Unit 1 Data Processing,

Networking and Recent

trends in computing
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 TOOLS OF BUSINESS
COLLABORATION
► As the future of work is looking increasingly remote, effective
virtual collaboration is more important than ever. Successful
remote work comes down to having the right tools to make
collaboration possible. The perfect combination of tools can
make your team exponentially more productive and free your
bandwidth to focus on your most critical work.
► Technically, a whiteboard is a collaboration tool. We’re going
to be discussing online collaboration tools, which are (mostly)
cloud-based tools that help distributed teams organize,
 manage, and execute collaborative work. These tools allow
you to communicate, manage projects and tasks, and
share/store files no matter where you and your team members
are located.
► Collaborative software designed to improve the performance
of teams by supporting the sharing and flow of information. It
allows for real-time collaboration and conferencing.
What exactly is an Online Collaboration
Software?
► Collaboration software can take many forms, from simple instant messaging,
to conferencing and telephony, to video conferencing. Some applications may
focus on a specific element while others try to incorporate more than one
capability.
► Collaboration is one of the keys to success whether you're a small, medium or
large organization. Nowadays, more and more teams/companies are forced to
work together remotely. But switching from a regular day-to-day work-flow to
a more complex and expensive project management software is very difficult
 to do.

► However,online collaboration software isn’t just for companies who have

people working in different locations; it’s also a valuable tool for any business
that wants to be more efficient and effective.

EMAILS
► Most essential component of any community collaboration is communication.

► Themain objective of cloud computing is to enable easy access to emails in any

part of the world at any given time. Email has been around almost as long as
 computer networks and long predates the arrival of the Internet. Communication
might occur during office hours on work computer or during any spare time a
person gets. Thus using a traditional desktop email, such as Microsoft Outlook or
Windows Mail may not be a convenient option.

►A better approach is to use a Web-based email service, such as Google’s Gmail,

Yahoo! Mail or Microsoft’s Windows Live Hotmail. Gmail is the Google approach to
email and chat. Practically unlimited free online storage allows you to collect all
your messages, and Gmail’s simple but very smart interface lets you locate them
conveniently. Windows Live Hotmail is yet another free email service that gives
you unlimited storage, fast search, good security.
► Yahoo! Mail is your ever-present email program on the web. Its free-form labeling
and smart folders and a strong spam filter to catch junk effectively make Y! Mail
a joy to use.
► Some community activists in order to communicate with their community or group
members create a unique Web-based email account just for their community
communications. This way they do not confuse personal emails from those
involving their community activities.

Gmail

► Gmail offers a few unique features that set it apart from the web-based email
 crowd. First, Gmail doesn’t use folders. That’s right, with Gmail you can’t
organize your mail into folders, as you can with the other services.
► Instead, Gmail pushes the search paradigm as the way to find the messages
you want—not a surprise, given Google’s search-centric business model. Gmail
does, however, let you “tag” each message with one or more labels. This has
the effect of creating virtual folders, as you can search and sort your
messages by any of their labels. Gmail groups together related email
messages in what Google calls conversations. A conversation might be an
initial message and all the replies (and replies to replies) to that message; a
conversation might also be all the daily emails from a single source that have
a common subject, such as messages from subscribed-to mailing lists.

Yahoo! Mail
Yahoo! Mail is a free email service offered by the American search engine
company Yahoo! It was launched in 1997, and, according to comScore, Yahoo!
Mail is the third-largest web-based email service with 281 million users as of
December 2012. Some of the new or improved features included in the new
Yahoo! Mail were:
► Yahoo! Calendar integration

► Yahoo! Messenger integration

► Windows Live Messenger integration

► SMS Messaging in certain countries

► Keyboard shortcuts

► Unlimited storage

► Improved search facilities

► Applications (Piknic, Flickr, Wordpress and more)

Windows Live Hotmail

► Windows Live Hotmail can be browsed free of charge from

anyplace in this world and that too from any of the web
browsers available. Gmail or Yahoo! Mail provides you
storage of 15 GB whereas Microsoft provides a storage of
5GB which is less than those provided by the formers.
Windows Live Hotmail is the first and the largest web
based service that provides the facility of email.
Previously, it was known as Hotmail but after it has been
 transferred to Windows Live Suite that provides online
services it is now known as Windows Live Hotmail.
Apple MobileMe Mail

