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General Earthing and Lightning

Technical Study Calculations

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REV. DATE PURPOSE OF ISSUE PREPARED CHECKED APPROVED

00 17.04.2023 IFR A.Bagheri M.Bayraktar M.Deryal

01 23.05.2023 IFR A.Bagheri M.Bayraktar M.Deryal

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References
Document Name Document No.

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Table of Contents

Tabulation of Revised Page......................................................................................................................................................2

References...................................................................................................................................................................................3

Table of Contents.......................................................................................................................................................................4

1 INTRODUCTION FOR EARTHING..............................................................................................................................5

2 CODES AND STANDARDS..........................................................................................................................................5

3 COMMON DATA..........................................................................................................................................................6
3.1 GENERAL SPECIFICATION.............................................................................................................................................................. 6

3.2 Soil Resistivity and Surface resistivity used in calculation........................................................................................................... 6

3.3 FACTOR SPECIFICATION................................................................................................................................................................ 7

4 CROSS SECTION CALCULATION:...............................................................................................................................7

5 CALCULATION OF MAXIMUM TOLERABLE TOUCH AND STEP VOLTAGE..........................................................9

 ASSUMPTIONS FOR MAXIMUM STEP AND TOUCH VOLTAGES CALCULATIONS.....................................................................9

6 INITIAL DESIGN.........................................................................................................................................................10

7 DETERMINATION OF GRID RESISTANCE...............................................................................................................10

8 Etap Result for the Regular Model.........................................................................................................................14

9 Calculation Earthing system according to the real model of earthing system in Pelletizing Plant..............16

10 INTRODUCTION FOR LIGHTNING STUDY.............................................................................................................21

11 LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM.........................................................................................................................21

7.1 RISK ASSESMENT.........................................................................................................................................................21

7.2 CALCULATION...............................................................................................................................................................22

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1 INTRODUCTION FOR EARTHING

2 CODES AND STANDARDS

CODES AND STANDARDS

No. DESIGNATION

3 COMMON DATA

3.1 GENERAL SPECIFICATION

BASIC DATA FOR CALCULATION

ITEM DESCRIPTION Value UNIT Ref.
Tr Reference temperature for material constants
Ta Ambient temperature
ρ Is the apparent resistivity of the soil
ρS Usual surface resistivity used in calculations
h Depth of buried grid wire
hs Gravel surface height
Tm Maximum allowable temperature in °C
K0 1/α0 at 0 °C
αr 20 Thermal coefficient of resistivity at ref. temperature Tr
ρr 20 Resistivity of ground conductor at ref. temperature Tr
tc Fault Current duration
ts Fault Clearing Time 0.5 SECONDS Design Criteria

TCAP Thermal capacity per unit volume 3.93 J/(CM3.°C) IEEE80-2000

SF Fault current division factor (Split factor) 70 - Assumed

I (1ph) The single-phase symmetrical fault current from LV side 50.048 kA Etap Study

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3.2 Soil Resistivity and Surface resistivity used in calculation

Resistivity of sample Ω·m

Number Description of surface material
Dry Wet
1
2
3

3.3 FACTOR SPECIFICATION

4 CROSS SECTION CALCULATION:

4.1 Grid conductor sizing

4.2 Riser conductor sizing

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5 CALCULATION OF MAXIMUM TOLERABLE TOUCH AND STEP VOLTAGE

 ASSUMPTIONS FOR MAXIMUM STEP AND TOUCH VOLTAGES CALCULATIONS

ITE UNI
DESCRIPTION Value Ref.
M T
ρ Is The Apparent Resistivity of The Soil
Usual Surface Resistivity Used in Calculations
ρS
(Crushed rock layer)
h Depth Of Buried Grid Wire
hs Gravel Surface Height
ts Fault Clearing Time

6 INITIAL DESIGN
7 DETERMINATION OF GRID RESISTANCE
 CALCULATION OF GROUNDING GRID RESISTANCE (Rg)

8 Etap Result for the Regular Model

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Electrical Transient Analyzer Program

