Magnetic Flux Calculation/Simulation

The magnetic flux (Φ) through a surface is given by the surface integral of the magnetic field (B) over
that surface. In mathematical terms, it's defined as:
Φ = ∫ B • dA

where:

• Φ is the magnetic flux,

• B is the magnetic field vector,
• dA is a differential area on the surface, and
• • denotes the dot product, which calculates the component of B that is perpendicular to dA at each
point.

I would like you to calculate the magnetic flux through a rectangular area in the order of micrometer
square size when the magnetic field vector B is produced by two bar magnets and two straight sections of wire
carrying a uniform direct current, as shown in the sketch below.

The sketch is the top view (2D) of the 3D model I would like you to simulate using COMSOL. The
axes are oriented as follows: the positive z-axis is out of the page, the positive x-axis is horizontal to the right,
and the positive y-axis is vertical in the upward direction. In the drawing, one square has a side of 125nm.
The blue rectangle in the center of the drawing is the area to integrate the total magnetic field B vector
to calculate the magnetic flux. I like to emphasize that this rectangle is not an object. It is just the integration
area used to calculate the magnetic flux. It has dimensions X and Y (in this example, X=1500nm and
Y=1000nm). The area is at the plane Z=0.
One bar magnet (one of the yellow rectangles) with constant
magnetization M1 is placed below the integration area, separated by a distance
“a1”. Imagine the 3D bar magnet atop a table that represents the plane Z=0. In the
drawing, the magnet has dimensions x1 (250nm) for its widths, y1 (500nm) for its
length, and z1 (125nm) for its thickness. Notice that the magnetic field surrounds
the bar magnet in all directions, but only a small portion of B will contribute to the
magnetic flux. It is easy to see that only a small portion of B will cross the
integration area if we look at the bar magnet in the Z-Y plane, as in the picture to
the right.
In the simulation/executable, I like to change the dimensions of the
integration area (X and Y in the sketch). Please ensure that as the dimensions are
changed, the origin of the sketch remains at the center of the integration area.
Besides X and Y, I would also like to change the separation "a1" between the magnet and the integration area.
This variable should be parametrized so that a positive value will move the magnet away from the integration
area (farther down in the sketch). But a negative value of a1 should bring the upper magnetic pole inside the
integration area.
One of my goals with the simulation is to determine the location of the magnet that will create a
Quantum of magnetic flux (h/2e=2.067833848 x 10-15 Weber, (Wb or T-m2)).
I also like to explore the possibility of creating a Quantum magnetic flux by changing the width (x1),
length (y1), and thickness (z1) of the magnet. Please notice that it is important to me that z1 will increase
upwards in the positive z-axis direction. In other words, the magnet will always be above the Z=0 plane, and
none of the structures in the simulation should go below the Z=0 plane.
Finally, by changing the magnetization vector (i.e., the magnet's material and the direction of M1), one
can also explore the possibility of creating a quantum of magnetic flux inside the integration area. Please
notice that the magnet “easy” axis is parallel to the y-axis.
I like to be able to explore not only using very “soft” magnets (as produced when using supermalloy)
but also very “hard” magnets (when Iron is used). Please see the table and B-H curve for Iron below.

The next element in the simulation is the straight section of a wire strip carrying a uniform continuous
current I2. This wire is located a distance “b1” below the first magnet (the wire is represented by the two parallel
red lines towards the bottom of the sketch). The wire strip will produce a magnetic field that will contribute to
the total magnetic field inside the integration area. It will, therefore, greatly affects the final magnetic flux,
especially if the current through the wire can be large.
 To avoid heating effects and simplify the simulation by focusing only on calculating the magnetic field
produced by each one of the elements in the simulation, the material of the wire will have a very low resistivity,
so low that a current density as high as 2x105A/cm2 will not generate any considerable Joule heating.
I want to be able to reverse the current's direction and turn it off (make it zero) in the simulation. Also,
I want to be able to change the distance b1 and the dimension of the wire x2, y2, and z2. In the sketch above, the
wire strip has dimensions of 3000nm, 250nm, and 125nm, respectively.

To conclude the simulation and make it symmetrical and more versatile to study more complex
situations, I like to add an extra magnet and wire strip on the opposite side of the integration area. So, the
simulation will have another set of variables to parametrize: a3, x3, y3, z3, M3, b3, I4, x4, y4, and z4.

The simulation output will be the magnetic field contribution produced by each element on the volume
surrounding the magnets, wire strips, and integration area. I prefer the units for the magnetic field to be given in
Gauss (G) and for the Magnetic flux in Gµm2. In these units, the Quantum magnetic flux is 20.7 Gµm2.

Thank you very much for your attention. Please let me know what you think.

Luis Gomez.