► MobileMe Mail has a unique feature that it’s not limited to

just computer users; you can also send and receive emails
from your Apple iPhone or iPod touch, via Wi-Fi internet
or cellular network. It is a web based service and anyone
can browse it using his prevailing ID’s on outlook, outlook
express, Mac, Windows Mail or any other email program
that is web based. iPhone and iPod touch contains its
inherent interface.
Other Webmail Services
While you are looking for a web mail service and don’t want to go with one of
the big three, here’s a short list of some of the other major providers to check
out:
 ► AOL Mail (mail.aol.com)

► BigString (www.bigstring.com)

► Excite Mail (mail.excite.com)

► FlashMail (www.flashmail.com)

► GMX Mail (www.gmx.com)

► Inbox.com (www.inbox.com)

► Lycos Mail (mail.lycos.com)

► Mail.com (www.mail.com)

► Zoho Mail (zoho.mail.com)

WIKIs
► A wiki (sometimes spelled "Wiki") is a server program that allows users to
collaborate in forming the content of a Web site. The term comes from
the word "wikiwiki," which means "fast" in the Hawaiian language. The
most popular wiki platform is Wikipedia (an online public encyclopedia).
► A wiki is a website which allows collaborative modification of its
content and structure directly from the web browser. In a typical wiki,
text is written using a simplified markup language (known as "wiki
markup"), and often edited with the help of a rich-text editor.
► A wiki is run using wiki software, otherwise known as a wiki engine.
There are dozens of different wiki engines in use, both standalone and
part of other software, such as bug tracking systems. Some wiki engines
are open source, whereas others are proprietary. Some permit control
over different functions (levels of access); for example, editing rights
may permit changing, adding or removing material. Others may permit
access without enforcing access control. Other rules may also be imposed
to organize content.
►A wiki engine is a type of content management system, but it differs from
most other such systems, including blog software, in that the content is
created without any defined owner or leader, and wikis have little implicit
structure, allowing structure to emerge according to the needs of the users.

Confluence
A well-thought-out tool that turns knowledge management
into project management, helping ideas become results.
 Price: Free for the first 10 users. Advanced features, $5-10/user
per month.
Pros:
•Simultaneous editing features are terrific.
•Managers have a lot of control within the platform.
Cons:
•Some users complain that key features are buried.
Notion.iso
Build a knowledgebase with your notes, and collaborate from
wherever you are.
Price: Free – $8/user per month.
Pros:
•Functions well offline or online.
•More than just a wiki. Has note-taking and project
management functions as well.
Cons:
•Too complex for some users. Steep learning curve.

Slab
Slab helps you turn your knowledgebase into digestible
resources, like articles and handbooks.
Price: Free – $12.50/user per month.
Pros:
•Makes your knowledgebase highly
searchable. Cons:
•Some design issues.
Bit.ai
An integration-rich home for both client-facing and internal
documents.
Price: Free – $15/user per month
Pros:
•Integrations are the main selling point.
Cons:
•Strictly could-based.

FILE SHARING
► Online storage provides users with the peace of mind that the data
will remain intact in any event, including local hardware
malfunctions, accidental deletions, thefts, and disasters. Online
storage is the perfect solution for anyone who needs to access their
data from multiple locations or share it with others within an instant.
Online storage services typically allow subscribers to purchase and
access extra storage space within a number of minutes. Since, the
data is stored in the same virtual location as other files, searching for
files is much easier than searching for files that are spread out
 amongst multiple storage devices.
FILE SHARING

► Filesharing is the practice of distributing or providing access to digital media,

such as computer programs, multimedia (audio, images and video),
documents or electronic books.
► Inorder to share files online different online tools are used. The most popular
and reliable ones are DropBox, OneDrive & GoogleDrive.
► These platforms work as an online “cloud” and allow you to store anything
from business documents to private videos.

► However, each of these platforms have individual features that let you decide
which file sharing tool best fits your needs.

Google Drive
► Google Drive is a file storage and synchronization service created by Google.
Google offers all users an initial 15 GB of online storage space. It allows users
to store files in the cloud, share files, and edit documents, spreadsheets, and
presentations with collaborators. Google Drive encompasses Google Docs,
 Sheets, and Slides, an office suite that permits collaborative editing of
documents, spreadsheets, presentations, drawings, forms, and more.

OneDrive
► OneDrive (previously SkyDrive, Windows Live SkyDrive and Windows Live
Folders) is a cloud storage, file hosting service that allows users to sync files
and later access them from a web browser or mobile device. Users can share
files publicly or with their contacts, publicly shared files do not require a
Microsoft account to access. It is part of the suite of online services formerly
known as Windows Live. OneDrive also offers 15 GB of online storage space
for new users.

