P01-E28-02 Rev 5 Dec 2021 Design Requirements For FRP Piping Systems

Classification: General Business Use
NUMBER P01-E28-02
REV. No. 5
ENGINEERING STANDARD DATE DEC 2021
PAGE 1 OF 51
Design Requirements for

FRP Piping Systems
This document is issued by PED, SABIC E&PM, Jubail Industrial City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The information contained
in this document is the confidential property of SABIC. It cannot be disclosed, copied or used for any purpose without
approval from SABIC. If you are not authorized to posses this document, please destroy it immediately.
NUMBER P01-E28-02
Design Requirements for REV. No. 5
FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021
ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 2 OF 51
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE ..........................................................................................................................................4
2 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................4
3 DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................................5
4 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................................5
4.1 Design Conditions .................................................................................................................5
4.2 Service Considerations ..........................................................................................................6
5 PROPERTIES REQUIRED FOR SYSTEM DESIGN ....................................................................6
5.1 General ..................................................................................................................................6
5.2 Allowable Axial Stress ...........................................................................................................7
6 PIPING SYSTEM DESIGN ...........................................................................................................9
6.1 General Design Considerations ............................................................................................9
6.2 Layout Considerations .........................................................................................................10
6.3 Piping Stress Analysis .........................................................................................................12
6.4 Other Considerations ...........................................................................................................13
7 ABOVEGROUND PIPE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................14
8 UNDERGROUND PIPE ANALYSIS............................................................................................28
8.1 General ................................................................................................................................28
8.2 Additional underground loads and parameters ...................................................................29
8.3 Manual Techniques .............................................................................................................31
8.4 Computer stress analysis techniques ..................................................................................43
9 DESIGN REPORT REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................44
9.2 Summary of Design Conditions and Assumptions ..............................................................44
9.3 Qualification of Pipe and Components ................................................................................45
9.4 Calculation Package ............................................................................................................46
9.5 Drawings ..............................................................................................................................46
9.6 Data .....................................................................................................................................46
10 TECHNICAL BID SUBMITTAL REQUIREMENTS .....................................................................47
11 HOLD POINTS ............................................................................................................................47
12 REVISION HISTORY ..................................................................................................................48
Appendix A - Design Condition Summary ........................................................................................49
Appendix B - Bid Submittal Form .....................................................................................................50
Figure 1 Design Envelope ..............................................................................................................8

Figure 2 Representation of total change in length .......................................................................15
Figure 3 Location of flexible leg length (Ls) .................................................................................16
Figure 4 Pipe Guide Spacing Arrangement .................................................................................17
Figure 5 Pipe support span configuration ....................................................................................18
Figure 6 Maximum guide spacing for pipe in compression ..........................................................19
Figure-7 Guide position from expansion joints ..............................................................................20
Figure 8 Stiffener/Gusset Attachment - Overview .........................................................................25
Figure-9 Typical Hydrant/Monitor Support Arrangement ............................................................266
Figure 10 Representation of virtual anchor ...................................................................................311
Figure-11 Relationship between soil load, live loads and total load for highway loading. ............333
Figure-12 Relationship between soil load, live loads and total load for railroad loading. .............344
Figure-13 Restrained thermal contraction due to axial tensile stress .............................................35
Figure-14 Hoop expansion due to internal pressure .....................................................................366
Figure-15 Pipe radius of curvature ................................................................................................377
Figure-16 Pipe fixed on both ends ................................................................................................377
Figure 17 Typical examples of hydrostatic thrust ............................................................................39
Figure 18 Virtual anchor location and various UG weight .............................................................400
Figure-19 Uplift forces caused by vertical bends ..........................................................................411
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Table-1 Value of constant for span model type ............................................................................18

Table 2 Value of bedding coefficient ..........................................................................................333
Table-3 Coefficient of friction between pipe and soil ..................................................................411
Table-4 Typical values for bearing strength ................................................................................422
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1 Scope
1.1 This standard is for design of aboveground and underground fiberglass reinforced plastic
(FRP) piping systems for use in SABIC facilities.
1.2 The FRP piping system shall be designed for 30 years plant life as a minimum.
2 References
Reference made in this standard to the following documents. The latest issue, amendments and
supplements to these documents shall apply unless otherwise indicated.
SABIC Engineering Standards (SES)
B01-E01 Design criteria for concrete and steel structure
F02-E01 Fire protection system
C02-S01 Site Preparation, Excavation and Backfill Specification
I01-E02 System Hydraulics
I05-E01 Design Pressure and Design Temperature
P01-E04 Flexibility Analysis Requirements of Piping System
P01-E28-01 Qualification of FRP Pipe and components
P13-C05 Installation Requirements for FRP Piping Systems
P14-T02 Quality Assurance of FRP Piping
High Commission of Industrial Security (HCIS), KSA.
SAF-04 Fire Protection Systems
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
D 695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics
D 696 Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between -
30C and 30C
D 698 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using
Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3))
D 790 Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced
Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
D 792 Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of
Plastics by Displacement
D 1599 Standard Test Method for Resistance to Short-Time Hydraulic Pressure of Plastic
Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings
D 2105 Standard Test Method for Longitudinal Tensile Properties of “Fiberglass” (Glass-
Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe and Tube
D 2412 Standard Test Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of
Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading
D 2925 Standard Test Method for Beam Deflection of “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-
Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe under Full Bore Flow
D 2992 Standard Practice for Obtaining Hydrostatic or Pressure Design Basis for
“Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber -Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe and Fittings
D 3839 Standard Guide for Underground Installation of “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber
Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
D 4253 Standard Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils
Using a Vibratory Table
D 4255 Standard Guide for Testing In-plane Shear Properties of Polymer Matrix
Composite Materials by the Rail Shear Method
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
B31.3 Process Piping
NM.2 Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin Piping System
NUMBER P01-E28-02
American Water Works Association (AWWA)

M45 Manual of Water Supply Practices Fiberglass Pipe Design
British Standards Institute (BSI)
BS 7159 British Standard Code of Practice for Design and Construction of Glass
Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Piping Systems for Individual Plants or Sites
International Organization for Standardization
ISO 14692 Petroleum and natural gas industries – Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping
NSF-International
NSF/ANSI-61 Drinking Water System Components-Health Effects
Other References
UKOOA UK Offshore Operators Association Specification and Recommended Practice for
the use of GRP Piping Offshore
3 Definitions
For the purpose of understanding this standard, the following definitions apply. For additional
definitions refer to SES P01-E28-01.
Bi-axial Pressure. Pressure which is restrained by the pipe and exerts both hoop and axial stress
in the pipe wall.
Fixed Pipe Region. That portion of underground piping which is restrained from axial movement
by soil friction.
Lamination Theory. Mathematical procedure for determining stress and strain in individual
layers, as well as estimating material properties, of a composite laminate.
Moving Pipe Region. That portion of underground piping which is near bends or tees and is not
completely restrained from axial movement by soil friction.
Native Soil. The soil which exists in the area of the underground pipe installation.
Orthotropic. Term used to characterize the directional behavior of most composite pipe
laminates.
Shear Collar. An FRP laminate applied to the exterior of the pipe adjacent to anchors or other
pipe supports for the purpose of transferring axial pipe loads into the supporting structure.
Tied Length. That length of underground pipe near corners where joints are designed to carry
the axial pipe load; approximately equal to the length of the Moving Pipe Region.
Virtual Anchor. The theoretical point in underground pipe between the Moving Pipe Region and
the Fixed Pipe Region. The virtual anchor point is some distance away from a bend or tee, where
soil friction overcomes axial pipe loads and the pipe becomes locked in the soil.
4 General Requirements
These requirements apply to the selection, qualification and manufacture of all FRP pipe and
components, and design of the piping system.
4.1 Design Conditions
All design conditions shall be documented and summarized for use by the project, using
the Design Condition Summary form included in the Appendix A, or similar format. It is
Design Engineering Company's responsibility to identify all conditions that could potentially
NUMBER P01-E28-02
affect the selection of materials or design of the piping system. As a minimum, the following
conditions shall be considered.
4.1.1 Pressure
a. Operating Pressure. See SES I05-E01 for definition.
b. Design Pressure. See SES I05-E01 for definition
c. Maximum Upset Pressure. See SES I05-E01 for definition
d. Hydrotest Pressure. The pressure used for static hydrotesting of the system
after installation. Hydrotest pressure shall not be less than1.5 times the design
pressure.
4.1.2 Vacuum
a. Operating vacuum: See SES I05-E01 for definition
b. Design vacuum: See SES I05-E01 for definition
4.1.3 Temperature
a. Operating temperature: See SES I05-E01 for definition.
b. Design temperature. See SES I05-E01 for definition.
c. Ambient temperature. The range of climatic conditions under which the system
is expected to operate. Refer to Project Basic Engineering Design Data (BEDD)
d. Installation temperature. The range of ambient temperatures anticipated during
the piping system installation period. Refer to SES P01-E04 and project BEDD.
4.1.4 Wind and Earthquake Loads
a. The design wind speed at site shall be as per Project Basic Engineering
Design Data (BEDD).
b. The seismic zone shall be as per Project Basic Engineering Design Data
(BEDD).
4.1.5 Velocity
Velocity limitation of FRP piping system shall be maximum 3 m/s as specified in
SES I01-E02.
4.2 Service Considerations
Refer to section 9 of SES P01-E28-01.
4.3 All FRP piping of aboveground and underground piping shall be UV-Protected. The UV-
Protection shall be suitable for 30 years of operation.
5 Properties Required For System Design

5.1 General
The following information for each component shall be provided for use in design of the
piping system. Some properties will result from the qualification testing but additional
testing or approved analysis will be required to determine all necessary properties.
Laminate analysis programs which utilize lamination theory may be used to predict
modulus values and Poisson ratios for use in system analysis. The basis for the properties
shall be provided and shall include verification by testing of input values. If requested, full
testing as discussed below shall be performed.
Strength values shall be determined by testing.
NUMBER P01-E28-02
5.1.1 Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion

The Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (CLTE) shall be obtained by testing
the final product in accordance with ASTM D696. Alternate methods of determining
the CLTE may be employed if shown to be applicable and approved. CLTE should
be determined for the axial and hoop direction, at temperatures representative of
the design and operating temperatures of the specific system.
5.1.2 Axial Tensile Modulus of Elasticity, Strength and Poisson Ratio
The Axial Tensile Modulus of Elasticity shall be obtained by testing the final product
in accordance with ASTM D2105 or by coupon testing in accordance with ASTM
D638. Poisson ratio shall be determined during this testing by applying strain gages
and measuring the hoop reaction to the applied axial tensile load.
5.1.3 Axial Flexural Modulus of Elasticity
The Axial Flexural Modulus of Elasticity shall be obtained by testing the final
product similar to the procedures in ASTM D2925. The testing shall be performed
at ambient temperature and without water as these conditions are considered
elsewhere in the piping system design. Coupon testing in accordance with ASTM
D790 may be substituted if shown to be applicable and representative of the whole
pipe.
5.1.4 Axial Compressive Modulus of Elasticity
The Axial Compressive Modulus shall be obtained by testing the final product in
accordance with ASTM D695.
5.1.5 Hoop Tensile Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson Ratio
The Hoop Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson ratio shall be determined by methods
which apply only a hoop tensile stress and allow axial contraction due to the
Poisson effect. In this way, hoop tensile modulus and Poisson ratio can be correctly
determined. Procedures for testing in this manner are described in UKOOA, Annex
B.
5.1.6 Hoop Flexural Modulus of Elasticity
The hoop flexural modulus shall be determined from the ASTM D2412 testing used
to qualify the pipe or by coupon testing according to ASTM D790. This value is
required only for underground pipe analysis.
5.1.7 Density
The density shall be obtained by testing the final product in accordance with ASTM
D792 or by analysis based on published values for the component materials.
5.1.8 In-Plane Shear Modulus of Elasticity
The In-Plane Shear Modulus of Elasticity shall be obtained by testing the final
product in accordance with ASTM D4255 or by analysis based on published values
for the component materials.
5.1.9 Pipe Stiffness
Minimum pipe stiffness shall be 5000 N/m 2.
5.2 Allowable Axial Stress
The allowable axial stress at any point in the system will vary with the ratio of hoop to axial
loading. The following sections identify the procedure to be used for determining the
allowable axial stress under combined loading conditions.
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5.2.1 For all aboveground and underground pressure pipe, determine the allowable axial
stress under 2:1 bi-axial pressure loading:
2 = (HDS) Equation 1
2
Where:
2 = allowable axial stress under 2:1 bi-axial loading
HDS = hydrostatic design stress
5.2.2 For all pipe, determine allowable axial stress when no pressure exists:
1 = ult Equation 2
5
Where:
1 = allowable axial stress at pressure = 0
ult = ultimate axial stress, (see section 10.6.1, SES P01-E28-01)
5.2.3 For pressure piping, determine allowable axial stress under combined loading
conditions:
(𝜎2 −𝜎1 )𝜎ℎ
𝜎𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎1 + Equation 3
(𝐻𝐷𝑆)
Where:
ax = allowable axial stress under combined loading conditions
1 = allowable axial stress at pressure = 0, (per section 5.2.2)
2 = allowable axial stress under 2:1 bi-axial loading, (per section 5.2.1)
h = hoop stress under applied design loads, (per section 7.2.2)
HDS= hydrostatic design stress(per section 10.3, 10.4 or 10.5 of SES P01-E28-01 as
applicable)
For non-pressure piping, ax is equal to 1 of section 5.2.2, as other hoop loads are
ignored.
The allowable axial stress is represented under various loading combinations by
the following graph/Figure-1
Figure 1
Stress Design Envelope
Axial Stress Direction
Hoop Stress Direction

NUMBER P01-E28-02
6 Piping System Design

The design of FRP piping systems shall provide for the most severe coincident condition of
temperature, pressure and other loads. Where two or more distinct conditions occur, they shall
be separately evaluated using the applicable temperatures, pressures and loadings for each
case. The most severe conditions for pressure containment may differ from those for system
flexibility.
6.1 General Design Considerations
6.1.1 Properties and Allowable
Properties and allowable stresses used in system design and flexibility analysis of
the piping system shall be as developed and documented during qualification of
the product being used. In addition, adjustments shall be made as necessary to
properly represent the system, including the following as a minimum.
a. Mechanical Properties of pipe
i. Pipe Vendor is required to submit with the Bid documentation the pipe data
necessary to complete the Material Properties section of Appendix-B for the
supplied pipe.
ii. Properties shall be adjusted to account for operation at elevated
temperature. Since it is not practical for qualification testing to be performed
at the operating temperatures of many systems, adjustments may be made
to the modulus and allowable strength values based on other data.
Applicable test data is available from material manufacturers for retention of
properties of standard hand layup laminates, which can be used to estimate
design values.
b. Allowable Axial Stress
i. The analysis shall determine the minimum and maximum combined sum of
bending and direct tension axial stresses. The maximum combined axial
stress shall not exceed the allowable stress calculated per the requirements
of the section 5.
ii. Allowable stresses may be increased for short term transient loads, including
seismic, wind, hydrotest pressure, and other rare or unlikely events.
c. Allowable Deflection
The maximum vertical deflection for aboveground nominal horizontal pipe
spans shall be the lesser of 0.5 inch (13 mm) or 0.5 percent of the support span,
whichever is less.
d. Allowable Axial Compression
For pipe that is in axial compression, guide spacing to prevent column buckling
shall be determined outside of the analysis program. The factor of safety
against buckling shall be a minimum of 5.0.
e. If corrosion or abrasion due to contact with the service liquid is anticipated, the
loss of thickness and potential strength degradation shall be anticipated in the
design of the system. Typically, the corrosion liner thickness is increased to
extend the time before the structural laminates are compromised. In this case,
the corrosion liner thickness exceeding that present during the qualification of
the piping components shall be considered sacrificial and not included for
structural contribution. For the system stress analysis, it shall be necessary to
include the additional thickness for its weight and stiffness contribution only.
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f. An appropriate thickness shall be used for fittings, based on the specific

manufacturing method. Fittings often have localized thickness differences due
to manufacturing procedures which must be recognized and utilized in a
conservative manner.
6.1.2 The requirements of HCIS SAF-04 shall be taken into consideration for the design
of Firewater piping.
6.1.3 The minimum pipe wall thickness calculation shall be decided considering internal
design pressure as per Para 7.2.2 of this standard and Para 10.3.4 of SES P01-
E28-01, external pressure in accordance with Equation 28 and considering the
stiffness of pipe whichever is high. The selected thickness shall be verified with
hydrotest pressure for its suitability.
6.1.4 As a minimum, Integral Flanges, Blind flange and joint bond length shall be
designed in accordance with ASME NM.2 or equivalent code with SABIC approval.
6.1.5 Pipe Buoyancy
Refer to SES C02-F03 for the requirements of pipe buoyancy.
6.1.6 Surge Analysis
Surge analysis shall be carried out for Sea water, Cooling water and fire water
network and establish surge loading. These loads shall be multiplied with Dynamic
Load F 2 and inputted in stress input file and analyzed accordingly.
6.2 Layout Considerations
6.2.1 General
Layout of FRP piping systems is similar to that of other piping materials. However,
the nature of FRP requires that certain issues be resolved during the design.
Differences required in layout design originate from two basic issues.
a. FRP piping has roughly twice the expansion rate of steel, and this additional
growth/contraction must be anticipated.
b. The joining systems for FRP piping systems require more distance between
fittings, joints and supports to allow for butt and strap joint overlays and socket
type joints.
6.2.2 Piping layout should be a flexible system that allows thermal expansion/contraction
and does not constrain the pipe between anchors. This will avoid high anchor loads
and prevent axial buckling problems in compressed pipe runs.
6.2.3 Proximity to other Pipes and Structures
The design shall consider any potential detriment to FRP pipe due to leakage or
thermal effects from other nearby pipes. Allow clearance for expansion and
contraction of the pipe. Underground, allow for minimum bedding and clearances
to adjacent structures, in accordance with P13-C05.
6.2.4 Piping Slope
Piping carrying gravity flows shall be sloped sufficiently to drain while accounting
for deflection between supports. Piping with varying elevations shall be designed
to accommodate the pressure increase due to hydrostatic head.
6.2.5 Deleted.
6.2.6 Branch off tapping on underground piping shall be from the top of the header to
minimize overstressing of branch piping.
6.2.7 Low points on underground piping shall be minimized and adequate number of
riser shall be provided to facilitate dewatering.
NUMBER P01-E28-02
6.2.8 Anchors and Thrust Blocks

a. The piping system shall be designed with sufficient means to transmit
accumulated loads to the ground or support system. Thrust forces develop at
changes in direction of the pipe due to internal pressure for unrestrained joint.
Anchor loads develop when thermal expansion of a pipe is prevented. Anchors
and thrust blocks shall be designed to mechanically restrain the pipe as
intended and have sufficient mass to prevent movement.
b. As only restrained joint (Laminated Butt and strap joint) is allowed, thrust block
shall not be used unless required by stress calculation.
6.2.9 Field Joints
a. Placement of field joint locations shall consider handling, maximum shipping
lengths, field adjustment needs, and accessibility.
b. Shop assembled spools should be supplied to the maximum extent possible to
ensure the quality under controlled environment. Spool drawings of all pieces
of fabrication showing dimensions and piece mark numbers shall be submitted
to SABIC for review prior to fabrication of spools. As a minimum, spool drawings
shall identify the following:
i. All dimensions and drawing views required for construction/’[,
ii. All pipe, fittings, assembly joints and other components, listed with
quantity, description, thickness and other references as needed.
iii. Field trim allowance and location.
c. Any joint shall not be located inside thrust block or encasement.
6.2.10 Inspection Man-Holes
Inspection Man-holes shall be provided for both U/G and A/G piping at strategic
locations in order to carry out condition monitoring of complete piping system. The
number of Man-holes and its size shall be decided based on inspection device and
the methodology adopted.
6.2.11 Pipe Branches
Pipe branches shall not be taken close to the bends. It shall be branched 20D (of
header size) away from Pipe bends unless dictated by stress analysis.
6.2.12 Cautions Sign Boards
For U/G Piping, Sign Boards shall be placed at the strategic location (example at
U/G piping road crossing and at maintenance area) for prohibiting the heavy
crane/vehicle by limiting the maximum allowable load.
6.2.13 Underground Piping Below Pipe Rack
Underground pressure piping shall not be routed below pipe rack. If it is
unavoidable, it shall be justified with risk assessment for unexpected pipe leak in
connection with pipe rack foundation and adjacent equipment foundation. The
assessment shall include mathematical model and calculation to ascertain the
foundation integrity. This design is subject to approval by SABIC.
6.2.14 The following additional features shall be provided to facilitate piping Repair,
Replacement, Maintenance and Operation.
a. Provision of parallel line from main header with isolation valves shall be
provided for critical equipment.
b. Provision of sectionalizing valves (block valves) in main lines.
6.2.15 Bollard/Gard Post
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Bollard/Gard Post shall be installed to barricade the areas where vehicles are
prohibited to protect underground FRP piping.
6.3 Piping Stress Analysis
This section provides minimum requirements and applicable input data to be used when
conducting stress analysis of piping system.
6.3.1 General
a. Piping flexibility analysis shall be performed for all above ground and
underground piping (both pressurized and non-pressurized piping) to determine
piping system movements, forces and moments, and stresses in the piping.
b. As a minimum the analysis shall determine the following:
i. Maintain reaction forces and moments on equipment nozzles within
allowable limits
ii. Maintain axial stresses in the pipe and fittings within allowable limits
iii. Determine the type and location of supports
iv. Provide reaction forces for supports design
v. Determine piping system movement and displacements
c. Piping stress analysis shall be performed in accordance with ISO 14692.
However, the stress design envelope shall be constructed to meet the
requirement mentioned in Para 5.2.3. The flexibility analysis requirement shall
comply with SES P01-E04 as applicable.
6.3.2 Design Conditions
Refer to section 4.1 for the definition of design conditions.
6.3.3 Loads Cases and Combinations
The following minimum load combinations shall be analyzed for the piping system.
It is the responsibility of the Design Engineering Company to identify and resolve
all of the loads and appropriate combinations.
c. As a minimum, the following load cases shall be analyzed.
i. Operating cases (Minimum, maximum operating and design pressure /
Temperature)
ii. Occasional cases (e.g. surge, wind, seismic, PSV pop-up etc.)
iii. Hydrotest case
d. Various type of Transient loads
Transient loads are those that occur infrequently and for short duration. While
an increase in allowable stress is permitted for evaluation of transient
conditions, the Stress Analyst shall assure that the loading condition does not
cause damage to the piping system, support structure or adjacent equipment.
The increased allowable stress can be permitted for the following cases in
accordance with ISO 14692.
i. Wind and seismic loads are considered transient and are permitted an
increased allowable stress. Apply these loads in principal directions and in
combination with the most severe combination of other loads.
ii. Excursions beyond the operating temperatures are considered transient,
with an increased allowable stress. If excursions are significantly above
operating temperatures, the maximum displacements should be checked to
assure there is no interference with adjacent equipment or structures.
NUMBER P01-E28-02
iii. Hydrotesting at increased pressure is also considered transient and an

