Preparation Paper Physics XI

SHORT QUESTIONS
CHAPTER # 1

Q1. Show that following equations are dimensionally correct

𝑙 1 𝐹𝑙
𝑇 = 2𝜋√ ii) 𝑓 = √ iii) E = mc2
𝑔 2𝑙 𝑚

Solution
 CHAPTER # 2
Q1. Show that |𝐀⃗ +𝐁 ⃗ −𝐁
⃗ |2 + | 𝐀 ⃗ |2 = 2(A2 + B2) ⃗ .𝐁
& (𝐀 ⃗ 𝐱𝐁
⃗ )2 + | 𝐀 ⃗ |2 = A2B2
Solution
|𝐀⃗ + ⃗𝐁 |2 + | 𝐀
⃗ − ⃗𝐁 |2 = 2(A2 + B2)
L.H.S.
=|A ⃗ +B ⃗ |2 + | 𝐴 − 𝐵
⃗ |2
Since
⃗ + ⃗B|2 = A2 + B2 − 2 ⃗A . ⃗B
|A
⃗ −B
|A ⃗ |2 = A2 + B2 + 2 A. B
Therefore
= A2 + B2 + 2 ⃗A . B
⃗ + A2 + B2 − 2⃗⃗⃗A . B
⃗
= 2𝐴2 + 2𝐵2
= 2(A2 + B2 )
L.H.S. = R.H.S

Solution
(𝐀⃗ . ⃗𝐁)𝟐 + | 𝐀⃗ 𝐱 ⃗𝐁
⃗ | 𝟐 = 𝐀𝟐 𝐁𝟐
Solution
L.H.S. = (A.B)2 + |A x B|2
But
⃗A x ⃗B = A B Sin 
⃗ = A B Cos 
⃗A . B
L.H.S. = (A B Cos  )2 + (A B Sin  )2
= A2 B2 Cos2  + A2 B2 Sin2 
Taking Common
= A2 B2 ( Cos2  + Sin2  )
Since Cos2  + Sin2  = 1
= A2 B2 ( 1)
= A2 B2
L.H.S. = R.H.S

Q2. Two vectors F1 and F2 make angle θ with each other. Show that resultant of magnitude is
F12+ F22 + 2F1 F2 Cos
Solution
Consider two vectors F1 and F2 where F1 along x-axis and F2 make as angle  with x-axis.
Therefore θ1 = 0o and θ2 = θ
If F is the Resultant vector and Fx and Fy are its Rectangular Components then According to addition of
vectors by rectangular component Method
 The x-component of Resultant is
Fx = F1x + F2x
Fx = F1 Cos θ1 + F2 Cos θ2
Fx = F1 Cos 0o + F2 Cos θ {Cos0o = 1}
Fx = F1 + F2 Cos --------------------------- (i)
The y-component of resultant is
Fy = F1y + F2y
Fx = F1 Sin θ1 + F2 Sin θ2
Fx = F1 Sin 0o + F2 Sin θ {Sin 0o = 0}
Fy = F2 Sin --------------------------- (ii)
The magnitude of the resultant vector is
F= Fx2 + Fy2

F= (F1+F2Cos)2 + (F2Sin)2

F= F12+ 2F1 F2 Cos + F22 Cos2 + F2 2Sin2

F= F12+ 2F1 F2 Cos + F22 (Cos2 + Sin2)

{Since Cos2 + Sin2 = 1}

F= F12+ 2F1 F2 Cos + F22 (1)