DropBox
► DropBox is a file hosting service operated by Dropbox, Inc. that offers cloud
storage, file synchronization, personal cloud, and client software. Dropbox
allows users to create a special folder on their computers, which Dropbox then
synchronizes so that it appears to be the same folder (with the same contents)
regardless of which computer is used to view it. Files placed in this folder are
also accessible via the Dropbox website and mobile apps. Dropbox offer a
smaller storage space – 2 GB.
► Dropboxis a home for photos, docs, videos, and files. Anything you add to
Dropbox will automatically show up on all your computers, phones and even the
 Dropbox website — so you can access your stuff from anywhere. With apps
available for all your computers,phones, and tablets, you can show off videos,
automatically upload photos, or open documents from anywhere.
► Dropbox makes sharing easy. Invite your friends, family, and teammates to any
folder in your Dropbox, and it'll be as if you saved that folder straight to their
computer.
► You can send people links to specific files, photos, and folders in your Dropbox,
too. This makes Dropbox perfect for team projects, sharing party photos with
friends, or recording your band's debut album. Safe cloud computing - Even if
your computer has a meltdown or your phone goes for a swim, your stuff is
always safe in Dropbox and can be restored in a snap.

SCREEN SHARING
SCREEN SHARING
► In the last year, the amount of work happening remotely has
skyrocketed—and that means more and more of us are using
software exclusively to communicate and work together with
co-workers. For many, screen sharing software is a vital part of
that.
► When done right, screen sharing makes it easy to remotely
 collaborate on documents, co-browse, demo products, onboard
new customers, and more. When done poorly, screen sharing
can give you a huge headache and send nightmare incantations
of "Can you see my screen yet?" ricocheting through your brain.
Screen sharing, where one person shares their computer’s desktop or a
single application with one or more people, generally serves one of three
purposes:
► Quick collaboration and meetings between co-workers.

► Client communications, such as sharing a presentation or other

application.
► Technical support for IT staffers (or any tech-savvy individual) looking
to solve a remote worker’s computer issue.
The 8 best screen sharing apps
•Zoom for everyday screen sharing
•Screenleap for quickly sharing your screen with
anyone •Slack for collaborative team meetings
•Surfly for co-browsing your app with leads and customers
•Drovio for free creative collaboration
•Google Meet for Google ecosystem users
•Microsoft Teams for Microsoft 365 users
•Demodesk for sales calls and presentations
What makes great screen sharing software?
► Screen sharing software can be used for anything from webinar
presentations, to sales calls, to a quick gut check on a design with a
colleague. At its most basic, it's software that allows users to share
their screens with other people online. But the best software offers
more—so we weighed a number of factors when making our picks:

•Ease of access for participants. The best software includes no-install web access
and can be used across devices.
•Collaboration features. We looked for features like presenter-switching, joint
annotation, co-browsing, and collaborative document editing.
•Mobile user experience. Whether in-app or in-browser, the top software offers a
mobile experience on par with being on desktop.
•Integrations. Being able to automate tasks like scheduling sessions and
uploading recordings makes the whole process simpler.
•Affordability. The best screen sharing tools shouldn't bust the budget in exchange
for reasonable time limits, features, and participants.

WEB PRESENTING
WEB PRESENTING
►A person who collaborates with others on group projects, is an ideal candidate
for cloud computing. One main benefit of Web-based applications which
makes collaborating easy is the ability to share and edit documents in real
time between several users.
► Imagine a situation in which you are in charge of an upcoming presentation to
be presented to the senior management of your company. You need to work
with the heads of your company’s various departments, which happen to be
based in a lot of different locations. It is nearly impossible to schedule a
group conference call because of the busy schedules of your seniors. How can
all of you get together to create the presentation?
► The solution here is to use a Web-based presentation program, such as Google
Presentations. This allows you and other department heads to access the main
presentation document at any time anywhere. The changes made by one
person are automatically visible when the other collaborators access the
document. In fact, more than one of you can edit the document
simultaneously, with each of your changes happening in real time. If we
collaborate with a Web-based application, it is both faster and convenient. It
also saves the person from making extra effort in trying to assemble
everyone’s work into a single document.