increased allowable stress is permitted. Hydrotest pressure shall be
analyzed in combination with the hot and cold thermal cases defined in
section 6.3.1 above. The analyst is responsible to consider other loads and
temperatures that are appropriate for alternate shop and field testing
conditions.
iv. Surge pressures are considered transient and an increased allowable stress
is permitted. Momentum forces shall be considered in the analysis.
6.3.4 Stress Analysis Requirements
The following guidelines and assumptions shall be employed when conducting the
stress analysis.
a. Stress intensification and flexibility factors shall be calculated in accordance
with the section 7. Analysis program default values may be substituted if they
are more conservative.
b. The analysis shall include the effect of frictional resistance to movement of the
pipe.The value of coefficient of friction (µ ) acting at pipe supports shall be in
accordance with SES-B01-E01
c. Large diameter (24 inch and larger) tees shall be modeled with a rigid element
from the centerline of the header pipe to the outside diameter (OD) of the
header pipe. The stress intensification factor is applied at the node at the OD
of the header pipe.
d. Mitered elbows shall be modeled with a straight section of pipe representing
each gore section of the elbow. Stress intensification factors are applied at
each node between the pipe sections.
e. At equipment connections the analysis shall consider the effect of the pipe on
the equipment as well as the effect of the equipment on the pipe. Anticipated
displacements of equipment at connections shall be incorporated into the piping
analysis, and loads imposed by the pipe shall be maintained within the
allowable nozzle loads provided by the equipment manufacturer. Refer to SES
P01-E04 for equipment nozzle loads.
f. The coefficient of friction between the pipe and soil should be 0.5. Where
stresses cannot be resolved it may be necessary to wrap a portion of the buried
pipe to grade with a sufficiently thick, suitable flexible material inside a pipe
sleeve. K-Flex is one product known to have been used successfully.
g. The Bourdon effect shall be included in the analysis.
h. Piping stress analysis shall be performed for underground and aboveground
piping as one system.
6.4 Other Considerations
6.4.1 Vibration Prevention
Vibration at any amplitude has the potential to cause serious damage to FRP piping
systems and shall be addressed by the Design engineering company. Vibration at
low amplitude may become significant if the natural frequency of the piping system
is such that resonance with the source of the vibration occurs. Damage can be
caused by overstressing of the pipe, contact with adjacent equipment, or abrasion
at supports. Vibration can be resolved by isolation of the source with flexible
connections, or by adjustments to the support types and positions.
6.4.2 Deleted.
6.4.3 Piping Crossing under Roads
NUMBER P01-E28-02
Buried nonmetallic pipe at road crossing shall be protected by culvert. However as

an alternative method, protection by reinforced concrete slab, casing or other
means is acceptable subject to SABIC approval. This is designed in such a way
that piping is protected against crush from exterior loads. Piping shall be checked
for axial buckling between support skids inside of casings, as per section
7.2.3.(e)(f).
7 Aboveground Pipe Analysis

7.1 FRP aboveground piping systems shall be analyzed to verify that the maximum stresses
due to combined loading are within the allowable stresses derived in section 5.2.
Determination of the maximum combined axial stress is typically the most significant issue.
7.2 Manual Techniques
7.2.1 General
Manual techniques are approximate solutions and these techniques may be useful
for preliminary layout and routing, prior to a more stringent analysis. However, final
computer based stress analysis shall be carried out for code compliance,
determination of nozzle and support loads etc. Additional guidelines are contained
in SES P01-E04.
7.2.2 Hoop Stress Calculations
The hoop stress calculation is used for initial selection of the minimum pipe
pressure class and is also necessary in determining the allowable axial stress of
the pipe in section 5.2.3.
Calculate the design hoop stress in the pipe as follows:
h = PdR  (HDS) Equation 4
t
Where:
h = design hoop stress
Pd = design pressure
R = inside radius of pipe structural wall
t = structural wall thickness
HDS= hydrostatic design stress for the pipe pressure class selected
In determining the axial allowable stress in section 5.2, the hoop stress (h) above
shall be used in the equation in section 5.2.3 as the hoop stress under applied
loads.
7.2.3 Axial stress calculations
a. Change in Length
Many of the axial stresses in a piping system are the result in changes in length
of the piping due to pressure thrust or differential thermal expansion and
contraction. The following calculations provide approximations for use in the
manual stress calculations.
NUMBER P01-E28-02
Figure 2
Representation of total change in length
Judgment is necessary in determining the length of pipe contributing to

expansion or contraction. The length L is the distance from the point of interest
to the first axial pipe anchor or position where it can be reasonably assumed
that the pipe is anchored.
To determine the approximate change in length of the piping due to pressure
for use in simplified axial stress solutions, the following procedure will
conservatively estimate the change in length, as the Poisson effect is ignored.
See Figure-2
Calculate the change in length from design pressure:
Equation 5
The change in length from temperature may be positive or negative, depending

upon the operating temperature relative to the installation temperature.
Calculate the change in length from temperature:
  Lt = L (T) Equation 6
The total change in length of a pipe section is the sum of the changes resulting
from pressure and temperature:
L = Lp + Lt Equation 7
Where:
Lp = change in length due to pressure
Lt = change in length due to temperature change
L = total change in length
L = length of pipe contributing to expansion or contraction
D = pipe diameter
T = change between the operating temperature and the
installation temperature
 = axial coefficient of linear thermal expansion
Eat = axial tensile modulus of elasticity of the pipe
NUMBER P01-E28-02
b. Direction Changes
Axial stress at a given directional change depends on the operating pressure,
the total change in length and the distance to the first secure pipe support. See
Figure-3
To ensure that the flexible leg length (Ls) is sufficient to accommodate the total
change in length anticipated, it is necessary to compute the combined axial
stress and compare with the allowable stress defined in section 5.2.
Figure 3
Location of flexible leg length (Ls)
This procedure, called the “guided cantilever method”, is conservative and may
be used for computing axial stresses in the pipe at changes in direction.


Where:
ax = allowable axial stress
Eaf = axial flexural modulus of elasticity
R = radius of pipe
Ls = flexible leg length
Include adjustments for temperature, as they may increase or decrease
flexibility of the pipe.
If the allowable axial stress is exceeded, then the length of the flexible leg shall
be increased. However, support spacing cannot be completely disregarded as
support for gravity loads and stability of the system shall be maintained.
c. Expansion Loops
Expansion loops are utilized when simple direction changes cannot
accommodate changes in length of a pipe run. Normally, expansion loops are
used in very long piping with relatively few changes in direction.
A conservative design method assumes a cantilevered beam with a
concentrated load at the free end to calculate axial stress. The recommended
guide spacing on the main piping is shown in the following figure-4.
NUMBER P01-E28-02
Figure 4
Pipe Guide Spacing Arrangement
Additional guides or supports should be added to support the expansion loop

as required. The expansion loop can be problematic for seismic load conditions
as the pipe and contents represents a considerable concentrated mass.
Typically, guides which allow some movement are used to restrain the pipe for
this situation.
Where:
ax = allowable axial stress
K = 0.75 for non-guided cantilever
= 3.00 for guided cantilever
R = radius of pipe
Ls = flexible leg length
Include adjustments for temperature, as they may increase or decrease
flexibility of the pipe.
d. Support Spans
The criterion for establishing the maximum support span is deflection. The
deflection of a particular pipe between supports will depend on the length of the
pipe run and number of supports used within this length.
The deflection can be determined by selecting one of the following span models
which are most representative of the piping configuration. See Figure-5.

NUMBER P01-E28-02
Figure 5
Pipe support span configuration
 

In most cases, calculated deflection will be conservative, since the end of the
pipe run is assumed to be simply supported. In the actual piping layout, these
ends continue as direction changes or terminate at equipment connections
which tend to provide more support or rotational resistance and reduce the
maximum deflection of the span.
Calculate the maximum support span:
Where:
Ls = maximum support span
y = allowable deflection,  1/2 inch or 1/2 percent of the span Ls,
whichever is less
I = moment of inertia of the pipe, using structural wall thickness only
W = total weight of pipe and contents
K = constant based on span model type, see table-1
Table-1
Value of constant for span model type
SPAN MODEL K
Type I 0.0130
Type II 0.0054
Type III 0.0069
Type IV 0.0065
e. Guide Spacing
In situations where the pipe is in compression, guides are required to prevent
column buckling. Most frequently, this situation arises when anchors are placed
at directional changes dividing the system into straight runs as shown below
figure-6
NUMBER P01-E28-02
Figure 6
Maximum guide spacing for pipe in compression
The guide spacing shall be determined such that the pipe will not buckle from
the thermal end load resulting from an operating temperature above the
installed temperature of the pipe.
The thermal end load can be obtained from:
Ft = EacA(T) Equation 11
Where:
Ft = thermal end load 
Eac = axial compressive modulus of elasticity
A = cross-sectional area of the pipe wall, using total thickness
T = change between the operating temperature and the installation
temperature
The guide spacing is conservatively determined assuming the pipe is a simply
supported column where rotation of the ends is not resisted.
The maximum guide spacing is determined from:

Where:
Lg = maximum guide spacing
Eac = axial compressive modulus of elasticity
I = moment of inertia of the pipe, using structural wall thickness
only
Ft = thermal end load, (note this can be any mechanical load
causing compression)
N = 5.0, minimum safety factor
The anchors shall be designed to accommodate the thermal end force plus the
thrust developed from internal pressure at the bends.
f. Shell buckling
In situations where the pipe is in compression either from direct axial
compression or bending, a check for elastic shell buckling shall be made. This
is primarily a concern for large diameter low thickness pipe, (D/t > 50). The
NUMBER P01-E28-02
stress required to cause buckling of the pipe in bending or compression is

calculated with the following equation:

Where:
b = critical buckling stress
 = correlation factor
= 1-0.901(1-e)

Ehf = hoop flexural modulus of elasticity
Ee = (EafEhf)1/2, effective modulus of elasticity
R = radius of pipe
The ratio of critical buckling stress to the applied stress should be greater than
2.5.
g. Expansion Joints
The use of expansion joint shall be avoided. Design Engineering Company shall
obtain prior SABIC approval in case expansion joint is unavoidable.
Expansion joints may be used to absorb thermal expansion in long, straight pipe
runs. There are several types of expansion joints available for use with
fiberglass pipe but generally one with a low activation force is preferred.
Typically the pipe is guided relatively close to the expansion joint to ensure
proper alignment. The remaining supports or guides are positioned to maintain
allowable deflections or to prevent buckling. Anchors are required on both sides
of the expansion joint to ensure proper operation, (see Figure-7).
Figure-7
Guide position from expansion joints
The anchors shall be designed to accommodate the activation force of the

expansion joint plus the thrust from internal pressure.
To approximate the compression or extension capability required of the
expansion joint, the following procedure may be used.
Calculate the change in length from temperature:
Lt = L(T) Equation 14
NUMBER P01-E28-02
Where:
Lt = change in length due to temperature change
L = distance to the anchor
T = change between the operating temperature and the
installation temperature
Since expansion or contraction of fiberglass pipe can be quite large relative to
metallic pipe, the required movement of the expansion joint is similarly large. In
some cases multiple expansion joints may be required. This can make the use
of expansion joints a costly solution.
A more accurate approximation of the required movement accounts for the
change in length or shortening of the pipe due to the Poisson effect.
Calculate the contraction from Poisson effect:
Where:
L = change in length due to Poisson effect
ha = Poisson ratio (axial response to an applied hoop load)
R = radius of pipe
L = distance to the anchor
Eht = hoop tensile modulus of elasticity
The required movement of the expansion joint is:
m =  Lt - L Equation 16
Note: This procedure computes required expansion joint movement from one
side of the joint only. In selecting the expansion joint, movement from both
sides shall be computed.
h. Bend and Tee Factors
An important area where the flexibility analysis of FRP piping systems differs
from the analysis of isotropic (metallic) piping systems is in the use of flexibility
and stress intensification factors. Because of ovalization of the cross-section
during bending, the flexibility of a bend or tee is increased and the stresses are
greater than that of an equivalent length of straight pipe of the same wall
construction and diameter.
In conventional metallic piping systems where the fitting and pipe are made of
the same material, diameter and thickness, methods for determining flexibility
and stress intensification factors are well known and built into the design codes.
In FRP systems the pipe and fitting are separate components bonded or
laminated together and the material properties, diameter and thickness are
often different than that of the straight pipe.
Computer analysis programs include default values of flexibility and stress
intensification factors for FRP fittings that are usually considered conservative.
However, there is little experimental evidence to substantiate these values and
limited testing has shown that they may not be conservative.
Given the lack of well-established data, the following procedure is considered
conservative and has been used in a number on analyses and proven
satisfactory. The default values for flexibility and stress intensification factors of
NUMBER P01-E28-02
FRP fittings included in analysis programs should be replaced by those

calculated below.
The following procedures are applicable for all FRP piping systems up to and
including a diameter of 0.5 m. For larger diameters, factors for flexibility
analysis shall be determined in accordance with BS 7159.
(i) Factors for Bends
Calculate the Bend Factor:
Calculate the Circumferential Stiffness Factor:
2.53𝑃𝑑 𝑅𝑏 1/3 𝐷𝑏 2 −1
𝛿𝑎 = [1 + ( 𝑡 ) (2𝑡 ) ] Equation 18
𝐸ℎ𝑡 𝑏 𝑏
Calculate the global Flexibility Ratio:
Calculate the global Flexibility Factor for smooth bends:
Calculate the global Flexibility Factor for mitered bends:
The minimum value of FFb shall be 1.0 and the maximum value shall be 3.0.
Calculate the In-plane Stress Intensification Factor for smooth bends:
Calculate the out-of-plane Stress Intensification Factor for smooth bends:
Calculate the In-plane Stress Intensification Factor for mitered bends:
Calculate the Out-of-plane Stress Intensification Factor for mitered bends:

NUMBER P01-E28-02
The minimum value of SIFi or SIFo shall be 1.0 and the maximum value shall
be 2.5.
Where:
FFb = flexibility factor for bends (smooth or mitered)
SIFi = in-plane stress intensification factor for bends (smooth or mitered)
SIFo = out-of-plane stress intensification factor for bends (smooth or mitered)
tb = average thickness of bend fitting
tp = thickness of pipe adjacent to bend
Db = inside diameter of bend
Rb = mean radius of bend
Eht = hoop modulus of bend
Eaf = axial flexural modulus of elasticity of pipe adjacent to bend
Eab = axial flexural modulus of the bend
(ii) Factors for Tee Fittings
For all tees, the Flexibility Factor, FFt, shall be 1.0.
Calculate the Tee Factor:
Calculate the Stress Intensification Factor for tees, which is non-directional:
Where:
= Tee factor
FFt = flexibility factor for tees
SIFt = stress intensification factor for tees
th = average thickness of header portion of tee fitting
Dt = inside diameter of tee header
The minimum value of SIFt shall be 1.0 and the maximum value shall be 3.0.
i. Pipe supports requirements
In general, FRP piping systems may be supported using the same principles
as those for metallic piping systems. The following guidelines should be
followed when positioning, designing, and specifying supports for FRP piping
systems. Standard pipe supports for use with metallic piping are not necessarily
suitable for use with FRP piping. For example, standard size supports will not
typically match the outside diameter of the FRP pipe but may be adapted by
using saddles and elastomeric pads. Other modifications to standard supports
may be necessary to meet the guidelines for supporting FRP piping.
In all cases support design should meet or exceed the requirements of the pipe
manufacturer, based on the following considerations.
i. Supports for FRP pipe should be wider than those typically used for support
of metallic piping to prevent point loading and damage to the pipe. Supports
saddles should be curved and fitted to the bottom 180 degrees of the pipe.
Unprotected pipe should never bear directly against roller supports, flat
structural steel or U-bolts. The minimum width of the saddle should be ½ D
(where D is the diameter of the pipe). For pipe diameters larger than 4 inch
the support saddles should be steel that is lined with an elastomeric material.
ii. Clamping forces at guides, anchors, and vertical supports should be such
that crushing of the pipe from a poor fit or over-tightening does not occur.
NUMBER P01-E28-02
iii. Supports should preferably be located on plain pipe and not on joints or
fittings. If the piping layout is such that this is not possible, custom supports
must be designed.
iv. Valves and other heavy equipment shall be independently supported. In
addition to vertical loads from their weight, valves can have heavy control
mechanisms offset from the center of the pipe which can cause bending and
torsional loads.
v. Protect the pipe against external abrasion if vibrations, pulsations or sliding
are possible. Wear saddles are commonly used in these situations. For
supports that intentionally slide or move the saddle should be adhered to the
pipe so that all movement occurs between the saddle and the supporting
structure to prevent rubbing and wear of the pipe wall.
vi. For pipes above 1.0 m in diameter and with a large diameter/thickness ratio
(D/t > 150), contact stresses can become significant and the possibility of
localized buckling is a concern. Above saddle supports, circumferential
bending moments are produced which permit the upper portion of the pipe
to deform. This deformation makes the upper portion of the pipe ineffective
as a beam by reducing the cross-section. In this case simple beam
calculations are not accurate in determining axial stress in the pipe and
special consideration in design of the pipe utilizing local reinforcement
should be considered.
Description of basic support types and typical uses:
 Simple Sliding Supports. These supports permit the pipe to move laterally
and axially and allow rotational movement. Vertical gravity loads are
supported and uplift is permitted. Frictional resistance to sliding provides
the only lateral and axial restraint. While this type of support maximizes
the flexibility of the piping system overuse can lead to excessive lateral
deflections or a system that is overly sensitive to pipe flow, pulsations
and pressure surges, and externally applied loads. Advantages of simple
supports are that allowable axial stresses are more easily maintained and
that loads transmitted to supporting structures are minimized.
 Guides. Guides restrict lateral movement and but permit axial and
rotational movement. Vertical gravity loads are supported and uplift is
sometimes prevented. Frictional resistance to sliding provides the only
axial restraint. Guides are recommended when lines are subject to side
loads or uplift from pipe flow, pulsations and pressure surges, and
externally applied loads such as wind and seismic conditions. Guides can
be used to control lateral defections and are necessary to prevent
buckling when the pipe is compressed. The use of guides provide a more
stable system but impart lateral loads to support structures and shall be
used with care very close to changes in direction and branch connections
to minimize bending stresses.
 Anchors. Anchors restrain all lateral, axial and vertical movement but are
not typically considered to prevent rotation. Anchors divide the pipe
system into individually expanding sections. Anchors usually occur at
valves, expansion joints, to protect equipment from piping loads, and with
care very close to changes in direction and branch connections as
allowable axial stresses are easily exceeded. Anchors maximize the
ability of the system to withstand loads from pipe flow, pulsations and
pressure surges, and externally applied loads such as wind and seismic
conditions. Very large loads can be developed at anchors which the pipe
shall withstand and transfer to the anchor saddle and structural supports.
To be effective, anchor saddles shall be placed between two 360 shear
NUMBER P01-E28-02
collars permanently bonded to the pipe. Depending upon the magnitude

of anchor loads the pipe shall require local reinforcement under the
saddle.
 Other Support Types. There are several other support types used to
install FRP piping systems, but all are essentially variations of the basic
simple sliding support, guide or anchor. Some examples are: rod hangers
which permit considerable lateral movement while supporting the pipe
vertically, limit stops which are guides that allow some lateral movement
before restraining, and spring (resilient) supports which permit movement
while offering some degree of restraint.
 Deleted.
 Stiffener/gusset shall be provided for small branch (NPS 1 to 3) piping
connections that are sensitive to damage either due to vibration or abuse
and shall therefore be strengthened as shown in the below Figure-8.
 Full Clamp Supports: These supports shall be used for aboveground
pipes having diameter 1.0m and above. The clamp shall fully encircle
around the pipe diameter and provided with saddle for resting on beam/
foundation. Drawings for these supports shall be submitted for SABIC
review.
Figure 8
Stiffener/Gusset Attachment - Overview
 All Hydrant/Monitor shall be supported independently without transferring

any load to FRP piping. A typical details of support arrangement for a 4
Inch Hydrant/Monitor is shown in Figure-9.
NUMBER P01-E28-02
Figure-9
Typical Hydrant/Monitor Support Arrangement
Section-AA Typical Hydrant/Monitor Support Arrangement

