Objective

1. To identify individual blood type by using Forward typing test.

Materials and apparatus

Compound microscope, lens paper, prepared slides of normal human blood, disposable lancets, alcohol swabs,
cotton balls, toothpicks, blood test tray and antisera (anti-A, anti- B, anti-AB and anti-D).

Introduction
Blood consists of plasma, yellowish fluids in which are suspended cells, or corpuscles and other small
particles. The cells, also called erythrocytes, and several forms of white cells or leukocytes. The other particles
are called platelets. Each of these components has its own special role to play in the day-to-day working of each
of the body’s tissues and organs. When it leaks from a cut or pinprick in the skin, blood is an opaque, slightly
sticky red fluid. Normally, within a matter of minutes, it clots, darkens and solidifies as the body’s defense
mechanisms go to work to prevent further loss of the vital fluid and seal the gap.

There are certain important differences in the chemical composition of the tissue fluids around the body’s
cells and those that are actually contained within the cells, the intercellular fluids. The main difference however
between the blood and tissue fluid, or lymph, is the presence of red blood corpuscles and the proteins called
plasma proteins.

Procedure
Individual Blood Type Test

1. Obtain a blood test tray, two new toothpicks and antisera.

2. Mark student name on the left side of the tray at the space provided.
3. Wash hand thoroughly with soap and dry with a clean paper towel.
4. Clean the tip of your index finger with an alcohol swab.
5. Open a new, sterile blood lancet exposing the sharp tip only. Lance just to the side of the finger pad with
the new lancet. (NEVER REUSE A LANCET, even your own).
6. Wipe away the first drop of blood with a cotton ball. Then, gently squeeze one drop of blood on each
antisera column of the blood test tray.
7. Place one drop of each antisera on each antisera column of the blood test tray.
8. Using separate new toothpicks, mix each simple of blood with corresponding antiserum.
9. Results may take up to 2 minutes. Observe each sample for agglutination od granulation and
interpret the results.
10. Write your results on the board to pool class data for comparison. Record percentage of ABO
blood types for your class.
 1. Complete the chart below.

Blood type Number of students Percentage

A
B
AB
O

2. Complete the blood group interaction

Blood type A B AB O
Antigen on RBCs
Antibody in plasma
Compatible donor
Non-compatible donor

3. Rhesus group.

Blood type Number of students Percentage

A+
A-
B+
B-
AB +
AB -
O+
O-

DISCUSIION

1. List and describe components of whole blood.

2. Briefly explain regarding rhesus factor and its relation to Hemolytic Newborn Disease (HDN).
3. Discuss on forward and reverse method of Blood Grouping.

4. Which blood types can be considered as universal donor and also universal receipient. Justify
your answer.