Here are some things to look for when

 selecting online presentation
software:
► Ease-of-use. You don't want to spend hours and hours learning how to use the
presentation tool. Good online presentation software should be easy to learn and have
plenty of training resources available.
► Import/export features. Your presentation software tool should be compatible with
popular file formats. Also, keep in mind that at some point you may want to export
your presentation into another tool.

► Real-time collaboration. Teamwork has become increasingly important in today's

professional environment. With the right web-based tool, you and a teammate can
work together on a presentation project.

► Cloud access and storage. It used to be that when you were away from your computer,
you couldn't work on your project until you came back. With a cloud-based tool, that's no
longer a problem. Access your work anywhere there's an Internet connection.

► Audio/video capabilities. Multi-media has become the norm for slideshows. If you want
your presentation to really stand out, consider adding an audio or video component.

► Good technical support. What are you going to do if something goes wrong while you're
creating your presentation? Look for an online presentation software with good support
resources such as third-party tutorials, a strong online help, or help resource.
Presentation Tools for Better Collaborative Work
Bit.ai Bit helps you and your team create interactive documents that can be data-rich and
integrate with over 100+ applications to bring in data. You can add rich media, pdf files,
mp4s, social posts et.. If you share reports with clients that are visual-heavy and need to
be responsive, trackable, and have features like password protection and lead capture, Bit
is the best option.

Google Slides (available on the website, Mac, iOS, and Android)

Features:
• Pre-built templates available online
• Collaboration options allow you to share your presentation
• Leave a comment, or edit the presentation in real-time
• Rich media support (GIF, embed options, videos, etc.)
• Revision log to see who and what revisions have been made
• Pre-installed graphic assets to make a livelier presentation
• Shareable in social media
• Has offline viewing mode
Prezi Features:
• Can have a high learning curve but made easier with Prezi’s online tutorial
• Prezi animations allow for a fresh and creative presentation
• A variety of pre-installed templates are available on the app
• Embed options for YouTube and other videos
• Voice-over options can be added in paid plans
• Shareable on social media
• Has offline viewing mode
Slidebean Features:
• User-friendly
• AI support which allows you to create smart presentations with ease
• Wide variety of templates you can choose from
• Graphic assets are mostly icons and images, but shapes are not included
• Videos and GIFs are supported
• Supports embedding multiple types of media files
• View and edit on multiple devices
• Shareable on social media
• Has offline viewing mode
Ludus (available on its website)
Features
•Allows you to create a visually appealing presentation
•Rich media file integration (YouTube, GIPHY, etc.)
•Personalize and design your own template
•Drag and drop media files to incorporate them in your presentation
•Audio files can be embedded in the presentation
•Presentations can only be edited on a PC, but can be viewed
on multiple devices
•Shareable on social media
•Team plans allow you to collaborate with your team
•Can be viewed offline as .pdf or .html format
 WORK SCHEDULING
WORK SCHEDULING

► As anyone in a large office knows, scheduling a meeting can be a frustrating

experience. Not only do you have to clear time from all the attendees’
individual schedules, you also have to make sure that the right-sized meeting
room is available at the designated time.
► An online scheduling application is a solution to all your scheduling and task
management problems. This web-based application takes care of scheduling
your meetings, for both large and small groups. The typical application
requires all users to enter their individual calendars beforehand. When you
schedule a meeting, this application checks attendees’ schedules for the first
available free time for all. The app then generates automated email messages
to inform attendees of the meeting request and the designated time,
followed by automatic confirmation emails when attendees accept the
invitation.
► Keep everyone up-to-date with synchronized calendars. Every operating
system comes with some sort of calendar, and so do many business
 collaboration software bundles (like Office 365). You can integrate these
with your project management tools to schedule tasks and deadlines,
although most project management platforms include their own
calendars.
► Which calendar you end up using usually comes down to your operations
system or collaborative software suite of choice. For example, if you’re
already using Google Workspace for everything, using Google Calendar makes
more sense than shopping for a stand-alone collaboration solution.
► Calendars tend to be free or included, but there are some great calendar
plugins out there that can make scheduling meetings and collaborative work
a lot easier.
► The most popular calendars work together with your e-mail systems, like
outlook calendar or google calendar. Nowadays calendars also scan your e
mail activities and provide options to automatically ad for example flights to
your schedule of share your activities with your co-workers. There are a lot
of different online calendar apps we will look at some of them.
► Web-based scheduling programs let you schedule both in-person meetings
and teleconferences with attendees from multiple locations. You are not
limited to just those people located in your office; you can work with the
schedules of people around the country and even in different firms.
Timeful (available only on iOS)
► Timefulis a calendar and to-do list with intelligent assistance to make the
most of your time. It uses sophisticated algorithms to suggest the best times
to schedule tasks and habits throughout the day, based on your available
time, location, and most productive hours of the day. Timeful learns from
your behaviors, adapts to your schedule, and personalizes the
recommendations the more you use it.

