MARKI

NGGUI
DEP530/
22018
1.(
i)Si
mil
ari
ti
es

 Popul
ati
onsi
zeofbot
htr
ibol
i
um andor
yzaephi
l
usr
eachesmaxi
mum

 Popul
ati
onsi
zeofbot
htr
ibol
i
um andor
yzaephi
l
usi
ncr
easesatt
hest
artofexper
iment

Di
ff
erences

Popul
ati
onsi
zeoft
ri
bol
i
um Popul
ati
onsi
zeofor
yzaepi
l
us

 Reachesmaxi
mum l
ater  Reachesmaxi
mum ear
li
er;

 Doesnotr
eachapeak  At
tai
nsapeak;

 Hi
ghert
hroughoutt
heexper
iment  Lowert
hroughoutt
heexper
iment
;

 Incr
easesr
api
dlyatt
hest
artoft
he  Incr
easesgr
adual
l
yatt
hest
artoft
he
experi
ment experi
ment;

 Incr
easesgr
adual
l
yint
hemi
ddl
eoft
he  Decreasesgr
adual
l
yint
hemi
ddl
eof
experi
ment theexperi
ment;

 I
ncr
easegr
adual
lyandthenr
api
dlyat  Decreasesgr
aduall
ytoext
inct
ionat
t
heendoft
heexper
iment theendoftheexperi
ment;

1mar
k@,
max06mar
ks

(
ii
)Si
mil
ari
ti
es

 Popul
ati
onsi
zeofbot
htr
ibol
i
um andor
yzaephi
l
usat
tai
nsapeak;

 Popul
ati
onsizeofbot
htr
ibol
i
um andor
yzaephi
l
usi
ncr
easeatt
hest
artoft
he
exper
iment
;

 Popul
ati
onsi
zeofbot
htr
ibol
i
um andor
yzaephi
l
usdecr
easeaf
tert
hepeak;

 Popul
ati
onsi
zeofbot
htr
ibol
i
um andor
yzaephi
l
usi
ncr
easesgr
adual
l
yint
hemi
ddl
e;

 Popul
ati
onsizeofbot
htr
ibol
i
um andor
yzaephi
l
usi
ncr
easeatt
hest
artoft
he
exper
iment
;

Di
ff
erences

 Popul
ati
onsi
zeoft
ri
bol
i
um Popul
ati
onsi
zeofor
yzaephi
l
us

 At
tai
nsahi
gherpeak  At
tai
nsal
owerpeak;

1
  At
tai
nsapeakear
li
er  At
tai
nsapeakl
ater
;

 Incr
easesr
api
dlyatt
hest
artoft
he  Incr
easesgr
adual
l
yatt
hest
artoft
he
experi
ment experi
ment;

 Decr
easesr
api
dlyaf
tert
hepeak  Decr
easesgr
adual
l
yaf
tert
hepeak;

 Hi
ghert
hroughoutt
heexper
iment  Lowert
hroughoutt
heexper
iment
;

 Incr
easesr
api
dlyatt
heendoft
he  Decreasesgr
adual
l
yatt
heendoft
he
experi
ment experi
ment;

1mar
k@,
max
07mar
ks

(b)
()Popul
i at
ionsi
zeoftri
boli
um i
ncreasesrapidl
yast hatoforyzaephi
lusdecr
easest
o
ext
inct
ionduetohi
gherreproduct
ivepotent
ial
/growthrateoftri
bolium;henceput
ti
ng
ory
zaephil
usatadisadv
antageintermsofcompet it
ionforfood/fl
our;

Attheendoftheexper
imentthepopul
ati
onsizeoftri
bol
ium i
ncr
easesrapi
dlyintheabsenceof
ory
zaephi
lus;
duetoreducedcompetit
ionforf
ood/fl
our/
habit
at; 1mark@,max
04marks (i
i)Gl
asstubi
ngsprovi
deami crohabi
tatf
or
ory
zaephi
lusandhencegivi
ngitsomeadvantagetocompetewitht
ri
boli
um;

I
nthemiddleoftheexperiment,
popul
ati
onsizeoforyzaephi
lusi
ncr
easesgradual
l
yast
hatof
t
ri
bol
ium i
sdecreasi
ngr apidl
yduetoi
ncreasedi
nter
-specif
iccompet
it
ion;

Att
heendoftheexperi
mentpopul
ati
onsi
zeoftri
bol
ium i
ncreasesr
api
dlyast
hatof
or
yzaephi
l
usdeceasessincet
ri
bol
i
um isabet
tercompeti
tor
;