NUMBER P01-E28-02
j. External Pressure / Vacuum Capability

The design shall ensure that where vacuum conditions are possible the pipe
has an adequate margin of safety against collapse. Fittings thickness shall also
be verified for vacuum condition.
The collapse pressure for a pipe shall be calculated by:
Where:
Pc = external collapse pressure
Ehf = hoop flexural modulus of elasticity
R = inside radius of pipe structural wall
 = Poisson ratio computed by:
   = (haah)1/2
ha and ah are the Poisson ratios of the pipe for hoop and
axial loading
This calculation method is conservative since it does not utilize all of the
properties of the typical orthotropic pipe laminate. It also assumes the length of
pipe is significantly greater than the diameter, (L/D greater than 20). The
collapse pressure is higher for shorter lengths.
To determine the allowable vacuum for the pipe the collapse pressure shall be
divided by a safety factor.
Calculate the allowable vacuum:
Where:
Pv = allowable vacuum
Pc = external collapse pressure
The allowable vacuum shall be equal or exceed the Design Vacuum
requirement for the specific pipe service.
k. Computer stress analysis Techniques
i. General
A piping flexibility analysis is conducted as per section 6.3.
ii. Computer Analysis Requirements
Some modeling techniques are unique to FRP piping systems, which are
discussed below.
 The properties required for analysis are defined in section 5. The material
properties appropriate for the loading condition should be used.
For example, most programs allow input of only one modulus value. In
most cases the axial flexural modulus of elasticity is used, but in
situations where the pipe is compressed between anchors, the axial
compressive modulus should be appropriate. The compressive modulus
can be much lower and can reduce anchoring forces and the structural
requirements for the supports. The lower modulus also means that the
guide spacing required to prevent buckling will be shorter.
NUMBER P01-E28-02
There should be similar installation or loading conditions that will require

evaluation and shall require multiple analyses to ensure that the pipe
model is appropriate.
 The material properties used in the analysis shall be appropriate for the
design and operating temperature.
While metallic pipe properties are not greatly affected within the range of
temperatures that FRP pipe is used, the properties of FRP change
substantially within this range. Computer programs typically allow input
of a range of modulus and coefficient of linear thermal expansion with
temperature and will select the appropriate value for analysis. The
material properties shall be adjusted for temperature effects or judgment
used to determine conservative input values.
 The material properties and thickness for fittings such as bends and tees
can differ considerably from those of the pipe. Since these factors can
affect the flexibility of the piping system and the results of the analysis,
modeling should incorporate specific values for the fittings.
 Most computer programs are designed for modeling metallic piping
materials and are not very flexible in modeling FRP piping systems.
Stress Intensification and Flexibility Factors are often default values and
are not necessarily accurate for all FRP bends and tees. Stress
Intensification and Flexibility Factors should be calculated in accordance
with section 7.2.3.h of this standard and the default values overridden
when necessary.
 Some programs report only the maximum combined direct axial tensile
and flexural stresses by adding the absolute values of both components.
While this may be a reasonable approach for metallic piping, some FRP
pipe may appear to be overstressed when it is not. In addition, shell and
column buckling of a axially compressed pipe can be a concern (see
section7.2.3(e)(f)), making it necessary to know when a pipe is in
compression.
l. Combined Stresses
The stress analysis results should be compared to the appropriate sections of
this standard as Follows:
i. The hoop stress at maximum design pressure shall be less than the qualified
hydrostatic design stress (HDS) defined in section 10.3.4 of SES P01-E28-
01.
ii. The combined sum of axial bending and direct tension shall be less than the
allowable axial stress determined in section 5.2.
iii. The combined sum of axial bending and compression shall be less than the
allowable stress determined in section 5.2 and less than the buckling stress
determined in section7.2.3.(f).
iv. For pipe that is in axial compression, guide spacing shall not exceed that
calculated in section 7.2.3.(e)
8 Underground Pipe Analysis

8.1 General
8.1.1 FRP pipe is heavily dependent upon the surrounding soil to provide the support
necessary to resist the applied loads from overburden and external pressure. In
designing an FRP underground piping system it is important to design and specify
the installation and the supporting soils in conjunction with the pipe design to
NUMBER P01-E28-02
achieve satisfactory long-term performance. It may prove beneficial to change

various aspects of the installation to reduce overall installed pipe cost. The design
of the underground pipe should be an iterative process which considers the
combined effect of installation costs versus pipe manufacturing cost.
8.1.2 The design approach is semi-empirical in which the influence of loading and pipe-
soil interaction is determined by the proper selection of several simplified
parameters. High confidence is maintained only when actual conditions are similar
to those incorporated in the design.
8.1.3 The design of underground FRP pipe requires the use of both rigorous and
empirical methods utilizing manual and computer analysis techniques. In the
process of designing the pipe, the evaluation of the native soil and site conditions,
key parameters that determine installation methods, and embedment of the pipe
are selected.
8.1.4 The design methods discussed apply to pipe with uniform walls that do not employ
stiffening ribs as a means of achieving pipe stiffness and controlling hoop deflection
and stresses. For design of pipe with ribbed walls some of the equations shall be
modified to account for the ribbed cross-section and additional calculations are
necessary.
8.1.5 In determining the applied loads and the response of the pipe to underground
conditions AWWA M45 should be used in conjunction with the guidelines
discussed in this standard.
8.2 Additional underground loads and parameters
In addition to loads resulting from the operating conditions of pressure and temperature
there are several installation parameters associated with underground pipe that result in
loads and determine its long-term performance. Since these parameters reflect the
conditions at the site and the intended installation methods, selecting these parameters is
the initial step in the design process.
The following defines these parameters and gives reference to the applicable sections of
AWWA M45.
8.2.1 Trench Width
Trench width determines the influence of the native soil. In narrow trenches where
the trench width is less than 3 x Diameters the supporting soil envelope can be
either be strengthened or weakened depending on the relative stiffness of the
native soil and the compacted backfill material. (Reference AWWA M45, Section
5.7.3.8 and 6.6.1)
8.2.2 Native Soil Classification
To determine its contribution of support for the pipe, the native soil shall be defined.
Typically, the native soil can be described as either granular or cohesive material
and the blow count from standard penetration tests or the unconfined compressive
strength are required as a minimum to estimate the properties required for analysis.
(Reference AWWA M45, Table 5-6 and Section 6.4)
8.2.3 Groundwater
The maximum groundwater elevation expected in the pipe zone is required to
determine external hydrostatic pressure used in buckling analysis of the pipe. In
some installations the presence of groundwater can require the use of a geotextile
filter fabric to prevent migration native soils into select backfill in the pipe zone.
(Reference AWWA M45, Section 5.7.5)
8.2.4 Burial Depth
NUMBER P01-E28-02
The depth at which the pipe is buried determines loads from soil overburden and
the magnitude of live loads transferred to the pipe from vehicular traffic at the
surface. The minimum and maximum (1.5 m to 5 m, finished grade to top of pipe)
depths should be used in the analysis to bound the range of combined live and soil
overburden loads.
The pipe elevation can be compared to boring logs from geotechnical
investigations showing the strata and stiffness of the native soils at various depths
aiding in determination of the degree of support provided by the native soil.
Resistance to buckling from external hydrostatic pressure and to uplift from
buoyant forces are also influenced by the burial depth. (AWWA M45, Sections
5.7.3.5, 5.7.3.6, and 5.7.5)
8.2.5 Settlement
Settlement of structures connected to or in the vicinity of the pipe require special
attention and some means to allow settlement without over-stressing the pipe shall
be provided. In some situations additional reinforcing of the pipe is a solution. In
many cases, particularly with large diameter pipe (D>24 inch), flexible connections
or backpacking the pipe with a cushion material are required.
8.2.6 Trench Curvature
Curvature of the trench bottom causes bending of the pipe and an axial load that
shall be considered in the analysis. With small diameter pipe, horizontal curvature
from laying the pipe can be a concern. The most common approach used to avoid
additional axial stress is to ensure that directional changes occur at joints during
installation of the pipe, (AWWA M45, Section 5.8).
Settlement of 6mm at Concrete Structures and Uniform Curvature Producing
20mm Displacement in 20 m of Pipe Length shall be considered for the trench
curvature.
8.2.7 Live Loads
Live loading from vehicular surface traffic including loads from constructions
equipment such as cranes and from railroads are additive to soil overburden loads
in the analysis of underground pipe. Construction traffic is normally a transient
condition and may not need to be combined with other operational loads. The loads
transferred to the pipe from construction traffic are relieved by construction haul
roads or by using protective matting to prevent short-term damage to the pipe,
(AWWA M45, section 5.7.3.6).
Live loading of AASHTO 20 shall be considered in the analysis of underground
pipe. In addition to the live loading, annual construction crane loading of 12 tons
per axle shall also be considered on paved roadways:
80 ton capacity 4 axle crane – static load is 48 tons
400 ton capacity 7 axle crane – static load is 84 tons
8.2.8 Backfill and Bedding Material
The impact of bedding and backfill material selection on installation procedures,
effort and pipe cost should be considered in the initial stages of design. Refer to
AWWA M45, Sections 5.7.3.8 and 6.5 and Section 5.3.3.(c) of SES P13-C05.
Backfill soil density shall be minimum 2000 kg/m 3.
Specify backfill/bedding soil that conforms to AWWA M45 Stiffness Category SC1
or SC2 and in accordance with SES C02-S01 and ASTM D3839. Refer to Section
5.3.3 (e) of SES P13-C05.
NUMBER P01-E28-02
8.2.9 Backfill Compaction