F= F12+ F22 + 2F1 F2 Cos

Proved

CHAPTER # 3
Q1. State and prove the Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum
Law of Conservation of Momentum
Statement
"The total momentum of an isolated system of interacting bodies remains constant."
Mathematical representation
Two bodies of masses m1 and m2 moving with velocities u1 and u2 collide with each other and their
velocities become v1 and v2 then according to the law of momentum the total momentum of the
system before collision is equal to the total momentum of the system after collision.
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1+ m2 v2
 Proof
Consider two bodies a and b of masses m1 and m2 moving with velocities u1 and u2 in some
direction as shown in figure.
Let the bodies collide for "t" second and experience force "F". Due to which their velocities
become v1 and v2
During collision body A exerts some force f on the body B.
The force exerted by body A on body B is equal to the rate of change of momentum f body A i.e.,
Force on body a = rate of change of momentum of body A
𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏 − 𝐦𝟏 𝐮𝟏
𝐅𝐀𝐁 =
𝐭
Similarly;
Body B exerts force on body A which is given by
𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐 − 𝐦𝟐 𝐮𝟐
𝐅𝐁𝐀 =
𝐭
According to newton's third law of motion
FAB = – FBA
𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟏 − 𝒎𝟏 𝒖𝟏 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐 − 𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟐
=− ( )
𝒕 𝒕
m1v1 – m1u1 = – m2v2 + m2u2
m1v1 + m2v2 = m1u1+ m2u2
Q3. Show that force applied on a body is equal to its Rate of Change of Momentum
Consider a body of mass "m" moving the velocity vi
A force F is applied on the body such that its velocity becomes vf.
Initial momentum of the body = m vi
Final momentum of the body = m vf
Change in momentum = m vf – m vi
Change of momentum = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖
𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖
Rate of change of momentum =
𝑡
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
Rate of change of momentum = m ( )
𝑡
(𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 )
{𝐵𝑢𝑡 = 𝑎}
𝑡
Rate of change of momentum = m a
{𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎}
Rate of change of momentum = F
Its means that the rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to the net force applied on the body
 CHAPTER # 4
Q1. Show that v = r ω
Consider a particle "P" in an object (in XY-plane) moving along a circular paths of radius "r"
about an axis through "O", perpendicular to plane of the figure i.e. z-axis. Suppose the particles
moves through an angle Δθ in time Δt sec.
Since ΔS is its distance for rotating through angle Δθ then,
ΔS = r Δθ
Dividing both sides by Δt, we get
ΔS Δθ
=𝑟
Δt Δt
If time interval Δt is very small i.e. Limit Δ t → 0, then
ΔS Δθ
lim = 𝑟 lim
Δt →0 Δt Δt →0 Δt

The angle through which the particle moves is also very small
therefore
Δθ ΔS
{𝜔 = lim 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = lim }
Δt →0 Δt Δt →0 Δt
Therefore
v=rω

Q2. In the game of cricket, why is it easy to catch a ball of high trajectory
The ball of high trajectory is easy to catch because a person has higher time of flight and he have enough
time to adjust himself to catch the ball that’s why it is easy to catch the ball of high trajectory instead of
the ball with low trajectory and the low trajectory ball is very difficult to catch because the person has
not enough time to adjust himself

CHAPTER # 5
Q1. Define Static and Dynamic equilibrium and write the conditions of Equilibrium
Equilibrium
If the linear and angular acceleration of a body are zero, and the body retains its state of rest or of
uniform motion the body is said to be in equilibrium.
Types of Equilibrium
Static Equilibrium
If the combined effect of all the forces acting on a body is zero and the body is in the
state of rest then its equilibrium is termed as static equilibrium
 Dynamic Equilibrium
The equilibrium of bodies moving with uniform velocity is called dynamic equilibrium.
Conditions of Equilibrium
There are two conditions of equilibrium
First Condition of Equilibrium
An object is said to be in equilibrium if the sum of all the force acting on it in one direction balances
the sum of all forces in opposite direction i.e The resultant of the forces acting on the body is zero
Mathematical Representation:
If an object is acted upon by forces along x-axis and y-axis then according to 1st condition of
equilibrium:
The sum of all the force acting along x axis is 0.
 Fx = 0
F1x + F2x + F3x .................. F10x = 0
The sum of all the force acting along y-axis is 0 i.e.
 Fy = 0
F1y + F2y + F3y .................. F10y = 0
Since forces along x-axis and y-axis are 0 therefore total force will be zero.
F=0
Second Condition of Equilibrium
Second condition of equilibrium deals with such object where torque can produce.
If sum of all the torque acting on a body is zero then body is in equilibrium.
Mathematical Representation
A body is in equilibrium when sum of all the clockwise torque is equal to sum of all the
anticlockwise torque.
 =0
Clockwise Torque = Anticlockwise Torque

CHAPTER # 6
Q1. What Happen to G and g if
i) Mass or Earth is Doubled ii) Radius of Earth is Doubled

Effect on G
G is Universal gravitational constant and its values does not depend upon mases of bodies or
distance between bodies.
Therefore, the value of G is not affected buy changing the mass and radius of Earth
Effect on g
g is acceleration due to gravity and its value at surface of Earth is given by
𝐺 ME
g=
R2E
 The mass of the Earth becomes two times
Let g’ is the acceleration due to gravity
𝐺 2 ME
g′ =
R2E
𝐺 ME
g′ = 2
R2E
g′ = 2 𝑔
Acceleration due to gravity will be doubled
The Radius of the Earth becomes two times
Let g’ is the acceleration due to gravity
𝐺 (2 ME )
g′ =
(2𝑅𝐸 )2
𝐺 ME
g′ =
4R2E
1 𝐺 ME
g′ =
4 R2E
1
g′ = 𝑔
4
Acceleration due to gravity reduces by 4 times

Q2. How is weightlessness experienced in a satellite overcome? Explain.