Howeverpopul
ationsizeoforyzaephi
lusdoesnotdecr
easet
oextinct
ion;
duet osome
or
yzaephi
lusavoidi
ngdirectcompetit
ionfr
om tr
ibol
i
um byut
il
isi
ngthemicrohabi
tat
sprov
ided
bythegl
asstubings;

1mar
k@,
max05mar
ks

(c)
()Gauase’
i scompet i
ti
veexclusionpr
inci
ple;
wheretwodif
fer
entspeci
escompetingf
ort
he
sameresource;cannotco-exi
st;sotheweakerspeci
esisout
competedtoext
inct
ion;

1mar
k@,
max04mar
ks

(i
i)Resour
cepar
ti
ti
oning;wher
et wodi
ff
erentspeci
esshar
ethesamer
esour
ce;
all
owco-
exist
ence;
sobothspeciessur
viv
e;

1mar
k@,
max04mar
ks

(
d)Har
mfultobothspecies;
astheydon’
tadequat
elyut
il
iset
her
esour
cesast
heywoul
ddoi
n
t
heabsenceoftheotherspeci
es;

2
I
mpor
tanti
nspaci
ngouti
ndi
vi
dual
s;i
nar
easwher
etheycanadequat
elyobt
ainr
esour
ces;

Al
l
owsni
chedi
ff
erent
iat
ion/
speci
ali
zat
ionpr
event
ingni
cheov
erl
ap;

1mar
k@,
max05mar
ks

(
e)(
iPopul
) ati
onsi
zeoft
ri
bol
i
um woul
dcont
inuei
ncr
easi
ng;
ast
hatofor
yzaephi
l
usdecr
eases;

Populationofbot
htri
boli
um andor
yzaephi
lusl
aterdecr
easestoext
inct
ion;
duet
ofood
resourcesbecomingscarce;
andduetoaccumulati
onofwastes;
1
/
2mar
k@,
max
1
02/
2mar
ks

(i
iPopul
) at
ionoforyzaephil
uswouldi
ncr
easerapi
dlyt
hanwhenmixedwitht
ribol
i
um;
toa
carr
yingcapaci
ty;
wher eitst
abi
l
izes;
andlat
erdecr
eases;
duetoscar
cit
yoffood;
1
/
2mar
k@,
max
1
02/
2mar
ks

SECTI
ONB(
60mar
ks)

2(
a)()I
i ncreasedselect
ionpr essur
eoccur
sunderharshcondi
ti
ons;suchas
pr
edat
ion/competit
ion/diseases/ver
yhott
emperat
ures/ver
ycoldt
emper at
ureset
c;

Whenthepopul
ati
oni
slarger
esourcesbecomescarcel
eadingt
osti
ffi
ntr
a-speci
fi
ccomplet
ion;
causi
ngalar
genumberofpoor
lyadaptedindi
vi
dual
stodieduetost
arv
ati
on/predat
ion;

Onl
ythei
ndivi
dualswelladapted/
speci
ali
sedatobt
aini
ngf
ood/avoi
dingpr
edat
ionsur
viv
e;
l
eadi
ngtoreducedvar
iabil
ityandthepopul
ati
onbecomesuni
form;

1mar
k@,
06mar
ks

(
i)St
i abi
l
izi
ngselect
ionel
i
mi nat
esext
remesofaphenotypi
crange;
andselect
sfort
he
i
nter
mediat
es;enhanci
ngtheirr
epr
oduct
ivesuccessoft
heint
ermediat
es;

Bysel
ecti
ngphenot
ypescl
osetothemean;stabi
li
zingsel
ect
ionreducesv
ari
ati
oni
nthe
popul
ati
on;andt
her
efor
ereducestheoppor
tunit
yforevol
uti
onar
ychange;

Accepti
l
lust
rat
ions 1mar
k@,
max
06mar
ks

( Homol
b) ogousst
ruct
ureshavethesamebasi
cplaninthedi
ff
erentor
ganismsbutmodi
fi
edt
o
perf
orm dif
fer
entf
uncti
ons/ser
vedif
fer
entni
ches;f
orexampl
ethepentadacty
lli
mbin

3
ver
tebr
ates;
li
keinmonkey
sthedigi
tsar
eel
ongat
edforgr
aspi
ngt
reebr
anchesandi
nmant
he
samepentadact
yll
i
mbismodifi
edformani
pul
ati
on;

Alsot
hebasicstr
uct
ureofallf
lowersconsi
stsofpet
als,
sepal
s,car
pel
sandst
amens;
yet
numberofpetal
sandotheraspect
sdiff
er;