Level of Compaction shall meet requirement of SES C02-F03.
8.3 Manual Techniques
8.3.1 General
FRP underground piping systems shall be analyzed to verify that the maximum
stresses and strains due to combined loading are within the allowable values
derived in SES P01-E28-01 and section 5.2 of this standard. In addition to the
maximum combined axial stress the combined hoop stress from pressurization and
burial of the pipe shall be determined.
The methodology in AWWA M45 should be used to determine the maximum
combined hoop stress in the pipe and the result compared to the allowable values
as defined by this standard. The combined axial stress should be determined by
the manual calculations discussed below or by computer modeling.
8.3.2 Assumptions
The underground piping system can be divided into two basic categories, fixed and
moving pipe. The axial movement of fixed pipe is completely restrained by friction
between the pipe and soil. Fixed pipe will typically comprise most of piping system
between bends. Moving pipe is pipe near bends where axial movement is not
completely restrained by friction. The intersection of fixed and moving pipe is the
virtual anchor. The distance between the virtual anchor and bend is often called
the restrained or tied length in which joints allowing axial movement are not
permitted without some means of thrust restraint at the bend. See Section 7.5 in
AWWA M45 and the following figure-10
Figure 10
Representation of virtual anchor
Manual calculations are sufficient to determine hoop stresses in both areas of the
piping system. Axial stresses in fixed pipe regions of the piping system are also
easily calculated by manual techniques but, due to the complexity of soil restraining
horizontal movement, the axial stresses in moving pipe regions are best resolved
using computer analysis. For the same reason, in areas where settlement is
expected, computer analysis is appropriate The stress analysis shall be carried out
considering soil likely settlement.
Pipe movement is considered to be completely restrained by friction so that thermal
expansion and contraction from the Poisson effect do not occur and axial stresses
NUMBER P01-E28-02
are developed. A common assumption that is made in underground pipe design is

that by using bell and spigot or coupling joints, axial movement is permitted and
axial stresses do not exist. However, field tests have shown that this assumption
is not valid for the entire length between pipe joints.
The degree that the pipe is restrained will depend upon pipe construction,
operating conditions, burial depth, groundwater elevation, and the coefficient of
friction for various soils and compaction densities.
For purposes of design the pipe beyond the virtual anchor position shall be
assumed to be fully restrained by friction and the pipe designed for the maximum
tensile and compressive stress that develop.
8.3.3 Calculation of Circumferential Stress
a. Calculation of Deflection and Hoop Stress/Strain
Deflection and hoop strain shall be determined using the methodology given in
AWWA M45. Soil parameters, loadings, and explanatory discussions in this
manual are appropriate for design of FRP underground pipe.
Further definition and requirements are given below. Most significantly are that
M45 shall be used for calculation of pipe deflection and hoop strains only.
Computation of combined strains and comparison to allowable limits shall be
per this standard. Different procedures are used for underground pressure and
gravity sewer pipes.
Deflection calculations are required to ensure that the allowable design stress
or strain is not exceeded. The modified Iowa formula is used to estimate short-
term and long-term deflection that can be anticipated in the field and is
sufficiently accurate to produce estimates of load induced deflection levels. See
M45 for a more complete discussion.
Calculate vertical deflection:
∆y = Equation 30
Where:
∆y = Vertical deflection. The maximum vertical deflection for any
underground application shall not exceed 2.5 percent of the mean
diameter of the pipe.
D = pipe diameter
DL = Deflection lag factor. Sound engineering judgment shall be used in
selecting this value, (see M45). A minimum value of 1.5 shall be
used in all designs.
E' = composite modulus of soil reaction as determined by M45
PS = Pipe stiffness as determined in M45. The minimum pipe stiffness
class allowed for any underground application shall be 36 psi (248
kPa).
WC = Soil column load, calculated per M45
WL = Live load, calculated per M45
Kx = bedding coefficient selected from the following table-2
NUMBER P01-E28-02
Table 2
Value of bedding coefficient
EQUIVALENT
BEDDING
TYPE OF INSTALLATION BEDDING
COEFFICIENT
ANGLE(1)
Highly compacted, coarse-grained, shaped bedding
with highly compacted backfill material placed at the
180º 0.083
sides of the pipe; 95 percent standard proctor density
or 70 percent relative density or greater
Moderately compacted, coarse-grained, shaped
bedding with moderately compacted backfill material
placed at the sides of the pipe; 85-95 percent 60º 0.103
standard proctor density or 40-70 percent relative
density or greater
(1) The bedding angle is an estimate of the degree of support provided by the
soil at the bottom and haunch area of the pipe. The equivalent bedding angle
may be achieved without special bottom shaping provided that the backfill is
placed and compacted at the sides of the pipe in several lifts below the
springline. For small diameter pipe at least one compacted lift is required
below the springline.
Note: The following charts are examples of the relationship between soil and
live loads and their effect on total load on the pipe.
Figure-11
Relationship between soil load, live loads and total load for highway loading.
The chart/figure-11 above generally depicts standard highway loading, while

the chart/figure-12 below is based on a typical railroad loading. Charts are
for demonstration purposes only and are not suitable for determination of
loads for use in design.
NUMBER P01-E28-02
Figure-12
Relationship between soil load, live loads and total load for railroad loading.
b. Hoop Stress / Strain

For design of underground pressure pipe, the components of stress from
internal pressure and ring bending shall be combined and compared to qualified
hoop stress (HDS) in SES P01-E28-01.
Calculate the combined hoop stress:
𝑃𝑑 𝐷 ∆𝑦 𝑡𝑡
𝜎ℎ = + 𝑟𝑐 𝐷𝑓 𝐸ℎ𝑓 ( ) Equation 31
2𝑡 𝐷 𝐷
𝜎ℎ ≤ HDS Equation 32
For underground pressure piping, in determining the axial allowable stress in

section 5.2, the combined hoop stress (σh) above shall be used in the equation
in SES P01-E28-01 as the hoop stress under applied loads.
For design of gravity pipe where internal pressures are negligible, the strain
from ring bending shall be calculated and compared to the allowable ring
bending strain in Para 10.6.3 of SES P01-E28-01.
Calculate the Ring Bending Strain:
Equation 33
Where:
h = combined hoop stress
b = ring bending strain
D = pipe diameter
Ehf = hoop flexural (ring bending) modulus of elasticity
tt = total wall thickness
rc = re-rounding coefficient, for P ≤ 3 then rc = 1 – P / 3, for P > 3 then rc = 0;
Df = shape factor per M45
y = vertical deflection
HDS = hydrostatic design stress
NUMBER P01-E28-02
In determining the axial allowable stress for non-pressure underground pipe,

the value σ1 from section 5.2.2 shall be used.
8.3.4 Buckling Resistance
Buckling resistance of underground pipe shall be calculated in accordance with
AWWA M45, Section 5.7.5, except as noted below. Pipe shall be adequate to
withstand the Design Vacuum in combination with the peak external pressure
resulting from burial loads and groundwater elevation.
External pressure due to groundwater shall be calculated based on the elevation
of the maximum potential groundwater elevation relative to the invert of the pipe.
8.3.5 Calculation of axial stress in Fixed Pipe Region
a. Minimum axial strength
All pipe and restrained joints in the underground piping system shall have
sufficient strength to carry the most severe combination of loads resulting from
temperature change, Poisson effect, and trench curvature. The combined
stress from these effects shall not exceed the allowable stress determined in
P01-E28-01. Pipe near changes in direction or where settlement is expected
will have additional axial bending stress. Typically, the addition of bending
stresses in local areas is offset by diminishing stresses from temperature
change and Poisson effect. Computer analysis is the only effective means of
calculating combined axial stress in these areas and will determine if pipe with
increased axial capability is required.
Loads that produce axial tension in the pipe are of primary concern.
Compressive stresses can usually be ignored.
The use of bell and spigot joints, couplings, or other joints that allow axial motion
shall not be considered to relieve axial tensile stresses.
b. Axial stress from temperature change
Restrained thermal contraction produces axial tensile stress in the pipe. This
condition exists whenever the operating temperature of the fluid in the pipe is
lower than the installation temperature of the pipe. See figure-13.
Figure-13
Restrained thermal contraction due to axial tensile stress
Calculate axial stress due to restrained thermal contraction:
Equation 34
Where:
t = axial stress from restrained thermal contraction
NUMBER P01-E28-02

Eat = axial tensile modulus of elasticity
T = installation temperature minus minimum operating temperature
c. Axial stress from Poisson effect
Hoop expansion due to internal pressure tends to cause the pipe to contract in
the axial direction. The axial movement is prevented by soil friction and axial
tensile stress is developed. See figure-14.
Figure-14
Hoop expansion due to internal pressure
Calculate axial stress due to restrained Poisson effect:
Equation 35
Where:
m = axial stress from restrained Poisson effect
ha = Poisson ratio (axial response to an applied hoop load)
R = radius of pipe
Eat = axial tensile modulus of elasticity
Eht = hoop tensile modulus of elasticity
d. Axial stress from bending curvature
Beam bending inducing axial stress in the pipe can result from an uneven
bedding, differential settlement and subsidence of the soil. The pipe design shall
allow for trench irregularities that cannot be resolved at joints and for potential
settlement and subsidence by applying an appropriate bending model to
calculate the resulting stress. The general equation based on a uniform radius
of curvature of the pipe, as well as one additional example are given below and
figure-15.
NUMBER P01-E28-02
Figure-15
Pipe radius of curvature
Calculate axial stress due to a uniform radius of curvature:
Equation 36
The following example is based on the assumption that the pipe is fixed on both
ends, with displacement forced at one end. See figure-16.
Figure-16
Pipe fixed on both ends
Calculate axial stress due to the specific displacement model:
Equation 37
Where:
c = axial stress from curvature
R = radius of pipe
r = radius of curvature of deflected pipe
M = bending moment from the selected beam bending model
d = expected displacement from trench irregularities or settlement
L = assumed length over which displacement occurs
It is the responsibility in the design engineering to select an appropriate beam
bending model to represent the anticipated displacement of the pipe in the
specific system.
e. Combined axial stress in Fixed Pipe Regions
NUMBER P01-E28-02
The allowable axial stress used for design is determined in section 5.2 and shall
be compared to the combined axial stresses as follows:
Equation 38
Where:
ax = allowable axial stress under combined loading conditions,
per section 5.2
t = axial stress from restrained thermal contraction
m = axial stress from restrained Poisson effect
c = axial stress from curvature
8.3.6 Thrust restraint
a. Thrust Forces
All thrust forces occur at changes in direction, changes in cross-sectional area,
and at piping terminations. Thrust forces develop as a result of the static internal
pressure in the pipe and dynamic thrust due to changes in momentum of a
flowing fluid. Forces from thermal expansion of the pipe are additive to thrust
forces from internal pressure but displacements are usually small as movement
is resisted by pipe-soil friction.
Typical examples of hydrostatic thrust are shown in the following Figures.
Calculate hydrostatic thrust force T as noted below for the specific configuration
shown in figure-17.
NUMBER P01-E28-02
Figure 17
Typical examples of hydrostatic thrust
Equations
39, 40
Equations 41, 42
Equation 43, 44
Where: T = hydrostatic thrust force

Ai = cross-sectional area of the pipe of interest
Ai = πD2
4
D = pipe diameter
NUMBER P01-E28-02
b. Restrained (Tied) Joints

Thrust forces may be resisted by tying adjacent pipes to the fitting to increase
the frictional drag of the connected pipe. The thrust force diminishes from a
maximum value at the fitting to zero some distance from the fitting. At this
location, the virtual anchor, friction forces are in equilibrium with thrust forces.
Pipe between the virtual anchor and the fitting is moving axially as the passive
soil resistance against opposing leg of the pipe and fitting is usually not
sufficient to prevent movement. In order to generate the frictional drag
necessary to resist thrust forces, all joints within this moving length shall be
capable of transmitting the axial forces.
To determine the length of pipe, the needed frictional resistance and the virtual
anchor position, the following procedures shall be used:
c. Horizontal Fittings
For horizontal fittings, the length of pipe to the virtual anchor location of any pipe
leg is determined by dividing the thrust force in that pipe leg by the frictional
resistance per unit length. Depending on the configuration of fitting and the pipe
leg of interest, the thrust load varies.
The following Figure shows the configuration for a 90 bend. The two general
equations for determining the virtual anchor location for various types of fittings
are also shown in figure-18.
Figure 18
Virtual anchor location and various UG weight
For dead end, wye, tee and reducer fitting configurations shown above,
calculate the virtual anchor location as follows:
L= thrust force Equation 45
Frictional resistance
L= T Equation 46
f(2We + Wp + Ww)
For bend and bifurcation fitting configurations shown above, calculate the virtual
anchor location as follows:
L= ½ thrust force Equation 47