UpTo
► UpTo is an social calendar app friends and colleagues can use to track
individual activity in real time. It syncs with all the native mobile calendars
one use. All events remain private until individual items are shared out by you
to the network. UpTo makes selective sharing easy. Users can choose which
groups of friends see individual items.

Google calendar

► You can use Google Calendar on a computer, phone, or tablet. Any events you
create or edit will sync automatically among all versions of Google Calendar where
 you're signed in. Google Calendar allows multiple calendars to be created and
shown in the same view. Each can be shared, either read-only or with full edit
control, and either with specified people or with everyone (public calendars).
Daily "To Do" tasks cannot currently be shared between users. As in other cloud
computing applications, changes to Google Calendar are immediately visible to all
users.

► Google Calendar is an easy way for teachers, administrators and students to share
time-related info like team schedules, assignment deadlines and school holidays.
Anyone who needs to view a calendar can use it from any Internet-connected
computer and access it on existing school web pages or within their own Google
Calendar account. Changes made by a calendar organizer are automatically seen by
anyone who checks, which makes outdated versions a thing of the past.

Yahoo! Calendar
► Yahoo! Calendar is a Web-based calendar service from Yahoo!. It can read
calendar feeds and events collected from sites that make use of the published
Yahoo! calendar programming interfaces. While users are not required to have
a Yahoo! Mail account, they are required to have a Yahoo! ID in order to use
the software
Yahoo! Calendar also has the following features:
► It is a 100 year calendar

► It has various alarm features which allow you to send messages to numerous
 sources including: email, mobile devices, Yahoo! Messenger.
► Itallows sharing of schedules between users. The mechanism allows several
different methods of sharing including publicly sharing your calendar, sharing
your calendar with a specific Yahoo! Group, and sharing your calendar with a
particular Yahoo! user.

CLOUD COMPUTING
MEANING

► Cloud computing is the delivery of on-demand computing

services -- from applications to storage and processing power --
typically over the internet and on a pay-as-you-go basis.
► Cloud computing transforms IT infrastructure into a utility: It
lets you ‘plug into' infrastructure via the internet and use
computing resources without installing and maintaining them
on-premises.
► Cloud computing is on-demand access, via the internet, to
computing resources—applications, servers (physical servers
and virtual servers), data storage, development tools,
 networking capabilities, and more—
hosted at a remote data center
managed by a cloud services provider
(or CSP). The CSP makes these
resources available for a monthly
subscription fee or bills them
according to usage.

Common Cloud Examples

► When it comes to home use, the lines

between local computing and cloud
computing sometimes get blurry. That's
because the cloud is part of almost
everything on our computers these days.
You can easily have a local piece of
software (for instance, Microsoft Office)
that utilizes a form of cloud computing for
storage (Microsoft OneDrive). Microsoft
also offers a set of web-based
apps, Office (aka Office for the Web), that
 are web-only versions of Word, Excel,
PowerPoint, and OneNote accessed via
your web browser without installing
anything. That makes them a version of
cloud computing (web-based=cloud).
Some other major examples of cloud computing you're probably using:

► Google Drive: This is a pure cloud computing service, with all the storage found
online so it can work with the cloud productivity apps: Google Docs, Sheets, and
Slides. Google Drive is also available on more than just desktop computers; you can
use it on tablets like the iPad or on smartphones, which have separate apps for Docs
and Sheets, as well. In fact, most Google services could be considered cloud
computing: Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Maps, and so on.

► Apple iCloud: Apple's cloud service is primarily used for online storage, backup, and
synchronization of your mail, contacts, calendar, and more. All the data you need is
available to you on your iOS, iPadOS, macOS, or Windows devices (Windows users have
to install the iCloud control panel). Naturally, Apple won't be outdone by rivals: it
offers cloud-based versions of its word processor (Pages), spreadsheet (Numbers), and
presentations (Keynote) for use by any iCloud subscriber. iCloud is also the place
iPhone users go to utilize the Find My iPhone feature when the handset goes missing.