Ground Grid Systems

Number of Ground Conductors:

Number of Ground Rods:

Total Length of Ground Conductors:

Total Length of Ground Rods:

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Compare result in Etap by result by Hand calculation:

ITEM Manual Calculations ETAP CALCULATION
Etouch
Estep
Rg
GPR

Earth calculations have been done using ETAP software with IEEE Std 80-2000/2013 method
and its results can be seen in the attachment. (Attachment 1)

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9 Calculation Earthing system according to the real model of earthing

system in XXXX ZONE
Electrical Transient Analyzer Program
Ground Grid Systems
Finite Element Method
Number of Ground Conductors:

Number of Ground Rods:

Total Length of Ground Conductors:

Total Length of Ground Rods:

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10 INTRODUCTION FOR LIGHTNING STUDY

11 LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM

7.1 RISK ASSESMENT
7.2 CALCULATION

14
 LIGHTNING PROTECTION RISK ASSESSMENT
XXX ZONE SUBSTATION YY

LIGHTNING PROTECTION RISK ASSESSMENT

LIGHTNING PROTECTION RISK ASSESSMENT CALCULATION

       
GREEN
SYMBOL/
SL. PELLETIZING REFERENCE FORMULA AS PER
PARAMETER ABRREVI REMARKS
NO. BUILDING IEC 62305-2010
ATION
+SUBSTATION 1

A. BUILDING/ STRUCTURE WISE DIMENSION :-

(i) Length of the Building/Structure (in Meter) L    

(ii) Width of the Building/Structure (in Meter) W  

(iii) Height of the Building/Structure (in Meter) H    

Perimeter of the Building/Structure (in
(iv) PER  
Meter)
B. AREA LOCATED AT FAR END (POWER SOURCE TO THE STRUCTURE/AREA UNDER EVALUATION):-

(i) Length of the Area (in Meter) L Assumed

(ii) Width of the Area (in Meter) W Assumed

(iii) Height of the Area (in Meter) H Assumed

(iv) Perimeter of the Area (in Meter) PER  

Length of the Line Section (in Meter, From

(v) LL  
Source to Load)

C. NUMBER OF DANGEROUS EVENTS :-

(i) Collection Area of Structure (in Sqm.) AD

15
 LIGHTNING PROTECTION RISK ASSESSMENT
XXX ZONE SUBSTATION YY

Collection Area of the Source Structure (in

(ii) ADJ
Sqm.)
Collection Area of Flashes striking near
(iii) AM
the Structure (in Sqm.)
Collection Area of Flashes striking the line
(iv) AL
(in Sqm.)
Collection Area of Flashes to Ground near
(v) AI
the line (in Sqm.)
(vi) No. of Thunderstromdays per year TD

(vii) Lightning Flash Density NG

(viii) Structure Location  

  Location Factor CD and CDJ

(ix) Line Installation  

Line Installation Factor (From Source to

  Ci
Destination)

(x) Installation  

  Line Type Factor CT

(xi) Environment  

  Line Environmental Factor CE

(xii) No. of Dangerous Events to the Structure ND

16
 LIGHTNING PROTECTION RISK ASSESSMENT
XXX ZONE SUBSTATION YY

Average Annual No. of Dangerous Events

(xiii) due to Flashed to a structure connected at NDJ
the far end of a line.
No. of Dangerous Events near the
(xiv) NM
Structure
Average Annual No. of Dangerous Events
(vii) NL
due to flashes to a line
Average Annual No. of Dangerous Events
(vii) NI
due to flashes Near a Line

D. PROBABILTY OF DAMAGE :-

Probability of flash to a structure will

(i) cause shock to living beings due to  
dangerous touch and step voltages

Values of Probability of flash to a structure

will cause shock to living beings due to
  PTA
dangerous touch and step voltages (Table
B.1)