Artificial Gravity
Weightlessness
All orbiting spacecrafts along with their astronauts and other objects are in a state of free
fall and consequently will be in a state of weightlessness.
Weightlessness in space craft is highly inconvenient to astronauts in a number of ways.
For example, he cannot pour liquid into a glass, neither can he drink properly. In order to
overcome this problem, artificial gravity is produced in the spacecrafts.
How Artificial Gravity Is Achieved
In order to produce an artificial gravity in
the space craft, the laboratory of space craft
is rotated with suitable frequency about its
own axis.
The rotation is so maintained that the
astronaut does not feel weightlessness. The
frequency of rotation depends on the length
of laboratory of space craft.
Frequency of Rotation

Here R is radius of spin and is half the length of satellite. This expression indicates that
the frequency of rotation depends on the length of the laboratory of space craft.
 CHAPTER # 7
Q1. Derive work energy equation.
Inter Conversion of Kinetic & Potential Energy or Work Energy Equation
Consider a body of weight ‘W’, which is raised through height "h“ as shown in the figure.
Since the body is at rest at point therefore its potential energy is given by
P.E at B = mgh ------- (i)
If body is allowed to fall down under the action of gravity it accelerates down and its velocity go on
increasing till it reaches at point A just above the ground.
At the body falls down its height decreases and therefore P.E decreases, at the same time K.E increases
due to increase in velocity when the body strikes the ground its potential energy become zero and its
kinetic energy is maximum.
If "m" is the mass of the body and "v" is the velocity of body Just before hitting the ground then its K.E
is given by:
K.E at A = ½ mv2 ----- (ii)
From the motion we have
Initial velocity = vi = 0
Final velocity = vf = v
Acceleration = a = g
Distance covered = S = h
Using relation
vf 2 – vI 2 = 2aS
v2 – 0 = 2gh
v2 = 2gh
Put v2 in equation (ii)
K.E at A = ½ mv2
K.E at A = ½ m(2gh)
K.E at A = mgh
K.E at A = P.E at B
Loss in P.E = Gain in K.E
Effect of Friction
If "f" is the force of friction when the body falls down, the net force acting on the body will be
(W – f)
and work done by the body will be equal to (W – f) h
This work will be equal to the kinetic energy required by the body
K.E at A = (W – f) h
= Wh – f.h
= mgh – f.h
But f.h = Work done against friction
K.E at A = P.E at B – Work done against friction
Loss in P.E = Gain in K.E + Work done against friction
𝟏
𝒎𝒗𝟐 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉 – 𝒇. 𝒉
𝟐
The above equation is called Work Energy Equation.
Q2. Define Power write down its units and show that power is dot product of force and velocity
Power
Definition
The rate of doing work is called Power.
Formula
W
P=
t
Unit of Power
The unit of power is Watt, and it is defined as
If a body perform work at a rate of 1 Joule/sec then its power will be 1 Watt.
1 KW = 103 W 1 MW = 106 W 1 GW = 109 W
In B.E system the unit of power is ft.lb another unit of power is horse power.
1 hp = 746 Watt
Power is Dot product of Force and Velocity
Since
W
P=
t
But Work is dot product of force and displacement i.e
W = ⃗F. S⃗
Therefore
⃗F. ⃗S
P=
t
Here
⃗S
𝑣=
t
Hence
P = ⃗F. 𝑣
Proved
Q2. State and Prove law of Conservation of Energy
Law of Conservation of Energy
Definition
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, however it can change its form Or
When energy is transferred from one form to another the total amount of energy remains same
Proof
Consider a body of mass m at height h above the ground at point A. As the body is at rest, its
kinetic energy at A will be zero, but potential energy at this point is mgh.
K.E at A = 0
P.E at A = mgh
The total energy (E) at point A is
T.E at A = K.E. at A + P.E. at A
= 0 + mgh
T.E at A = mgh
 If body is allowed to fall down under the action of gravity it accelerates down and its velocity go
on increasing till it reaches at point B just above the ground. At the body falls down its height
decreases and therefore P.E decreases, at the same time K.E increases due to increase in velocity
when the body strikes the ground its potential energy become zero and its kinetic energy is
maximum. If "m" is the mass of the body and "v" is the velocity of body Just before hitting the
ground then
P.E at B = 0
K.E at B = ½ mv2
From the motion we have
Initial velocity = vi = 0
Final velocity = vf = v
Acceleration = a = g
Distance covered = S = h
Using relation
vf 2 – vI 2 = 2aS
v2 – 0 = 2gh
v2 = 2gh
Put v2 in equation (ii)
K.E at B = ½ mv2
K.E at B = ½ m(2gh)
K.E at B = mgh
The total energy (E) at point B is
T.E at B = K.E at B + P.E at B.
= mgh + 0
T.E at B = mgh.
T.E at B = T.E at A
This proves that the total energy of the body remains constant

