1.

0 OBJECTIVE

• expose pupils to the methods used in setting up a horizontal control network in the field.
• to calculate the distance between any two spots on the planet or items.
• To determine the distance and angle between different objects (admin, date
accessed 3 Jun., 23)
• to effectively tackle measurement-related difficulties.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this practical, students are able to :

• carry out the horizontal control survey fieldwork method

• the raw data will be processed by the students to determine the coordinate, the traverse
area, and the class.
• Identify the types of errors that the horizontal control survey was affected by.
• Create a strategy utilising surveying software.

3.0 INTRODUCTION

In order to conduct a horizontal control survey, a number of stations must be established

and connected by angles and distances. Horizontal control is a very important tool that is now
employed frequently in civil engineering projects. The position of the points in the horizontal
plane is measured using this kind of control survey. The surveyor will take measurements and
note the x and y coordinates of the sites. For use by the mapping and land surveying
communities, these programmes aim to acquire exact geodetic data on section and quarter
section corners of the Public Land Survey System, as well as the resulting bearings and
distances between the corners. (Aransiola, Olayemi Jemima,24 Feb. 2023) For the purpose of
creating accurate maps, horizontal control surveys are employed to establish coordinate
systems like State Plane Coordinates. Therefore, In many different applications, such as
topographic mapping, engineering design, construction layout, boundary surveys, and
infrastructure development, horizontal control survey traverses are essential. They offer a
structure for precise positioning and referencing, making measurements across many projects
and disciplines trustworthy and consistent.
4.0 THEORY

A traverse is a continuous collection of linked lines that are joined at specified angles
and have known lengths. The lengths of the lines are measured directly by measuring horizontal
distances, by measuring slopes, or by measuring indirectly using stadia or the subtense bar.
Traverse stations are the sites between which a line travels. (KIT, 1 Sept. 2019) By using a tape,
transit, theodolite, compass, plane table, or sextant, you can measure the angles at the traverse
stations between the lines. These can be straight angles, deflection angles, or internal angles.
Field measurements are used to estimate the lengths and azimuths or bearings of each traverse
line. The azimuths or bearings are actual, magnetic, presumed grid distances, while the lengths
are horizontal distances.

Total stations are used to measure traverse lines. Starting with a reference datum where
the coordinates, bearing, and distance are known is necessary for traversing. The bearing of the
following traverse line is calculated from the horizontal angle at each traverse station. Each
unknown traverse station's relative horizontal position is calculated using these measurements.

Traverse surveys heavily rely on trigonometry. In order to locate a point, it is essential

to calculate angles between lines or directions. Based on the observed angles and distances, the
coordinates or elevations of points are computed using trigonometric functions like sine,
cosine, and tangent.

Next, when the final point of the traverse corresponds with the beginning point, a
traverse survey is deemed complete. Closure is crucial since it aids in determining how accurate
the measurements are. If there is a difference between the opening and closing points, there
may need to be changes due to measurement inaccuracies.

Furthermore, traverse surveys strive for accuracy and precision. While accuracy refers
to how closely measurements match actual values, precision is the repeatability and consistency
of measurements. To ensure reliable results, high-precision tools, meticulous observational
procedures, and suitable measurement techniques are used.

Moreover, establishing control points, or places with known coordinates or elevations,

is a common step in traverse surveys. Control points assist connect the traverse to a recognised
coordinate system or elevation datum and act as reference points for the survey. The traverse
survey's total accuracy depends on the control points' precise determination.
After that, several calculations are made after the measurements are taken to calculate the
coordinates or elevations of the traverse's points. To calculate the outcomes of these
calculations, trigonometric formulas, correction methods, and coordinate transformations are
used.

The main purposes of traverse are:

I. To ascertain where the existing boundary markers are located.

II. To determine where boundary line should be located.
III. To establish the region bounded by a boundary.
IV. To establish control for map creation by locating arbitrary sports from which data may
be gathered in order to prepare various types of maps
V. For the purpose of setting up ground control for photographic mapping.
VI. To set up a system of control for gathering information on the amount of earthwork that
goes into railroad, highway, utility and other construction projects.
VII. To establish oversight for the placement of highway, railroads and other development
projects.
5.0 PRACTISE EQUIPMENT

All groups will be issued with the following equipment:

NO. ITEMS QUANTITY PICTURE

1 Total station 1

2 Prisms 2

3 Pegs -
4 Nails 4

5 Tripod 3

6 Hammer 1
6.0 FIELDWORK PROCEDURE

a) First, set up the instrument over the station.

b) Level and centre the instrument.

c) Set (key-in) the instrument to the required datum (bearing).

d) Record face left horizontal reading to backsight station (bearing & distance).
e) Turn the instrument and sight foresight station.
f) Record face left horizontal reading to foresight station (bearing & distance).
g) Transit the instrument (from Face Left to Face Right).
h) Set (key-in) the required datum (bearing) to backsight station.
i) Record face right horizontal reading to backsight station (bearing & distance)
j) Turn instrument to foresight station.
k) Record face right horizontal reading to foresight station.
l) Calculate the mean bearing of foresight station.
m) Move the instrument to the next station (foresight station).
n) The next traverse line bearing is respect or correspond to the previous mean bearing.