Probability that a flash to a structure

(ii)  
will cause physical damage

Values of Probability that a flash to a

PB
structure will cause physical damage
 

17
 LIGHTNING PROTECTION RISK ASSESSMENT
XXX ZONE SUBSTATION YY

Probability that a flash to a structure will

(iii) cause injury to living beings by electric PA
shock

(iv) LPL for which PSD has been designed  

Factor depending on the coordinated SPD

system conforming to IEC 62305-4 and to
the lightning protection level (LPL) for
which its SPDs are designed (Table B.3). PSPD
This should be selected considering flash
to a structure will cause failure of internal
systems
 

 
Factor depending on shielding, grounding
and isolation conditions of the line to
(v)
which the internal system is connected  
(Table B.4)
CLD

Probability that a flash to a structure will

(vi) PC
cause failure of internal systems

Factor that takes into account the

(vii) screening effectiveness of the structure, KS1
LPS or other shields at boundary LPZ 0/1;

18
 LIGHTNING PROTECTION RISK ASSESSMENT
XXX ZONE SUBSTATION YY

Factor that takes into account the

screening effectiveness of shields internal
(viii) KS2
to the structure at boundary LPZ X/Y
(X>0, Y>1)

(ix) Internal Wiring  

Factor that takes into account the

characteristics of internal wiring (Table KS3
  B.5)

Factor that takes into account the impulse

(x) withstand voltage of the system to be KS4
protected.

Probability that a flash near a structure will

(xi) PM
cause failure of internal systems

Probability that a flash to an entering

(xii) line will cause shock to living beings  
due to dangerous touch voltages

Factor that depend on the protection

PTU
  measure against touch voltages.

Value of the probability as a function

(xiii)  
of LPL for which SPDs are designed

19
 LIGHTNING PROTECTION RISK ASSESSMENT
XXX ZONE SUBSTATION YY

Factor that depend on the Equipotential

bonding Confirming to IEC-62503-3 and
PEB
on the lightning protection level (LPL) for
which SPDs are designed.
 
Factor that depend on the probability of
failure of internal system due to flash to
(xiii) PLD
the connected line depending on the line
characteristics.

Probability that Flash to line will cause

(xiii) PU
injury to living beings

Probability that Flash to line will cause

(xiv) PV
physical damage

Probability that Flash to line will cause

(xiv) PW
failure of Internal System
Probability of Failure of Internal system
(xiv) PLI
due to a Flash near the connected Line

Factor depending on shielding, grounding

(xiv)
and isolation conditions of the line
 

CLI

Probability that Flash near an Incoming

(xiv) PZ
Line will cause failure of Internal System

E. LOSS (LOSS OF HUMAN LIFE INCLUDING PERMANENT INJURY L1, LOSS OF PUBLIC SERVICE L2, LOSS OF ECONOMIC VALUES, L4) :-

20
 LIGHTNING PROTECTION RISK ASSESSMENT
XXX ZONE SUBSTATION YY

rt
Factor reducing loss of human life (L1)
(i) depends on type of soil or floor (Table
C.3). Applicable only for L1
L1

rp
Factor reducing loss of physical damage
depends on provision taken to reduce the
(ii)
consequences of fire. Applicable
for L1, L2 & L4
L1

L2

L4

rf

Factor reducing the loss due to physical L1

(iii) damage depending on the risk of fire of
the structure. Applicablefor L1, L2 & L4 L2

L4

Factor increasing loss of physical damage hz

(iv) in presence of special hazard. Applicable
only for L1 L1

21
 LIGHTNING PROTECTION RISK ASSESSMENT
XXX ZONE SUBSTATION YY

nz

L1
(v) No of Persons in the Zone

L2

nt

Total No of Person in the Structure/Area L1

(vi)
(Refer to appendix 2)

L2

Time in hours /Year for which the persons tz

(vii) are present in the Zone.
(Applicable only for L1) L1

LT
Loss due to injury by electric shock (D1).
(viii)
Applicable only for L1.
L1

Lf

Loss in a structure due to physical L1

(vi) damage (D2). This is applicable for L1, L2
and L4 Lf

L2

22
 LIGHTNING PROTECTION RISK ASSESSMENT
XXX ZONE SUBSTATION YY

Lf

L4

Lo

L1

Loss in a structure due to failure of Lo

(vii) internal systems (D3). This is applicable
for L1, L2 and L4 L2

Lo

L4

F. RISK :-
Component related to injury to living
beings caused by electric shock (D1) due
to touch and step voltages inside the RA
structure and
(i)
outside in the zones up to 3 m around
down conductors due to flashes to the
structure. L1
Applicable only for L1.