► Dropbox: This service has been a simple, reliable file-sync and storage service for
years, but is now enhanced with lots of collaboration features.
► Slack: Yes, it's considered cloud computing if you have a community of people with
 separate devices that need instant messaging/communication. The poster child for
that is Slack, but you get the same from Microsoft Teams, Workplace by Facebook,
and more.
Google, enjoys the status of being amongst a few pioneers of cloud
computing. Its perspective will enhance our understanding on the concept of
cloud computing. From Google’s perspective, there are six key properties of
cloud computing:

► Cloud computing is powerful: It means that the computing power that is

created by connecting hundreds or thousands of computers together is
way beyond the computing power of one single computer. Thus, it is
impossible for a single desktop PC to create power even close to that
when thousands of computers are created.

► Cloud computing is user-centric: This means that once you become a

user and are connected to the cloud, then all the stored information be it
– documents, images, messages, applications, become yours and can be
easily accessed by you. Yet another advantage of being a user is that not
only can you access all the data but you can also share it with other
individuals. As a result, any other device that accesses your data in the
cloud also becomes yours.

► Cloud computing is intelligent: As all the information and data are stored
on the computers in a cloud, data mining and analysis are essential to
 access all the available information in an intelligent manner. One must,
therefore, scrutinize all the information carefully before using it.
► Cloud computing is task-centric: The focus remains on what an
individual can do and how the application can do it for him/her. One
must instead focus on the application and what it can do. Traditional
applications like spreadsheets, word processing, emails and so on are
losing their importance when compared to the documents they
create.

► Cloud computing is programmable: This means that the tasks

necessary with cloud computing must be automated. For instance, the
cloud’s programming should automatically redistribute a computer’s
data to a new computer in the cloud in case one computer goes off
line.

► Cloud computing is accessible: This means that one is not limited to

a single source of data, as one is with a desktop PC. This is because
when data is stored in the cloud, users can instantly find and retrieve
more information and from multiple repositories.
Types of cloud services: IaaS, PaaS, SaaS
► Any Web-based application or service offered via cloud computing is
called cloud services.
► A cloud service is any resource that is provided over the Internet. The
most common cloud service resources are Software as a Service
(SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS).
► SaaS is a software distribution model in which applications are hosted
by a vendor or service provider and made available to customers over
a network, typically the Internet.
► PaaS refers to the delivery of operating systems and associated
services over the Internet without downloads or installation.
► IaaS involves outsourcing the equipment used to support operations,
including storage, hardware, servers and networking components, all
of which are made accessible over a network.
SaaS, PaaS and IaaS are sometimes referred to collectively as the SPI
model.
Software as a Service (SaaS)
► Software-as-a-Service, or SaaS for short, is a
 cloud-based method of providing software to
users. SaaS users subscribe to an application
rather than purchasing it once and installing it.
Users can log into and use a SaaS application from
any compatible device over the Internet. The
actual application runs in cloud servers that may
be far removed from a user's location.
►A SaaS application may be accessed through a
browser or through an app. Online email
applications that users access through a browser,
such as Gmail and Office 365, are common
examples of SaaS applications.
► The difference between SaaS and a software
installation on a user's computer is somewhat like
the difference between streaming a TV show
online and buying all the seasons of the TV show
on DVD.
SaaS Characteristics
► There are a few ways to help you determine when SaaS is
being utilized:
 ► Managed from a central location

► Hosted on a remote server

► Accessible over the internet

► Users not responsible for hardware or software updates

Popular examples of SaaS include:

•Google Workspace (formerly GSuite)
•Dropbox
•Salesforce
•Cisco WebEx
•SAP Concur
•GoToMeeting

Platform as a service or PaaS

► Platform as a service or PaaS is a proven model for running
applications without having to maintain the hardware and software
infrastructure at one’s organisation. Various organisations have
adopted PaaS for its simplicity, scalability and reliability.
 ► In PaaS, the development environment is offered as a service. The
structure of the vendor’s development environment is used by the
developer to create his own application. It is similar to creating an
application using Legos in which the application can be built easily
using certain already defined blocks of code, even if the resulting
application is controlled by the types of code blocks available.
► With PaaS, developers can finally focus on creating useful
applications to achieve immense success in their respective
businesses. They no longer have to worry about managing complex
hardware and software arrangements.
► There is less work involved in creating an application using PaaS
than the traditional approach, which involves procuring and
managing one or more servers for development, testing and
production, and installing and configuring server software.
PaaS Characteristics
PaaS has many characteristics that define it as a cloud service,
including:
► Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be
scaled up or down as your business changes
► Provides a variety of services to assist with the development,
testing, and deployment of apps
► Accessible to numerous users via the same development
application
► Integrates web services and databases