Frictional resistance
L= T Equation 48
2f(2We + Wp + Ww)
NUMBER P01-E28-02
Where:
L = distance from the applied thrust point to the virtual
anchor
T = thrust force
We = weight of soil cover per unit length
Wp = weight of pipe per unit length
Ww = weight of fluid contents per unit length
f = coefficient of friction between pipe and soil, see table-3
Table-3
Coefficient of friction between pipe and soil
f SOIL
0.4 Silt
0.5 Sand
0.6 Gravel
0.6 Clay
Note: These values are appropriate for soils compacted to 95 percent of the
maximum dry density as determined by the Standard Proctor method, ASTM D
698
d. Vertical Bends
Uplift forces caused by vertical bends shall be resisted by dead weight alone,
without the benefit of frictional forces. The mass of the length of pipe tied to
each leg of the bend provides the necessary balancing forces. Joints within this
tied length shall be capable of transmitting axial forces. See figure-19.
Figure-19
Uplift forces caused by vertical bends
L= thrust force Equation 49

dead weight of tied pipe, contents and overburden
L= Equation 50
Where:
L = tied length
T = thrust force
We = weight of soil cover per unit length
Wp = weight of pipe per unit length
Ww = weight of fluid contents per unit length
 = angle of pipe per above Figure
 = angle of pipe per above Figure
NUMBER P01-E28-02
e. Thrust Blocks
Concrete thrust blocks increase the ability of fittings to resist movement by
increasing the bearing area and dead weight of the fitting.
Thrust blocks should be shaped with the 'bearing area' against undisturbed
native soil of the trench wall and perpendicular to the direction of the thrust.
The 'bearing area' of the thrust block is determined by:
Ab = TN Equation 51
s
Where:
Ab = bearing area of thrust block
T = thrust force
s = bearing strength of soil
Knowledge of local native soil conditions is necessary for proper sizing of thrust
blocks. The design shall consider the proper bearing strength of a particular soil
type. Typical values for bearing strength are given in the following table-4
Table-4
Typical values for bearing strength
BEARING
SOIL TYPE
STRENGTH (psf)
Soft Clay 1000
Silt 1500
Sandy Silt 3000
Sand 4000
Sandy Clay 6000
Hard Clay 9000
Firm Gravel 15000
This procedure for sizing thrust blocks is typically valid when the depth to the
bottom of the block is twice the height of the block. For shallower thrust blocks
shear resistance of the passive soil wedge behind the block rather than bearing
strength shall govern. In this case special design consideration is required.
The dimensions of the thrust block should be large enough so that the pipe is
encapsulated. At the junction of the pipe and thrust block excessive bending
stresses can develop between the pipe and rigid concrete. The pipe should be
wrapped in rubber at the interface to cushion the pipe and distribute stresses.
8.3.7 Combined Axial Stress in Moving Pipe Regions
For pipe in moving regions near changes in direction, stresses from restrained
temperature change and Poisson effect decrease from maximum at the virtual
anchor position to nearly zero at the fitting. However, axial bending stresses
resulting from movement into the soil reach maximum near the fitting. In many
installations the changing stresses in the moving pipe regions tend to be self-
balancing and pipe designed for fixed pipe regions is adequate. This tendency is
heavily dependent on operating conditions and soil parameters and for most
applications, computer analysis should be used to accurately determine combined
axial stresses.
Calculate pressure thrust:

NUMBER P01-E28-02
Fp = PdAi Equation 52
Calculate the axial stress due to pressure thrust:
Equation 53
Where:
Fp = pressure thrust
p = axial stress due to pressure thrust
Ai = cross-sectional area of the pipe of interest
Ai = πD2
4
R = average radius
D = pipe diameter
The allowable axial stress used for design is determined in SES P01-E28-01
and shall be compared to the axial stress due to pressure thrust as follows:
a p Equation 54
Where:
ax = allowable axial stress under combined loading conditions, per
section 5.2
p = axial stress due to pressure thrust
8.4 Computer stress analysis techniques
8.4.1 General
Computer analysis is not intended to replace the traditional manual calculations in
section 8.3 of this standard. Computer analysis shall be used to augment manual
calculations and to provide sufficient resolution.
8.4.2 Computer Analysis Requirements
Program requirements for computer analysis of underground piping systems are
the same as those for aboveground systems with the additional ability to model
pipe-soil interaction.
The backfill and native soils provide resistance to movement of an underground
pipe and the magnitude of displacements is dependent upon the stiffness of this
surrounding soil envelope. Because of this dependency, it is critical that the soil
properties input in the computer analysis accurately represent the intended
installation. The geotechnical factors required as input by computer programs
includes:
a. Soil density
b. Coefficient of friction between pipe and soil
c. Friction angle between pipe and soil
d. Coefficient of horizontal stress (coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction)
e. Undrained shear strength
From this simplified input many other geotechnical factors, soil stiffness and
strengths, and ultimate loads are computed to fully characterize pipe-soil
NUMBER P01-E28-02
interaction. The Design engineering company shall have a thorough understanding

of how this input is used in internal program computations and of how pipe behavior
and axial stresses are affected. Since the geotechnical input is seldom available
with a high degree of certainty it is advisable to bound the analysis fixing the limits
of potential soil properties.
The buried pipe will displace laterally in areas adjacent to bends and tees, and in
areas far removed from bends and tees, the displacement is primarily axial. Vertical
displacements occur at vertical changes in direction and where settlement is input
directly. Properly modeled, the analysis will show fixed and moving regions of pipe
with maximum bending stresses at bends and tees, diminishing to zero at the
virtual anchor position.
The results of the computer analysis can be verified by manual calculations of the
virtual anchor position and combined axial stress in “fixed pipe” regions of the
system in section 8.3.5 of this standard.
8.4.3 Combined Stresses
The stress analysis results should be compared to the appropriate sections of this
standard as follows:
a. The hoop stress at maximum design pressure shall be combined with hoop
bending stresses determined in section 8.3.3 and be less than the allowable
hoop stress (HDS) of section 10.3.4 or ring bending strain determined in section
10.6.3 of SES P01-E28-01.
b. The combined sum of axial bending and direct tension shall be less than the
allowable stress determined in Section 5.2.3, Equation 3.
9 Design Report Requirements

9.1 Design Engineering Company shall provide a complete Design Report for all aboveground
and underground FRP piping systems satisfying the requirements of this section and
following requirements as a minimum to SABIC.
9.1.1 Design Engineering Company shall provide a complete report covering the design
of the piping system in sufficient detail to allow verification of all aspects of design,
qualification and system analysis.
9.1.2 Design Engineering Company shall provide spool drawings for review and approval
with their design report. See section 6.2.9.(b) for minimum spool drawing
requirements.
9.1.3 Piping Vendor shall submit a detailed method along with case histories for
connecting epoxy to vinyl ester pipe that covers all instances where this will occur
with their design report for review and approval.
9.1.4 Design Report shall be submitted and approved by the SABIC prior to beginning of
fabrication. In no case does the review or approval of the Design Report relieve the
Pipe Vendor of design responsibility, compliance to the specifications, or
contractual or legal requirements
9.1.5 The Design Report shall also include additional data as required to support other
project areas, including but not necessarily limited to the information listed below.
9.2 Summary of Design Conditions and Assumptions
All project design conditions, service considerations, installation requirements, design
assumptions and other criteria used as a basis for the design and analysis of the piping
shall be summarized for use by the project and documented in the Design Report. The
Design Condition Summary form included in Appendix- A or a similar format is preferred
for quick reference, but additional explanation may be needed for completeness.
NUMBER P01-E28-02
The following general categories shall be included; refer to the applicable sections of this
standard for additional clarification:
9.2.1 Operating and Upset Design Conditions
Include the full range of positive and negative pressures and temperatures
potentially experienced in the system.
9.2.2 Wind and Earthquake Conditions.
9.2.3 Burial Conditions
Include any available information used as a basis for classification of native soils
or other site conditions.
Include all underground pipe installation conditions to fully describe the excavation
and backfill methods to be used as a basis for the associated design parameters.
Include manufacturer's installation specification.
Include groundwater, surface conditions, anticipated settlement, or any other
unusual sources of load on the pipe.
Include the range of installation temperatures anticipated or used as the basis for
the analysis.
9.2.4 Live Loads
Define all loads resulting from personnel, traffic, construction or other potential
sources.
9.2.5 Service Considerations
Describe the service fluids and other special conditions which may affect material
selection or serviceability of the piping.
9.3 Qualification of Pipe and Components

All data developed by the pipe manufacturer as the basis for the qualification of the pipe
and components shall be included in the Design Report. As a minimum, this shall include
the following:
9.3.1 Complete description of the construction of each of the components qualified,
including but not necessarily limited to the following:
a. All materials used, including resin, catalyst system, additives, reinforcement
types.
b. Corrosion liner thickness and type.
c. Structural wall thickness, reinforcement types and sequence, glass orientation
and glass content.
9.3.2 Complete description of the qualification processes used, with a listing of the
components qualified under each separate qualification process.
9.3.3 Description of the basis for materials selection, including data from materials
manufacturers supporting the use of the materials in the specific service.
9.3.4 For services considered more corrosive or abrasive than the testing medium,
include verification of the corrosion or abrasion resistance of the materials used
and the basis for the use of any additional corrosion liner thickness.
9.3.5 Include the basis used for adjustment to pipe pressure rating or properties, as
required to compensate for operational temperatures exceeding test temperatures.
9.3.6 Listing of all tests performed and used as a basis for the qualification, including:
NUMBER P01-E28-02
a. Number and size of samples for each test.

b. Verification of construction of samples, compared to section 9.3.1.
c. Dates of testing.
d. Description of test apparatus.
e. Complete presentation of data from tests.
f. Complete statistical analysis of data.
g. For standardized tests, the reporting requirements of the test procedure
documents shall be satisfied in addition to those listed above.
h. Summary of properties obtained from the testing required for use in the
analysis, including development of allowable stresses.
9.3.7 A listing of all construction data and test values, including minimum values and
tolerances, as required to provide a basis for quality control and verification that
production pipe and components satisfy the requirements of the qualification
procedure.
9.3.8 Manufacturers recommended installation requirements.
9.4 Calculation Package
9.4.1 All manual calculations as required by this standard
9.4.2 For computer stress analysis or other computerized calculations, provide the
following:
a. Program as per latest version of CAESAR II
b. All input data and basis for the data.
c. Program global settings and parameters.
d. Summary of all load cases and combinations considered, whether or not
included in the analysis.
e. Model data in electronic form (*C2 file)
9.4.3 Code compliance report.
9.5 Drawings
9.5.1 Identify support types and locations, shear collar locations.
9.5.2 Location of any special requirements.
9.5.3 Fabrication details of any special requirements.
9.6 Data
9.6.1 Provide a method to correlate the analysis data to specific locations on the
drawings and analysis model.
9.6.2 Summary of maximum stresses and strains, compared to the appropriate allowable
values.
9.6.3 Support Loads.
9.6.4 Loads on equipment nozzles
9.6.5 Displacements
NUMBER P01-E28-02
10 Technical Bid Submittal Requirements

