EXPERIMENT: TRANSPORT HUMANS AND ANIMALS/VARIATION

SEMESTER 2: WEEK 7

KOLEJ GENIUS@PINTAR NEGARA

BIOLOGY

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT REPORT

EXPERIMENT:

EXPERIMENT: BLOOD COMPOSITION AND BLOOD GROUPS OF HUMANS

DETAILS OF STUDENT

Name: Iman Alisya binti Badaruzaman

Class: 2K5

Matric Number: M001350

E-mail Address: m001350@geniuspintar.ukm.edu.my

Teammates: 

1. Ahla binti Mahadi 7. Muhammad Arsyad Missing

2. Anis Saffiyah Julia 8. Muhammad Iqram Danish 1. Nur Laila Asyiqien
3. Hasif Arfan 9. Ng Yi Teng 2. Muhammad Adib
4. Irfan Hafiy 10. Siti Noraeishah
5. Lew Jia Jin 11. Tania Haifa
6. Logan Kannan 12. Umar Mukhtar
 EXPERIMENT: TRANSPORT HUMANS AND ANIMALS/VARIATION
SEMESTER 2: WEEK 7

EXPERIMENT INFORMATION

(a) Experiment Background

i. Problem Statement:
Students didn’t know or were not sure about their blood group/type.

ii. Aim/Objective:

Identifying the blood groups of all the students in the class and determining the type of variation
they represent.

iii. Hypothesis:

I think the majority of the students in this class will have blood groups type A and B since they are
the most blood group produced by any type of the blood of the parent.

iv. Materials:

1) Blood

v. Apparatus:

1) Fingerprick Set
2) Serum A (antibody-B)
3) Serum B (antibody-A)
4) Spotting tile
5) Toothpick
 EXPERIMENT: TRANSPORT HUMANS AND ANIMALS/VARIATION
SEMESTER 2: WEEK 7

(b) Procedure

i. Wipe the fingertip with an alcohol swab.

ii. Prick the fingertip with a new and clean sterile lancet.
iii. Transfer one drop of blood onto one position on a spotting tile, and another drop of blood onto the
second position and third position on the spotting tile.
iv. Cover the pricked site with the alcohol swab.
v. Add a drop of serum A (containing antibody-B) to the first drop of blood. Mix the two with another
toothpick.
vi. Add a drop of serum B (containing antibody-A) to the first drop of blood. Mix the two with another
toothpick.
vii. Use your results to conclude how each blood type (O, A, B, and AB) reacts to the antibodies.
 EXPERIMENT: TRANSPORT HUMANS AND ANIMALS/VARIATION
SEMESTER 2: WEEK 7

(c) Results

i. Blood Group

Group A Group B Group AB Group O

Number of pupils 3 5 4 1

(d) Discussion

i. State the blood group which is the universal donor and why?

Blood group type O negative is the universal donor because it is compatible with all blood types.
Thus, it has the lowest risk of causing serious reactions for most people who receive it, which is
why it’s safe to use.

ii. State the blood group which is the universal recipient and why?

Blood group type AB positive is known as the universal recipient because they can receive blood
from all kinds of blood without experiencing any hemolytic reactions.

iii. Predict what will happen if the blood group of both recipient and donor is not compatible.

If the blood group of both the recipient and donor is not compatible, the red blood cells of the
recipient will experience agglutination (coagulation).

iv. An Rh-positive male marries an Rh-negative female. The first Rh-positive child is alive but
the second child who is also Rh-positive did not survive. Explain why.

- During the last month of pregnancy, fragments of foetal blood cells containing antigen D cross
the placenta and enter the blood circulation of the mother.
- As a result, the white blood cells in the mother’s blood will react and produce anti-D antibodies
that will flow back through the placenta into the foetal blood circulatory system.
- The antibodies will destroy the red blood cells of the Rh-positive baby before or immediately
after birth.
- However, the concentration of antibodies produced is not enough to affect the first child. But
the anti-D antibodies will last in the blood circulatory system of the mother.

- The problem arises when the second child is also Rh-positive. The anti-D antibodies that are
present in the mother’s blood cross the placenta and destroy the red blood cells of that foetus.
 EXPERIMENT: TRANSPORT HUMANS AND ANIMALS/VARIATION
SEMESTER 2: WEEK 7

v. Complete the table below.

Component Function

Erythrocytes Transportation of gases and nutrients throughout the human body (the main
function of RBC!!!)

Fibrin Forms a network on the wound surface to trap erythrocytes and close the
wound to prevent blood loss

Platelets Prevent and stop bleeding (thrombosis), hemostasis, and wound healing
through a complex activation process

Fibrinogen Converted to fibrin

Albumin Keep blood from leaking out of blood vessels

Globulin Fight infection and move nutrients throughout the body

Neutrophil Capture and destroy invading microorganisms, fight infections and heal
injuries

Eosinophil Defence against nematodes and parasitic infections and contribute to the
inflammatory process

Basophil Defend your body from allergens, pathogens, and parasites

Lymphocyte Destroy the pathogens by producing antibodies

Monocytes Destroy foreign substances by phagocytosis

Thrombin Activating cells called platelets and chopping up a protein called fibrinogen
to form fibrin

Thrombokinase Activate prothrombin

Thrombosis Prevents blood from flowing normally through the circulatory system

Embolus A blood clot that blocks the blood flow (if it is many)