Somehomol
ogousst
ruct
uresar
ereducedi
nsi
zeandt
hesear
ecal
l
edv
est
igi
alst
ruct
ures;

Homol ogousst
ructur
esandv
estigi
alst
ruct
uresshowt
hator
gani
smspossessi
ngt
hem
descendedfrom acommonori
gin;andthi
sconfi
rmsdi
ver
gentev
olut
ion;

Analogousstruct
ureshavedif
ferentbasicst
ruct
uresbutaremodif
iedt
operf
ormthesame
functi
on;forexamplewingsofinsectsandwingsofbir
ds/eyesofmammalsandt
hoseof
cephalopodsetc;anal
ogousstr
uct ur
esconfi
rm conver
gentevol
uti
on;

1mar
k@,
max08mar
ks

3(
a)

 Mer
ist
emat
ict
issuesconsi
stofsmal
lcuboi
dcel
l
swi
thdensecy
topl
asm;

 Thi
nwal
l
s;

 Manysmal
lvacuol
es;

 Undi
ffer
ent
iat
edpl
asti
ds;
1mark@,max03marks

(
b)

Api
calmer
ist
ems Lat
eralmer
ist
ems

Causei
ncr
easei
nhei
ght
/l
engt
hoft
hepl
ant Causei
ncr
easei
ngi
rt
h/di
amet
er/
widt
hoft
he
st
em;

Leadt
ofor
mat
ionofpr
imar
yti
ssues Leadt
ofor
mat
ionofsecondar
yti
ssues;

Locat
edatr
ootandshoott
ips Locat
edi
nsi
det
hesi
desofast
em;

1mar
k@,
max03mar
ks

c)Xy
( lem par
enchy
mat
issue;
hasspher
ical
/pol
ygonalcel
l
s;t
hatf
ormr
adi
alsheet
s/medul
l
ary
r
aysf
orsupport
;

Parenchy
mat issuehascel
l
swithafl
exibl
emembr ane;t
hatall
owt hecel
lst
oexpandand
becomet ur
gid;wit
hcell
scl
osel
ypacked;henceof
feri
nghydrostat
icsuppor
t;

Col
l
enchy
mat
issue;
haspol
ygonal
/r
ect
angul
arcel
l
s;t
hathav
ecel
l
ulosecel
lwal
l
;toof
fert
ensi
l
e

4
st
rengt
h;andcompr
essi
onalst
rengt
h;f
orext
rasuppor
t;

Scler
enchymati
ssue;i
nthefor
m off
ibr
es;
isl
i
gni
fi
ed;
elongat
ed;
andl
ongi
tudi
nal
l
yar
rangedi
n
sheets/
bundl
esforsuppor
t;

St
onecell
s/scler
eidsar
ealsoafor
m ofscl
erenchy
ma;
whi
char
eal
sol
i
gni
fi
ed;
spher
ical
;
ar
rangedi
ngr oups;t
oofferf
ir
mness;

Xyl
em al
socompr
isesoft
het
rachi
eds;
andv
esselel
ement
s;t
hatar
eal
sol
i
gni
fi
edt
oof
fer
st
rengt
h;

I
nst
emsv
essel
sar
eatt
heper
ipher
aloft
hest
em f
orsuppor
t;

Tr
achi
edshav
etaper
ingendst
hati
nter
lockwi
thnei
ghbor
ingt
rachi
edsf
orf
ir
m suppor
t;

Inroot
svessel
srunl
ongi
tudinal
l
yassepar
ater
odst
oresi
stcol
l
apsi
ngduet
otuggi
ngst
rai
ns
causedbybendi
ngofaer
ialpart
s;

Maturexyl
em compl
etesdev
elopmentbyannul
ar;
orspi
ral
;orr
eti
cul
atel
i
gni
fi
cat
iont
oincr
ease
support
;
1
/
2mar
k@,
max14mar
ks

4(
a)(
i)LetBr
epr
esental
l
elef
orbr
oadabdomen;

LetAr
epr
esental
l
elef
orl
ongwi
ng;

Letbr
epr
esental
l
elef
ornar
rowabdomen;

Letar
epr
esental
l
elef
orv
est
igi
alwi
ng;

LetXXr
epr
esentt
hegenot
ypef
orf
emal
edr
osophi
l
a;

LetXYr
epr
esentt
hegenot
ypeofmal
edr
osophi
l
a;

½mar
k@,
03mar
ks

Parentalphenot
ypes:Vest
igi
alwi
nged,
broadabdomenmal
e;xl
ongwi
nged,
nar
rowabdomen
female;

