02 Prelimpages

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON GEOPOLYMER
CONCRETE BY INCORPORATING BIOMASS ASHES

A Thesis Submitted to the
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur
For the award of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
by
USHASREE JAGARAGALLU
[Reg. No. 14PH0113]
Under the guidance of

Prof. H. SUDARSANA RAO
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
ANANTHAPURAMU- 515002, A.P., INDIA
MAY - 2023
i
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON

GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE BY INCORPORATING BIOMASS ASHES” been
prepared by me under the supervision and guidance of Prof. H. SUDARSANA RAO,
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering,
Ananthapuramu- 515002, A.P., India. No part of this thesis has formed the basis for the
award of any degree or fellowship previously.
Research Scholar
Mrs. USHASREE JAGARAGALLU
Reg. No. 14PH0113
Department of Civil Engineering,
J.N.T.U.A., Ananthapuramu.
Date:
ii
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON

GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE BY INCORPORATING BIOMASS ASHES” being
submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur,
Ananthapuramu by Smt. USHASREE JAGARAGALLU, bearing Roll. No.
14PH0113 for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering
under my guidance and supervision. This thesis work is original and has not been
submitted to any other University or Institution either in part or in full for the award of
any Degree.
Signature of Supervisor
Prof. H. Sudarsana Rao
Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
JNTUA College of Engineering,
Ananthapuramu.
Date:
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Words are sometimes too small to reveal one’s deep regards. I take the
opportunity to convey my profound sense of gratitude and thanks to all who helped me
with the completion of the thesis right from its inception.
First and foremost, I would like to thank the Almighty GOD, the compassionate,
the merciful, who kindly helped me to complete my thesis, by blessing me with patience,
health, and wisdom.
My utmost gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. H. Sudarsana Rao, Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, JNTUA, ANANTHAPURAMU. I would like to
express my sincere gratitude for his valuable guidance, advice, supervision, and kindness
to me throughout this period of study and enlightening me on various aspects of my work.
I would like to thank all staff members of the Department of Civil Engineering,
JNTUCEA, Ananthapuramu, for their help and continued support and all those who
helped me directly or indirectly during the course of work.
I am very much grateful to the authorities of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University Anantapur especially Vice-Chancellor Prof. G. Ranga Janardhana,
Prof. M. Vijay Kumar, Rector and Prof. C. Shoba Bindu, Research and Development,
Prof. E. Kesava Reddy, Director of Evaluation, JNTUA, Ananthapuramu for their
encouragement and enabling me to complete my research work.
I also wish to thank Prof. K. Rama Naidu, Professor, Department of ECE,
J.N.T.U.A., Ananthapuramu, who has been an inspiration, a role model, and a pillar of
support, providing heartfelt support at all times and has given me guidance and
suggestions in my quest for knowledge.
I also wish to thank Prof. C. Sashidhar, Registrar, J.N.T.U.A, Anantapur, for his
inspiration and continuous support.
In particular, I am very much grateful to Prof. Vaishali G Ghorpade, for her
support and encouragement.
iv
I also wish to thank Mr.G.V.M.Mohan Kumar, Chairman of G.Pullaiah College

of Engineering and Technology, for being my driving force to accomplish my research.
I wish to thank my mother and father, whose dreams for me have resulted in this
achievement, and without their loving upbringing and nurturing, I would not have been
where I am today and what I am today. I express my heartfelt thanks to my husband,
Dr.A.Chandrasekhar and my sons A.Manideep Roy and A.Ganesh Praneeth Roy, for
the never-ending help.
I thank one and all who helped me directly or indirectly for completing this
research work.
USHASREE JAGARAGALLU
v
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Description Page No.
Table 4.1 Physical properties of Coarse aggregate 33
Table 4.2 Physical properties of Fine aggregate 33
Table 4.3 Physical Properties of NaOH 34
Table 4.4 Chemical Properties of NaOH 34
Table 4.5 Physical and Chemical Properties of Sodium Silicate 35
Table 4.6 Properties of Super plasticizer 36
Table 4.7 Type of Biomass used for the study 38
Table 4.8 Physical characteristics 38
Table 4.9 XRF Chemical analysis 38
Table4.19 Chemical composition of OPC, FA, SCBA, GNSA and CDCA 43
Table 5.20 Variations in mix proportions for SCBAGC 49
Table5.21 Variations in mix proportions for GNSAGC 55
Table 5.22 Variations in mix proportions for CDCAGC 59
Table 5.23 Variations in mix proportions for SCBAGC with partial
replacement 63
Table5.24 Variations in mix proportions for GNSAGC with partial
replacement 65
Table5.25 Variations in mix proportions for CDCAGC with partial
replacement 66
Table5.26 Mix proportion in weights 71
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Table5.27 Specimens details 81