Component related to physical damage

(D2) caused by dangerous sparking inside
RB
the structure triggering fire or explosion
(ii)
which
may also endanger the environment, due
to flashes directly to the structure
L1

23
 LIGHTNING PROTECTION RISK ASSESSMENT
XXX ZONE SUBSTATION YY

L2

L4

RC

Component related to failure of internal

(iii) systems caused by LEMP due to flashes
directly to the structure
L1

L2

L4

RM

Component related to failure of internal

(iv) systems caused by LEMP due to flashes
near the structure L1

L2

L4

24
 LIGHTNING PROTECTION RISK ASSESSMENT
XXX ZONE SUBSTATION YY

RU
Component related to injury to living
(iv)
beings by Electric Shock (D1)

L1

RV

(iv) Component related to Physical Damage

L1

L2

L4

RW
Component related to Failure of Internal
(iv) System due to Flashes to a line
connected to structure

L1

L2

25
 LIGHTNING PROTECTION RISK ASSESSMENT
XXX ZONE SUBSTATION YY

L4

RZ
(iv)
Component related to Failure of Internal
System due to Flashes near a line
connected to structure
L1

  L2

  L4

R1
Risk of loss of human life (L1) in a
(v)
structure.

L1

R2
Risk of loss of services to the public (L2)
(vi)
in a structure
L2

R4
Risk of loss of economic value (L4) in a
(vii)
structure
L4

26
 LIGHTNING PROTECTION RISK ASSESSMENT
XXX ZONE SUBSTATION YY

RT
(viii) Tolerable risk (Table 4)
L1

RT
(ix) Tolerable risk (Table 4)
L2

(x) Tolerable risk (Table 4) RT

L4

G. CONCLUSION:

(i) Further Risk Assessment Study required

 

(ii) Class of Lightning Protection selected  

 

27
ZONE

28
Summarize the results:

+SUBSTATION YY
ZONE XX

ZONE

ZONE

ZONE

ZONE

ZONE

ZONE

ZONE

ZONE

ZONE

ZONE

ZONE

ZONE

ZONE

ZONE

ZONE

ZONE

ZONE
ITEM

Further
Risk
Assessment
Study
required

Class of
Lightning
Protection
selected

29
 Appendix 1

SOIL REPORT

30
 Appendix 2

NUMBER OF STUFFS
days hours Staff
number 1st 2nd Attendance
Item per per list ,perso
of shifts shift shift persons listing,
year shift ns

Total

31
 ZONE XX
ITEM DESCRIPTION SUBSTATION YY ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE
1
L: Length SIZE: L= SIZE: L= SIZE: L= SIZE: L= SIZE: L= SIZE: L= SIZE: L= SIZE: L= SIZE: L= SIZE: L= SIZE: L= SIZE: L= SIZE: L= SIZE: L= SIZE: L= SIZE: L= W= SIZE: L= W=
SIZE OF BUILDING W: Width SIZE: L= W= H= W= H= W= H= W= H= W= H= W= H= W= H= W= H= W= H= W= H= W= H= W= H= W= H= W= H= W= H= W= H= H= H=
H: Hight
Management
Human Resourse
Financial
Logistics
Security
IT
Estimated Number of people 70% TOTAL 70% TOTAL
HSE
inside each building in Worst PEOPLE PER PEOPLE PER
case (Shift change) Procurement SHIFT = 100 SHIFT = 100
Production
Inspection &
Maintenance
Operation
Instrumentation and
automation service
Total Number of people Total Number of
inside each building People + 10% margine

Estimated Number of People inside each building according to the above table:

32