Par
ent
algenot
ypes: XaBY x XAbXAb ;

Mei
osi
s:

Gamet
es: XaB ,
Y XAb ,
XAb ;

Random f
ert
il
isat
ion;

F1genot
ypes: XaBXAb, XAbXaB, XAbY, XAbY ;

F1phenot
ypes;
2longwi
nged,
broadabdomenf
emal
efl
i
es;
:2l
ongwi
nged,
nar
rowabdomen

5
mal
efl
i
es;

½mar
k@,
04mar
ks

(
i)F1genot
i ypes: XAbY ; x XAbXaB ;

Mei
osi
s:

Gamet
es: XAb ,
Y XAb ,
XaB ;

Random f
ert
il
isat
ion;

F2genot
ypes: XAbXAb, XAbXaB, XAbY, XaBY ;

F2phenot
ypes:1l
ongwi
nged,
nar
rowabdomenf
emal
efl
y;

1l
ongwi
nged,
broadabdomenf
emal
efl
y;

1l
ongwi
nged,
nar
rowabdomenmal
efl
y;

1v
est
igi
alwi
nged,
broadabdomenmal
efl
y;

½mar
k@,
04mar
ks

(b)Thelackof1:
1:1:
1rat
ioi
sani
ndi
cat
ionofcr
ossi
ngov
erbet
weent
hegenef
orwi
ngl
engt
h
andthatforsi
zeofabdomen;
1mark

Parent
alphenot
ypes:Vest
igi
alwi
nged,
nar
rowabdomenmal
e;xl
ongwi
nged,
broadabdomen
female

Par
ent
algenot
ypes: XabY x XAbXaB ;

Mei
osi
s:

Gamet
es: Xab ,
Y XAB, XAb, XaB Xab ;
,

Random f
ert
il
isat
ionbypunnet
tsquar
e:

XAB XAb XaB Xab;

Xab XABXab XAbXab XaBXab XabXab;

Y XABY XAbY XaBY XabY;

Phenot y
pes:35l
ongwinged,nar
rowabdomenfli
es:17longwinged,
broadabdomenfl
y:36
vesti
gialwi
ngedandnarrowabdomenfly
:18vesti
gialwingedandbroadabdomenf
li
es;
1
/2mark@,Max04½mar ks

(
c)

6
  Br
eedqui
ckl
y/mat
uref
ast
er;

 Br
eedt
hroughoutt
hey
ear
;

 Hav
eonl
y4pai
rsofchr
omosomes;

 Hav
egi
antchr
omosomesi
nthei
rsal
i
var
ygl
ands;

 Sexcaneasi
l
ybedi
sti
ngui
shed;

 Cheapt
ocul
tur
e;

5(
a)

 Bodysize;Smallor
gani
smshav
eahi
gherhear
trat
ethanl
argeronesduet
othei
rhi
gher
metaboli
crate;

 Age;Youngor
gani
smshav
ehi
ghermet
abol
i
crat
eduet
orapi
dgr
owt
handhencehi
gher
hear
trate;

 Envi
ronmentalt
emper
atur
e;Incr
easei
ntemperat
ureincr
easesmetabol
i
c/r
espi
rat
ory
rat
eleadi
ngincr
easei
nheartrat
etoel
iminat
eexcesscarbondi
oxi
deandtosuppl
y
metaboli
tes;

 St
ateofheal
th;
Il
lnessi
ncr
easeshear
trat
eduet
oincr
easedt
emper
atur
eandcar
bon
di
oxi
de;

 Exerci
se;i
ncr
easesmetabol
i
cr at
eleadi
ngtoi
ncreaseinhear
trat
einor
dert
osuppl
y
nutr
ient
stomusclesandtoeli
minatecar
bondi
oxide;

 Stat
eofemotion/l
evelofhor
mones/
drugs;
incr
easehear
tbeatcausi
ngsuppl
yofmor
e
nutr
ient
stot
issues;

 Sex;
heartr
ateishi
gheri
nmal
est
hanf
emal
essi
ncemal
esar
epoor
lyi
nsul
atedl
eadi
ng
tohi
ghermetabol
icr
ate;

Any4f
act
ors,
½mar
kforaf
act
or,
1mar
kforcor
rectexpl
anat
ion,
max06mar
ks

(
b)(
i)Wav
esofexci
tat
ion/
sti
mul
ati
onar
eini
ti
atedbyt
hesi
no-
atr
ionode(
SAN)
;thepacemaker
;

From t
heSANwav
esofexci
tat
ionspr
eadacr
ossbot
hat
ri
a;causi
ngt
hem t
ocont
ractatt
he
sametime;