CHAPTER # 8
Q1. Show that the motion of the projection of a particle ‘P” moving with uniform Angular velocity ‘ω’ in
a circular path of radius ‘r’, along the diameter is Simple Harmonic
Consider a particle 'P' moving around a circle of radius 'r' ( r = xo) with
uniform angular velocity ω. The linear speed of the particle is vP = r ω
From point 'P' draw perpendicular PQ on AB. Point 'Q' represents the
projection of particle 'P'.
When point 'P' revolves around the circle, its projection 'Q' oscillates to
and froth along the diameter.
When P is at A or B, the displacement of 'Q' becomes maximum
As 'Q' moves away from equilibrium position 'O', its velocity decreases
and becomes zero at extreme points. When it moves towards ‘O’, its
velocity increases from zero to maximum value. This shows that the acceleration of projection is
proportional to its displacement and is directed to equilibrium position.
Hence the motion of projection is simple harmonic motion.
 Mathematical Proof
From Figure in ΔPOQ
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥
= 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑂𝑟 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐻𝑦𝑝 𝑥𝑜
Since 'P' is moving along the circular path, its acceleration ia equal to centripetal acceleration
which is directed towards the center of circle.
𝑣2 (𝑟 𝜔)2
𝑎𝑝 = − 𝑎𝑐 = − = −
𝑟 𝑟
𝑎𝑝 = = − 𝑟 𝜔2
Since r = xo
𝑎𝑝 = = −𝑥𝑜 𝜔2
The acceleration of the projection 'a' is equal to the component of acceleration of particle 'P'
along the diameter AB
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
= 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐻𝑦𝑝
𝑎
= 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑎𝑝

𝑎 = 𝑎𝑝 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑎 = −𝑥𝑜 𝜔2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑥
𝑎 = −𝑥𝑜 𝜔2
𝑥𝑜
2
𝑎 = −𝜔 𝑥
Since 𝜔 is constant
𝑎 ∝ −𝑥
Since the acceleration of the projection is directly proportional to its displacement and always
directed to mean position, therefore the motion of the projection of a particle moving around a
circle with constant speed is simple harmonic in nature.
Q2. What is Simple Pendulum. Show mathematically that its Motion is Simple Harmonic Motion
Simple Pendulum
A simple pendulum consists of a solid mass particle suspended by a light, flexible and in-
extensible string.
Motion of the Pendulum is Simple Harmonic Motion
Consider a simple pendulum having a bob of mass 'm' suspended by string of length
Let at this instance the bob is at point 'B' as shown in figure
There are two forces acting on the bob of pendulum
• Weight of the bob (W = mg) acting vertically downward
• Tension in the string (T) acting along the string
The weight of the bob can be resolved into two rectangular components
• mg Sin θ parallel to motion perpendicular to string.
• mg Cos θ along the string
 Since there is no motion along the string, therefore,
mg Cos θ = T
Thus, net force acting on the bob is W Sin B
Net Force = ma = - mg Sin θ
Where negative sign shows that force is away from mean
position
a = - g Sin θ ------→ (1)
Since θ is very small
𝒙
Sin θ = θ =
𝒍
Putting the value of θ in equation (1)
𝒙
a = -g
𝒍
g
Here is constant of Proportionality
𝒍
aα–x
Thus, acceleration of the bob of simple pendulum is directly proportional to displacement and is
directed towards the mean position.
Therefore, the motion of the bob is simple harmonic