10.1 Design Engineering Company shall ensure Pipe Vendor prepares Bid Submittals that
comply with all requirements of the Project, the Request for Quotation (RFQ), this
document and the referenced SES.
10.2 Exceptions or deviations shall be specifically identified by the Design Engineering
Company/pipe Vendor in a section of the proposal. Include a detailed description and the
reason for deviation.
10.3 Design Engineering Company shall ensure Pipe Vendor completes and returns the Bid
Submittal Form(s) in Appendix- B with their bid submission.
10.4 Design Engineering Company shall ensure Pipe Vendor provides letters from resin
manufacturers for each piping class and material stating the proposed surfacing veil type,
corrosion liner thickness, resin and cure system is acceptable for use in the specific
chemical service at design conditions. See section 5.4 of SES P01-E28-01 for minimum
requirements governing corrosion liner construction and thickness.
10.5 Design Engineering Company shall ensure Pipe Vendor submits detailed construction
drawings for all pipe and fittings showing how pipe and fittings are constructed. These
drawings should include the thicknesses of filament wound pipe and fitting and the lengths,
widths and thicknesses of all laminations used to construct fittings and joints. These
drawings also should show ply sequences for all pipe, fittings and joints including the
orientations of all glass reinforcements and the types of reinforcements used.
10.6 Design Engineering Company shall prepare and submit an Inspection and Test Plan (ITP)
for shop and field separately that complies with the requirements of the referenced SES
and ITB for approval by SABIC. Specific production testing, visual defect criteria and ITP
requirements are defined in SES P14-T02.
10.7 Connection to Rubber Lined Valves: Design Engineering Company shall consider the seal
to lined valves in their Bid Submittal and will include a procedure with drawings and details
showing how they will achieve a reliable/lasting seal to the lined valves (if applicable) with
their Bid Submittal. Case histories and references from other projects where the Pipe
Vendor has had success mating their FRP flanges to rubber lined valves shall also be
supplied with the bid.
10.8 Flow Velocities for FRP Pipe: Design Engineering Company shall ensure Pipe Vendor
includes the allowable flow velocities for all of the products they have proposed to supply
with their bid and again with the Design Report.
10.9 Bid submission shall include all test report to be used for design calculation.
11 Hold Points
Design Engineering Company shall carry out the review to clear the following hold points.
11.1 Award of FRP piping shall be kept on hold until qualified review of bidders’ technical
proposal is completed and approved by Third Party FRP consultant and company.
11.2 Deleted
11.3 Manufacturing/Fabrication of FRP pipe and components shall be kept on hold until design
review and stress analysis (including surge analysis and FEA) is completed.
11.4 Delivery of pipe and components shall be kept on hold until all outstanding NCRs have
been resolved for applicable batch.
11.5 Hydrotest at construction site shall be kept on hold until all outstanding NCRs and field
changes to piping design have been resolved for applicable batch.
NUMBER P01-E28-02
12 Revision History
Revision No 3, Dec. 2014 Restructured: Overall restructuring by combining SES P01-
E28-03 requirement, renumbering, rearranging and formatting
the various sections.
Updated: References
Added: Various sections based on improvements and lessons
learned
Modified: Various sections based on improvements and
lessons learned
Revision No 4, Mar. 2020 Updated: References

Added: Various sections based on improvements and lessons
learned.
Modified: Various sections based on improvements and
lessons learned.
Short summary of changes include, Design life to 30 years, UV
protection include UG piping, Stress analysis include design
condition, Hydrotest case, stress analysis for non-pressurized
lines, Design of components such as Integral flange and blind
flanges as per ASME NM.2, added Inspection manhole,
Cautions sign boards and fittings thickness verification include
vacuum condition, hydrant/monitor support and branch
stiffness.
Revision No 5, Dec. 2021 Updated: References

Added: Para. 6.1.6, 6.2.9.c, 6.2.15, 10.9
Modified: Para. 4.1.5, 5.1, 5.2.3, 6.1.3, 6.1.5, 6.2.8.b, 6.2.11,
6.3.4.f, 6.3.4.h, 7.2.3.g, 7.2.3.i.vi, 8.2.9, 8.3.3.a, 8.3.6.a,
8.4.3.b, 10.7, 11.3, 11.5, Equation 31
Deleted: Para. 11.2
NUMBER P01-E28-02
Appendix A - Design Condition Summary
Sr.
Criteria Units Value Source Remarks
No.
1 Service Conditions
1.1 Service Fluid Provide separate detailed
description
1.2 Piping Class
2 Pressure
2.1 Operating Pressure KPa
2.2 Design Pressure KPa
2.3 Maximum Upset Pressure KPa
2.4 Hydrotest Pressure KPa
2.5 Operating Vacuum KPa mm of mercury or mm of water
2.6 Design Vacuum KPa mm of mercury or mm of water
3 Temperature
3.1 Operating Temperature, min/max ºC
3.2 Design Temperature ºC
3.3 Upset Temperature, min/max ºC
4 Site Conditions
4.1 Wind Zone
4.2 Seismic Zone
4.3 Ambient Temperature ºC
4.4 Live Loading Such as personnel, etc
4.5 Traffic Loading
4.6 Groundwater Elevation m Relative to pipe elevation
4.7 Native Soil Classification
5 Installation
5.1 Trench Type and Width
5.2 Burial Depth range m Finish grade to top of pipe
5.3 Backfill/Bedding Soil Classification
5.4 Backfill Soil Density
5.5 Installation Temperature
a. Aboveground, min/max ºC
b. Belowground, min/max ºC
5.6 Surface Paving Material and
Thickness
5.7 Settlement or Trench Curvature mm
6 Other
6.1 Fire retardancy
6.2 Abrasion resistance
6.3 Unusual transient loads
NUMBER P01-E28-02
Appendix B - Bid Submittal Form
The following form shall be completed and returned with the Pipe Vendor's quotation for pipe and
components proposed for each Line Class. Only data pertaining to a single Line Class shall be submitted
on this form. If construction method, materials, configuration or pressure rating vary between diameters
within this Service Class, a separate form shall be used for each type.
Pipe Vendor Name: Proposal No:

Sec. Fluid Service: Date:
Piping Class: Revision:
1 General
1.1 Pressure Rating
Is pipe custom or standard item? Provide
1.2 catalog item number or designation if
applicable.
1.3 Minimum/maximum pipe length
Describe UV protection for above ground &
1.4
Underground piping.
Is pipe UL listed, FM approved, or certified
1.5
to NSF-61?
1.6 Maximum allowable velocity
2 Fabrication (Provide for both straight pipe and fittings if different)
Total minimum pipe thickness for each
2.1
diameter. (Attach separate table if needed.)
2.2 Liner thickness
2.3 Liner veil type, liner construction method
2.4 Liner resin type
2.5 Structural wall resin type
Structural wall construction and layer
2.6
sequence
Structural wall resin content, (percentage
2.7
of total weight)
Filament winding angle and amount,
2.8
(percentage of total weight)
Amount of unidirectional (axial)
2.9
reinforcement (percentage of total weight)
Amount of chopped strand glass in
2.10
structural wall (percentage of total weight)
Structural wall fillers and additives, with
2.11
amounts, (percentage of total weight)
Exterior layer resin type, reinforcement
2.12
and thickness
2.13 Shop assembly joint type(s)
2.14 Field assembly joint type(s)
Describe tee fitting fabrication method,
2.15
provide detailed fabrication drawings.
Describe flange fabrication method,
2.16
provide detailed fabrication drawings.
NUMBER P01-E28-02
Pipe Vendor Name: Proposal No:

Sec. Fluid Service: Date:
Piping Class: Revision:
2.17 Glass transition temperature
3 Fabrication Quality Control
3.1 Frequency of production testing
3.2 Tolerance on tested material properties
Tolerance on glass content, per type of
3.3
reinforcement
3.4 Tolerance on total thickness
Basis of Glass transition temperature test
3.5
and its acceptance criteria
4 Material Properties (Provide value and test method used for each.)
4.1 Density
4.2 Hoop tensile modulus
4.3 Hoop flexural modulus
4.4 Axial tensile modulus
4.5 Shear Modulus
4.6 Axial flexural modulus
4.7 Ultimate axial strength
4.8 Pipe stiffness
4.9 Poisson ratios
Axial Coefficient of Linear Thermal
4.10
Expansion
4.11 Provide specific qualification method used
5 Calculations
Hydrostatic Design Stress (HDS) Per
5.1
Section 10.3 of SES P01-E28-01
Allowable axial stress per section 5 of this
5.2
SES
Allowable Deflection for U/G Pipe per
5.3
Section 8.3.3.a of this SES

P01-E28-02 Rev 5 Dec 2021 Design Requirements For FRP Piping Systems

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P01-E28-02 Rev 5 Dec 2021 Design Requirements For FRP Piping Systems

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Classification: General Business Use

Design Requirements for

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 2 OF 51

Figure 1 Design Envelope ..............................................................................................................8

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 3 OF 51

Table-1 Value of constant for span model type ............................................................................18

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 4 OF 51

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 5 OF 51

American Water Works Association (AWWA)

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 6 OF 51

5 Properties Required For System Design

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 7 OF 51

5.1.1 Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 8 OF 51

Hoop Stress Direction

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 9 OF 51

6 Piping System Design

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 10 OF 51

f. An appropriate thickness shall be used for fittings, based on the specific

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 11 OF 51

6.2.8 Anchors and Thrust Blocks

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 12 OF 51

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 13 OF 51

iii. Hydrotesting at increased pressure is also considered transient and an

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 14 OF 51

Buried nonmetallic pipe at road crossing shall be protected by culvert. However as

7 Aboveground Pipe Analysis

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 15 OF 51

Judgment is necessary in determining the length of pipe contributing to

The change in length from temperature may be positive or negative, depending

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 16 OF 51

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 17 OF 51

Additional guides or supports should be added to support the expansion loop

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 18 OF 51

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 19 OF 51

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 20 OF 51

stress required to cause buckling of the pipe in bending or compression is

Eaf = axial flexural modulus of elasticity

The anchors shall be designed to accommodate the activation force of the

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 21 OF 51

FRP Piping Systems DATE DEC 2021

ENGINEERING STANDARD PAGE 22 OF 51

FRP fittings included in analysis programs should be replaced by those