Table6.28 Slump cone test results of SCBAGC 83
Table6.29 Slump cone test results of GNSAGC 85
Table6.30 Slump cone test results of CDCAGC 86
Table6.31 Slump cone test results of SCBAGC 88
Table6.32 Slump cone test results of GNSAGC 89
Table6.33 Slump cone test results of CDCAGC 89
Table6.34 Compressive strength test results of SCBAGC 90
Table6.35 Compressive strength test results of 8 M for SCBAGC 91
Table6.47 Compressive strength test results of GNSAGC 103
Table6.48 Compressive strength test results of 8 M for GNSAGC 105
Table6.49 Compressive strength test results of 10 for GNSAGC 106
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Table6.60 Compressive strength test results of CDCAGC 117
Table6.61 Compressive strength test results of 8 M for CDCAGC 119
Table6.65 Compressive strength test results of M for CDCAGC 123
Table6.68 Compressive strength test results of 10 M CDCAGC 126
Table6.71 Compressive strength test results of 16 for CDCAGC 129
Table6.73 Split tensile strength test results of SCBAGC 132
Table6.74 Split tensile strength test results of 8 M for SCBAGC 133
Table6.78 Split tensile strength test results of 16 for SCBAGC 137
Table6.86 Split tensile strength test results of GNSAGC 146
Table6.87 Split tensile strength test results of 8 M for GNSAGC 148
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Table6.92 Split tensile strength test results of 18 for GNSAGC 153
Table6.99 Split tensile strength test results of CDCAGC 160
Table6.100 Split tensile strength test results of 8 M for CDCAGC 162
Table6.101 Split tensile strength test results of 10 for CDCAGC 163
Table6.112 Flexural strength test results of SCBAGC 175
Table6.113 Flexural strength test results of 8 for SCBAGC 177
Table6.117 Flexural strength test results of 16 M for SCBAGC 181
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Table6.125 Flexural strength test results of GNSAGC 189
Table6.126 Flexural strength test results of 8 for GNSAGC 191
Table6.128 Flexural strength test results of 12 M for GNSAGC 193
Table6.134 Flexural strength test results of 12 M or GNSAGC 199
Table6.138 Flexural strength test results of CDCAGC 203
Table6.139 Flexural strength test results of 8 M for CDCAGC 205
Table6.140 Flexural strength test results of 10 for CDCAGC 206
Table6.143 Flexural strength test results of 16 for CDCAGC 209
Table6.151 Compressive Strength test results SCBAGC with replacement 219
Table6.152 Compressive Strength test results GNSAGC with replacement 220
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Table6.153 Compressive Strength test results CDCAGC with replacement 221

Table6.154 Split Tensile Strength test results SCBAGC with replacement 222
Table6.155 Split Tensile Strength test results GNSAGC with replacement 223
Table6.156 Split Tensile Strength test results CDCAGC with replacement 224
Table6.157 Flexural Strength test results SCBAGC with replacement 225
Table6.158 Flexural Strength test results GNSAGC with replacement 226
Table6.159 Flexural Strength test results CDCAGC with replacement 227
Table6.160 Variations in compressive strength of SCBAGC H2SO4 228
Table6.161 Variations in Mass SCBAGC H2SO4 229
Table6.162 Variations in Average length of four diagonals SCBAGC- H2SO4 230
Table6.163 Variations in compressive strength of SCBAGC- HCl 231
Table6.164 Variations in mass of SCBAGC- HCl 232
Table6.165 Variations in Average length of four diagonals SCBAGC- HCl 233
Table6.166 Variations in compressive strength of GNSAGC- H2SO4 234
Table6.167 Variations in Mass of GNSAGC- H2SO4 235
Table6.168 Variations in Average length of four diagonals GNSAGC- H2SO4 236
Table6.169 Variations in compressive strength of GNSAGC- HCl 237
Table6.170 Variations in mass GNSAGC- HCl 237
Table6.171 Variations in Average length of four diagonals GNSAGC- HCl 239
Table6.172 Variations in compressive strength of CDCAGC- H2SO4 239
Table6.173 Variations in Mass CDCAGC- H2SO4 240
Table6.174 Variations in Average length of four diagonals CDCAGC- H2SO4 240
Table6.175 Variations in compressive strength CDCAGC- HCl 241
Table6.176 Variations in mass CDCAGC-HCl 242
Table6.177 Variations in Average length of four diagonals CDCAGC- HCl 243
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LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. Description Page No.
Fig.3.1 Flow chart of Phase I 27
Fig.3.2 Flow chart of Phase II 28
Fig.3.3 Flow chart of Phase III 28
Fig.3.4 Flow chart of Phase IV 29
Fig.3.5 Flow chart of Phase V 30
Fig.3.6 Flow chart of Phase VI 30
Fig.4.1 Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash 37
Fig.4.2 Ground Nut Shell Ash 40
Fig.4.3 Cattle Dung Cake Ash 41
Fig.4.4 Ingredients of biomass based geopolymer concrete 45
Fig.4.5 Initial mixing process of ingredients 45
Fig.4.6 Weighing of NaOH pallets 45
Fig.4.7 Dry mix of biomass based geopolymer concrete 46
Fig.4.8 Specifications of NaOH Pallets 46
Fig.4.9 Specifications of Na2SiO3 solution 47
Fig.4.10 Na2SiO3 solution 47
Fig.4.11 NaOH pallets 47
Fig.5.1 Mixing Flow chart 69
Fig.5.2 Mixing and casting of SCBAGC 69
Fig.5.3 Mixing and casting of GNSAGC 69
Fig.5.4 Mixing and casting of CDCAGC 69
Fig.5.5 Ambient curing 75
Fig.5.6 Ambient curing 75
Fig.5.7 Heat curing 76
Fig.5.8 Slump cone test 78
Fig.5.11 Cubes ambient curing 78
Fig.5.12 Cubes heat curing 78
Fig.5.13 Beams after heat curing 79
Fig.5.14 Compressive strength test 79
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Fig.5.15 Split tensile strength test 80