Popular examples of PaaS include:

•AWS Elastic Beanstalk
•Windows Azure
•Heroku
•Force.com
•Google App Engine
•OpenShift

IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service

► Infrastructure as a Service is a provision model in which an
organization outsources the equipment used to support operations,
including storage, hardware, servers and networking components.
The service provider owns the equipment and is responsible for
housing, running and maintaining it. The client typically pays on a
 per-use basis.
► Infrastructure-as-a-Service, commonly referred to as simply “IaaS,”
is a form of cloud computing that delivers fundamental compute,
network, and storage resources to consumers on-demand, over the
internet, and on a pay-as-you-go basis.
► IaaS enables end users to scale and shrink resources on an as-
needed
basis, reducing the need for high, up-front capital expenditures or
unnecessary “owned” infrastructure, especially in the case of
“spiky” workloads.
► In contrast to PaaS and SaaS (even newer computing models like
containers and serverless), IaaS provides the lowest-level control of
resources in the cloud.
IaaS Characteristics
► Resources are available as a service

► Cost varies depending on consumption

► Services are highly scalable

► Multiple users on a single piece of hardware ►

Organization retain complete control of the infrastructure

► Dynamic and flexible

Popular examples of IaaS include:

•DigitalOcean
•Linode
•Rackspace
•Amazon Web Services (AWS)
•Cisco Metacloud
•Microsoft Azure
•Google Compute Engine (GCE)
GRID COMPUTING
 GRID COMPUTING
Grid computing is based on the idea of a supercomputer with enormous
computing power. However, computing tasks are performed by many
instances rather than just one. Servers and computers can thus perform
different tasks independently of one another. Grid computing can access
resources in a very flexible manner when performing tasks. Normally,
participants will allocate specific resources to an entire project at night
when the technical infrastructure tends to be less heavily used.

One advantage of this is that highly powerful systems can be quickly

used and the computing power can be scaled as needed. There is no need
to replace or upgrade an expensive supercomputer with another pricey one
to improve performance.

Since grid computing can create a virtual supercomputer from a cluster of

loosely interconnected computers, it is specialized in solving problems that
are particularly computationally intensive. This method is often used for
ambitious scientific projects and decrypting cryptographic codes.
Grid computing is viewed as a distributed collaborative network. Currently grid computing is
being used in various institutions to solve a lot of mathematical, analytical and physics problems.
How is Grid Computing Used?
Grid computing is especially useful when different subject matter
experts need to collaborate on a project but do not necessarily
have the means to immediately share data and computing
resources in a single site.
By joining forces despite the geographical distance, the
distributed teams are able to leverage their own resources that
 contribute to a bigger effort.
This means that all computing resources do not have to work on the
same specific task, but can work on sub-tasks that collectively
make up the end goal.
For example, a research team might analyze weather patterns
in the North Atlantic region, while another team analyzes the
south Atlantic region, and both results can be combined to
deliver a complete picture of Atlantic weather patterns.
Advantages of Grid Computing:
1.It is not centralized, as there are no servers required,
except the control node which is just used for controlling and
not for processing.
2.Multiple heterogenous machines i.e. machines with different
Operating Systems can use a single grid computing network.
3.Tasks can be performed parallely accross various physical
locations and the users don’t have to pay for it(with money).
Cloud Computing Grid Computing

Cloud Computing follows client-server computing architecture.

 Grid computing follows a distributed
Scalability is high. Scalability is normal.
Cloud Computing is more flexible than grid
computing.
Cloud operates as a centralized management
system.
In cloud computing, cloud servers are owned
by infrastructure providers.
Cloud computing uses services like Iaas, PaaS, computing, distributed information, and
and SaaS.
Grid Computing is less flexible than cloud
computing architecture.
computing.
Grid operates as a decentralized management
system.
In Grid computing, grids are owned and
managed by the organization.
Grid computing uses systems like distributed
distributed pervasive.

Cloud Computing is Service-oriented. Grid Computing is Application-oriented.