CHAPTER # 9
Q1. What is the diffraction of light? Differentiate between Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction
Diffraction of Light
The bending and spreading of light waves around sharp edges or corner or through small
openings is called Diffraction of Light.
Conditions for Diffraction
Diffraction effect depends upon the size of obstacle. Diffraction of light takes place if the size of
obstacle is comparable to the wavelength of light.
Types of Diffraction
Diffraction of light can be divided into two classes:
• Fraunhofer diffraction.
• Fresnel diffraction.
Fraunhofer Diffraction
In Fraunhofer diffraction,
• Source and the screen are far away from each other.
• Incident wave fronts on the diffracting obstacle are plane.
• Diffracting obstacle give rise to wave fronts which are also plane.
• Plane diffracting wave fronts are converged by means of a convex lens to produce
diffraction pattern.
Fresnel Diffraction
In Fresnel diffraction,
• Source and screen are not far away from each other.
• Incident wave fronts are spherical.
• Wave fronts leaving the obstacles are also spherical.
• Convex lens is not needed for the converging the spherical wave fronts.
Q2. Define Interference and Diffraction of Light and give difference between their pattern
Interference of Light
When two waves of light having the same frequency, amplitude and a constant phase
relationship are propagating through a certain region of space in the same direction. They
reinforce each other at some points while cancel the effect of each other at the other points. This
phenomena of superposition of light waves is called interference of light.
Diffraction of Light
The bending and spreading of light waves around sharp edges or corner or through small
openings is called Diffraction of Light.
Difference between Diffraction and Interference
Interference Diffraction
Interference is waves emerging from two It is secondary waves that emerge from the
different sources different parts of the same wave.
The intensity of all the points on maxima is of In diffraction, there is a variance of the intensity
similar intensity in interference. of positions
It is absolutely dark in the region of minimum a variance in the intensity is observed
intensity,
width of the fringes in interference is equal in The width of the fringes is not equal in
interference interference.

Q3. Why are soap bubbles rainbow colored?

It's because light waves reflected from opposite sides of the thin bubble wall interfere with each other.
Some wavelengths (colors) cancel each other out, while others are reinforced. The bubble wall is
actually a thin film of water, protected from collapsing by a layer of detergent molecules on each side.
The colours which are reinforced depends on the thickness of the water film.
If you look closely at the bubbles in your bath, you'll notice that the colours gradually change as the
water films drain under gravity.

CHAPTER # 10
Q1. Derive the equation for combined focal length of two lenses placed in contact with each other
Consider two convex lenses in contact such that their separation is very small as compared to their focal
length
Let a point object "O" is placed at a distance "p1" from the lenses L1 whose real image I1 is formed at a
distance q1.
Using thin lens formula

This Image server as a virtual object for the second lens

If we neglect small distance between the lenses, the distance of this virtual object from lens L2 will be
the same as its distance from L1.
If L2 forms an image I2 of this virtual object at a distance q2 then p2 = -q1
 .
Adding equation (1) and equation (2)

Now if we replace the two lenses of focal lengths"f1" and "f2" by a single lens of focal length "f" such
that it forms an image at a distance q2 of an object placed at a distance p1 from it such lens is called
equivalent lens and its focal length is known as equivalent focal length
For the combined lens

Comparing equation (3) and equation (4) , we get

Q2. How is the magnifying power of the i) Astronomical telescope and ii) Compound microscope
affected by increasing the focal length of their objective?
Astronomical Telescope:
The magnifying power of astronomical telescope:
𝑓𝑜
𝑀=
𝑓𝑒
Where fo is the focal length of the objective and fe is the focal length of eyepiece
So, Magnifying Power is directly proportional to focal length of Objective and inversely
proportional to focal length of eye piece
Therefore, increasing the focal length of objective increases the magnifying power of the
telescope. Increasing the focal length of the eye-piece decrease the magnifying power of
telescope
Compound Microscope
The magnifying power of Compound Microscope is
𝐿 𝑑
𝑀 = (1 + )
𝑓𝑜 𝑓𝑒
Where fo is the focal length of the objective and fe is the focal length of eyepiece
So, Magnifying Power is inversely proportional to focal length of Objective
Therefore, increasing the focal length of objective decrease the magnifying power of Compound
Microscope