Fr
om t heatr
iathewavesofexci
tati
onreachanotherspeci
algroupofmusclesfi
brescall
edthe
at
ri
o-ventri
cul
arnode(AVN);andthenspreadtopurkinj
efi
bres/pur
kynet
issuesvi
abundleof
Hi
s;from wheretheyspr
eadacrossbothv ent
ri
clescausi
ngthem tocont
ractsi
mul t
aneousl
y
st
art
ingf r
om theapex;

Hear
tbeati
scont
rol
l
edbyt
hener
voussy
stem;
viat
hesy
mpat
het
icner
veandv
agusner
vet
hat

7
ar
econnect
edt
otheSAN;

Sympathet
icnerv
esendsi
mpul
sestotheSANt
hataccel
erat
ehear
tbeat
;andv
agusner
ve
br
ingsi
mpul sest
hatsl
owdownhear
tbeat;
1mark@,max10mar ks

(
c)

 Pumpi
ngact
ionoft
hehear
tfor
cesbl
oodt
hrought
het
hinwal
l
edv
eins;

 Cont
ract
ionofskel
etalmuscl
essqueezesbl
oodi
nvei
nst
ofl
owt
owar
dst
hehear
t;

 Val
vesi
nvei
nspr
eventbackf
lowofbl
oodandal
l
owbl
oodf
lowi
nonedi
rect
ion;

 I
nspi
rator
ymovementscreat
eanegat
ivepr
essur
eini
nthet
hor
aci
ccav
ityhencebl
ood
f
lowstowardst
heheart
;

 Gr
avi
tycausesbl
oodi
nor
gansabov
ethehear
ttof
lowt
owar
dst
hehear
t;

1mar
k@,
04mar
ks

6(
a)

 Canl
i
vei
nawi
der
angeoft
emper
atur
es;
hencecanl
i
vei
nawi
der
angeofhabi
tat
s;

 Canmov
elongdi
stances;

 Caneasi
l
yobt
ainf
oodsi
ncet
heyar
eal
way
sact
ive;

 Youngoneshav
ehi
ghersur
viv
alr
atesi
ncet
heyar
ebor
nact
ive;

1mar
k@,
max03mar
ks

(
b)

 Met
abol
i
crat
eincr
eases;
gener
ati
ngmor
eheat
;

 Ar
ter
iol
esi
ntheskin;constr
ict;
lessbl
oodflowsneart
heski
nsur
face;
reduci
ngheat
l
oss;
byconvect
ion/r
adiat
ion/conduct
ion;

 Hai
rsst
ander
ect
;tr
apal
ayerofai
r;whi
chi
nsul
atest
heski
n;

 Skel
etalmuscl
escont
ract
/shi
ver
ingoccur
s;gener
ati
ngmor
eheat
;

 Sweat
ingceases;
reduci
ngheatl
oss;
thr
oughev
apor
ati
on;

8
  Decreasei
nbodysur
facear
ea/
huddl
i
ng;
reducesheatl
oss; ½mar
k@,
max08
marks

(
c)(
i)Ther
mor
ecept
orsi
ntheski
n;det
ectt
emper
atur
echanges;

Col
dther
morecept
orsdet
ectdecr
easei
ntemper
atur
e;andheat
/hott
her
mor
ecept
orsdet
ect
i
ncr
easeint
emperatur
e;

Thermoreceptor
sareconnect
edt othebrai
nbynerves;andtheref
oresendimpul
sestothe
brai
n/contr
olcentr
eaboutchangesinskintemper
ature;andthecontr
olcent
resendsst
imulat
e
appropri
atecorr
ecti
vemeasures;t
or et
urnt
hetemperaturebacktonorm;
½mar k@,max04mar ks

()Thehy
i
i pot
hal
amusi
nthebr
ain;
det
ect
schangesi
ntemper
atur
eofbl
oodpassi
ngt
hrought
he
brai
n;

Whentemper
atureincreasesabov
enorm st
imulatestheheatl
osscent
re;
inthe(
ant
eri
or)
hy
pothal
amus;thatsti
mul at
escor
rect
ivemeasures;t
odecreaset
emperat
urebackt
onorm;

Decreaseint
emper atureofbloodflowingt
hroughthebr
ainbel
ownorm sti
mulatestheheat
gai
ncent r
e;i
nthe(post eri
or)hypot
halamus;whichst
imul
atescor
rect
ivemechanismsthat
i
ncreaseheatgain;
t oraisetemperatur
ebacktonorm;
½mar k@,05marks