ale tee cs) ys) F Re Oey nit a 4Cee for dyfeet f= ffivenng. wes 7 Pity] ys = tone S €*4 2 ons +o) ~ %) yore 1 a S 42504 I (s* t2 Sts + wey By oa aa -— S t son i Soy SEABOYAS trp S*4 2g0n 4U0,h (Aj ss + sun ylsy + sts (ms whole add pte s staremnsr erat etoted] esi ddin XY ST H4 sens + tend wat 5,2) { s 44 4 b (Gra) a ot emer afore () pence | ; a these —— gue ve — Ge 3) len 4 i=sh Sn at = ull) — eSend, (e-=e)4) _ sé n(n ald (a= sem se _. be taet) ow Panamelen Nery ey skem necponwe & | Ss “ { J a) € Nengis R Vd sunt = obi © [rar cos bt a ie = sine Ssesesul) — (ras : c(h lrg) | Ti-e™ tent [rage ) [R —vertte] (onen oR varying |] —— (a) pore er ole) ( uc te «= crepe cy cous det —_—_—— Y amare Le — > location Gl a + a — we rb t Ub 4ac - soi aae eta Za sR 7 2 2 Bae eaaloas ie aa weloes wre pelts teve imapteony pert of sla i a ae sj G s =ploe e > as 1 Bk Chose 2 Iraginory pond if metponcille om oserietion - Jod¢ reo = TW 3s sina avtonomous ese'tlation, oe | ein oseration cs dyend om une, ERR SEES oen Eas ra aoa sendy R— eae + ces oar ? a chin bh —— pling geo, in vebton = OW — custard. ea aateae Me seeittakron J oon Seon de = vll— ¢€ RS ENT ioe} Ses Oo sees rete SP = eer cose | pnt feewhen ge tuo ~xools hene le Si, ama position f pe/ i valve j Koimebatae Lop —tyeton) prey | escMedion 2 Oy{o~ oMhsn case, cud =n [omen eee ([e= cae acta oe R | eile, heats eee vr oe ae i increase. > 7 t clo Be a ming Hem constant, cael an . pea R oH Osci ne ae a ati| drarsfen fo t& cj BR ts sep ficrett Pe Co tiene iia Wel iy oi cyeen we oscillation + ¢ J Caypesal nesistance a aie mesistance , e@=-ve, = -ve —— ts cal eee oe tee pe Scent] Saaearie qe Velee — tee Real pad —> Unstable yen] Q Gel sko ts co gel pont — system onstaclewv ie oe is eet mm) fog ai R ts ouside, fae uu) = sind wnvefonm voce 10 neelene trendy ze — Ft abeomb eneany (No violation a caer — We cannot pelice —R with all ssive element Ya out — gystem., we need negy aa clement fr ths ie (s 60 “ve ca +4 Sigen vlig, Men veriien ell ptt tl n motrin 4 / Veal ne aoe ee mus: conten some wom HAN OV apt fering hene) / elements « h Ache elements ane ao elements, ; simile voit een) aebE cm mA gee He rey torve fom. rrowsln weveworms, we need clement, A , f Hs I oy eworms e omeed Clemente ihe, dl as TOP __ fo, ae an Ke -f2 k [orn = # +e] we etance x = exec [xe = e*| sok eee Solen with wok he — oe al wt an, A= axt+ BY - a NM zeaw ———— $x) ~ x) =-a Kg GCPrjx@ = xes — 2-Px P= -l Laer TE ed ere is : [ colmn — a medal mdvig o ae veclor]wegentir the in gy ge erases “Tr See ZS = Ms Ju eee Ad © aro o oC 0 Aso o oO A [z= be) ze) ] TJ Stole vervable can summarise peer xw = ete) oo + xs o| Mew fe find eh © 01 “6 age] ec © o-2 © o © -3 Z = Mee + (2, -2,] — zw: & typ) (4. <-2e2zg —, ZH= e+ 0) (% > “3% )— ali = et le) -4 Zit) Ceo {L205 Zalk) o gt 4 ney AC) 4 zy) a o ¢ Zale) erry ‘| stade Sia —> How to bin y xy ina ZH) 2 chan,[russ eft zen) [ze - miteMnae | vector t A» Ad —mede, ae eee capenel ey vector > A mmedeie = ene vector 4 ap CAs medvin x =Ax4+ BU ceca pe : ing Yaplec: petit ae a Shs — xe\e axe + @ 45) (s EA)RWD = ner t BED Gnd afemy = Als) = (634A) mies o(e97).8 Eh pte Susy nm ca) single In mel “ple inp —Cnym) cont ) ma ronben 4 np’ _ & ae [ mer ] FP A = Gy reg) ° 4 ner: Ot eer4 j et euld-tde °. «HW = etre + (Fem Buck -t)dt pest — oe How inttial condition att crete isp cel oes t cheat er acoeee gt wee wrsepets ony gene inp mefpee~ pene atde eee y netawed , xe) coil beeene reer ardd oof ae wit ms effect oh Y: Im, o” 07 a ps ‘ lee + [:}o" eal | Genvanting in Isplece fies Fr : ; lee = adj (St-A) ' ‘ Zi Vicar 3] [ee oe mcke aletalia, easier 192 G5 774 4 % MG, |]o Ss Pag Aas ° faking ee of qorser] J qs inte nel recess a Xs) = sD ©) “as) — Two dimensional ye aos [Ke — eM trey = 2M, Kloy= ao Uo) = 3 Xa) TT Avedon which, q tine, a wil be fordionad xU)= @ xe) — =a FLo BeEcen? — ar foie ram OY [ xw abe \\ sen ee or myn] 4 T e Mieetl eae q 1 IF2 Muo)=3 1 > Significance ji this Tisaice wwe 2et we oe foster oe vdbe maak] “There set on Hime ts Af fevert is 24 bea pedlery ‘| ae 3 wall move * Hew +" aa ae fxs —1] > Se variation * ee Kn}, hewe combined eqy will ee ayes faa sa Er ~dimensional Vinee a — uae Insjedorg ] au. et -k ok from UHH s [: ] nth ge 3¢ in 9-D inane wet du. Tea ‘ pve} 4 tn which duh caf will wove wal dae ero le me STi ace I cdeenyiy ot fester wde. cecal] i Ol 9 ire, Uperpesition rr de, e— valk) cia eveatly ia “y to veach “sy J eal coll oun trap eg to etyenvs il 4 envalve have ( 4 id ge ee re wn “Ii “Jrock & each Louk sna] +P ete wolves ane i — tel : preP— onstable sete pil ve ala valve — _ on r 4 a ele atih i ait aise acted | motion XR azo, tefect wil ose'Nate ae hoe ie taped . As [ ‘io 2 "y Fe)se & rl) =3