It is accessible through standard web It is accessible through grid middleware.

protocols.
 VIRTUALIZATION
VIRTUALIZATION
► Create a software-based—or virtual—representation of applications,
servers, storage and networks to reduce IT expenses while boosting
efficiency and agility.
► Virtualization can increase IT agility, flexibility and scalability while
creating significant cost savings. Greater workload mobility, increased
performance and availability of resources, automated operations –
they’re all benefits of virtualization that make IT simpler to manage
and less costly to own and operate.
► Virtualization is the "creation of a virtual (rather than actual)
version of something, such as a server, a desktop, a storage device,
an operating system or network resources".
► In other words, Virtualization is a technique, which allows to share a
single physical instance of a resource or an application among
multiple customers and organizations. It does by assigning a logical
name to a physical storage and providing a pointer to that physical
resource when demanded.
What is the concept behind the
Virtualization?

► Creation of a virtual machine over existing operating

system and hardware is known as Hardware Virtualization.
A Virtual machine provides an environment that is
logically separated from the underlying hardware.
► The machine on which the virtual machine is going to
create is known as Host Machine and that virtual machine
is referred as a Guest Machine
BENEFITS OF VIRTUALIZATION

1.More flexible and efficient allocation of

resources. 2.Enhance development productivity.
3.It lowers the cost of IT
infrastructure. 4.Remote access and
rapid scalability.
5.High availability and disaster recovery. 6.Pay
peruse of the IT infrastructure on demand.
7.Enables running multiple operating systems.
Types of Virtualization:
 ► Hardware Virtualization.

► Operating system Virtualization.

► Server Virtualization.

► Storage Virtualization.
1) Hardware Virtualization:
When the virtual machine software or virtual machine manager (VMM) is directly
installed on the hardware system is known as hardware virtualization. The main job
of hypervisor is to control and monitoring the processor, memory and other
hardware resources.
After virtualization of hardware system we can install different operating system
on it and run different applications on those OS.
Usage:
Hardware virtualization is mainly done for the server platforms, because
controlling virtual machines is much easier than controlling a physical
server.

2) Operating System Virtualization:

When the virtual machine software or virtual machine manager (VMM) is installed
on the Host operating system instead of directly on the hardware system is known
as operating system virtualization.
Usage:
Operating System Virtualization is mainly used for testing the applications on
different platforms of OS.
3) Server Virtualization:
When the virtual machine software or virtual machine manager (VMM) is
directly installed on the Server system is known as server virtualization.
Usage:
Server virtualization is done because a single physical server can be divided
into multiple servers on the demand basis and for balancing the load.

4) Storage Virtualization:
Storage virtualization is the process of grouping the physical storage from
multiple network storage devices so that it looks like a single storage
device. Storage virtualization is also implemented by using software
applications. Usage:
Storage virtualization is mainly done for back-up and recovery purposes.
GREEN COMPUTING
 GREEN COMPUTING
► Green computing is the environmentally responsible and eco-friendly
use of computers and their resources. In broader terms, Green
computing, green IT or ICT Sustainability, is the study and practice of
environmentally sustainable computing or IT.
► Includes “designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing” of
computers, servers, and associated subsystems—such as monitors,
printers, storage devices, and networking and communications
systems — efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on
the environment.
► Green Computing is “ Where organizations adopt a policy of ensuring
that the setup and operations of Information Technology produces the
minimal carbon footprint”.
► Green computing practices came into prominence in 1992, when the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched the Energy Star
program.
Green computing aims to attain economic viability and improve
the way computing devices are used. Green IT practices include
the development of environmentally sustainable production
practices, energy-efficient computers and improved disposal and
recycling procedures.
To promote green computing concepts at all possible levels, the
following four approaches are employed:
► Green use: Minimizing the electricity consumption of
computers and their peripheral devices and using them in an
eco-friendly manner
► Green disposal: Repurposing existing equipment or
appropriately disposing of, or recycling, unwanted electronic
equipment
► Green design: Designing energy-efficient computers, servers,
printers, projectors and other digital devices
► Green manufacturing: Minimizing waste during the
manufacturing of computers and other subsystems to reduce
the environmental impact of these activities.
Average computer users can employ the following
tactics to make their computing usage more
green:
► Use the hibernate or sleep mode when away from a computer for
extended periods

► Buy energy-efficient notebook computers, instead of desktop

computers

► Activatethe power management features for controlling energy

consumption
► Make proper arrangements for safe electronic waste disposal

► Turn off computers at the end of each day

► Refill printer cartridges, rather than buying new ones

► Instead of purchasing a new computer, try refurbishing an existing

device