Fig.5.16 Split tensile strength test 80
Fig.5.17 Flexural strength test 81
Fig.6.1 to Fig.6.12 Compressive strength variations of SCBAGC
With out replacement 92 - 103
Fig.6.13 to Fig.6.24 Compressive strength variations of GNSAGC
Fig.6.25 to Fig.6.36 Compressive strength variations of CDCAGC
Fig.6.37 to Fig.6.48 Split Tensile strength variations of SCBAGC
Fig.6.49 to Fig.6.56 Split Tensile strength variations of GNSAGC
Without replacement 149 - 160
Fig.6.57 to Fig.6.69 Split Tensile strength variations of CDCAGC
Fig.6.70 to Fig.6.81 Flexural strength variations of SCBAGC
Fig.6.82 to Fig.6.93 Flexural strength variations of GNSAGC
Fig.6.94 to Fig.6.105 Flexural strength variations of CDCAGC
Fig.6.106 Compressive strength variations of SCBAGC
With partial replacement 219
Fig.6.107 Compressive strength variations of GNSAGC
Fig.6.108 Compressive strength variations of CDCAGC
Fig.6.109 Split tensile strength variations of SCBAGC
Fig.6.110 Split tensile strength variations of GNSAGC 223
With partial replacement
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Fig.6.111 Split tensile strength variations of CDCAGC

Fig.6.112 Flexural strength variations of SCBAGC
Fig.6.113 Flexural strength variations of GNSAGC
Fig.6.114 Flexural strength variations of CDCAGC
Durability studies in H2SO4 228
Fig.6.116 Mass variations of SCBAGC
Fig.6.117 Diagonals variations of SCBAGC
Durability studies in HCl 231
Fig.6.119 Mass variations of SCBAGC
Fig.6.120 Diagonals variations of SCBAGC
Fig.6.122 Mass variations of GNSAGC
Fig.6.123 Diagonals variations of GNSAGC
Fig.6.125 Mass variations of GNSAGC
Fig.6.126 Diagonals variations of GNSAGC
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Fig.6.128 Mass variations of CDCAGC
Fig.6.129 Diagonals variations of CDCAGC
Fig.6.131 Mass variations of CDCAGC
Fig.6.132 Diagonals variations of CDCAGC
xv
NOTATIONS
Symbol Description
FA Fly Ash
SCBA Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash
GNSA Ground Nut Shell Ash
CDCA Cattle Dung Cake Ash
SCBAGC Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash based Geopolymer Concrete
GNSAGC Ground Nut Shell Ash based Geopolymer Concrete
DCDAGC Cattle Dung Cake Ash based Geopolymer Concrete
µ Moment ratio
NaOH Sodium Hydroxide
Na2SiO3 Sodium Silicate
H2SO4 Sulphuric Acid
HCl Hydrochloric Acid
Al Aluminum
B.P.A. Bisphenol A
C Compressive force
C Calcium
c/c Center to center
Ca Wollastonite
Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide
CFRP Carbon fiber reinforced polymer
C.T.M. Compression testing machine
E External energy (work done)
E.D.A.X. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
EXP Experimental value or strength
F.R.C. Fiber-reinforced concrete
G.F.R.P. Glass fiber reinforced polymer
I Internal energy (work done)
L.V.D.T. Linear variable differential transformer
Mpa Stress in N/mm2
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Na Sodium
O Oxygen
OH- Hydroxyl ion
P.C. Polymer concrete
S.E.M. Scanning electronic microscopy
Si Silica
SP Stone powder
T Tensile force
W/C Water cement ratio

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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON GEOPOLYMER

CONCRETE BY INCORPORATING BIOMASS ASHES

For the award of

Under the guidance of

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON

I also wish to thank Mr.G.V.M.Mohan Kumar, Chairman of G.Pullaiah College

Table5.27 Specimens details 81

Table6.59 Compressive strength test results of 18 M for GNSAGC 116

Table6.91 Split tensile strength test results of 16 M for GNSAGC 152

Table6.123 Flexural strength test results of 16 M for SCBAGC 187

Table6.153 Compressive Strength test results CDCAGC with replacement 221

Fig.5.15 Split tensile strength test 80

Fig.6.111 Split tensile strength variations of CDCAGC

Fig.6.127 Compressive strength variations of CDCAGC

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