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Project Report

Experiment Findings · May 2022

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 HARVESTING ELECTRIC ENERGY FROM FOOT STEP
By

Sayd Mostasim Hasnain Saif 2017-3-80-006

Rafiul Haider Chowdhury 2017-3-80-012
Ashraf Akhand Ratul 2017-3-80-014

Submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, East West University

as requirements of the Final Year Design Project (EEE400)

Fall, 2020

Approved by

Thesis Advisor Department Chairperson

Dr. Anisul Haque Dr. Mohammad Mojammel Al

Hakim
 2

Dedication

I want to dedicate my effort to my mother and my late father, who has always motivated me to

seek knowledge. My effort is inferior without the contribution of two special faculty members of

East-West University. Prof. Dr Anisul Haque was the first person to make me realize that even

after multiple failed attempts I can do well in Electrical Engineering if I try my best. However,

Rezwan Siddiqui motivated me to think of green solutions whenever I get a chance. They both

are the reason I am contributing to renewable energy today. Thanks to all of them.

- Sayd Mostasim Hasnain Saif

All thanks to almighty Allah for giving me this wonderful life and the opportunities that I got

because of him.

My late mother who always supported me in any conditions, my father who supported me and

inspired me throughout my entire university life, I dedicate this project to them. Without them I

cannot come to this place I am today.

- Rafiul Haider Chowdhury

To my parents who have pushed me to work hard and always remind me of the verse of the

Quran - "That man can have nothing but what he strives for" 53:29.

- Ashraf Akhand Ratul

 3

AUTHORIZATION

We hereby declare that we are the sole authors of this report. We authorize East West

University to lend this report to other institutions for the purpose of scholarly activities.

We further authorize East West University to reproduce this report by photocopy or

other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the

purpose of scholarly activities once the embargo set by the supervisor are lifted.

Sayd Mostasim Hasnain Rafiul Haider Chowdhury

Saif

Ashraf Akhand Ratul

 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 7

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 8

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 10

PART-A ....................................................................................................................................... 11

1. Introduction and Concept ................................................................................................. 12

1.1 What the project is about .............................................................................................. 12

1.2 The state-of-the-art ......................................................................................................... 13

1.3 Standards and codes of practices ................................................................................. 16

1.4 Stakeholders’ expectations/requirements ................................................................... 16

1.5 Project concept ................................................................................................................ 18

1.5.1 Project aim and objective ....................................................................................... 18

1.5.2 Functional requirements ........................................................................................ 20

2. Project Proposal................................................................................................................... 23

2.1 Technical details ............................................................................................................. 23

2.1.1 Specifications and requirements ........................................................................... 23

2.1.2 Proposed methodology .......................................................................................... 24

2.1.3 Identification of resources ..................................................................................... 25

2.2 Project Management ...................................................................................................... 27

2.2.1 Project plan .............................................................................................................. 27

2.2.2 Risk management ................................................................................................... 36

2.2.3 Budget....................................................................................................................... 39

2.3 Impacts of the Project .................................................................................................... 39

2.3.1 Sustainability over product lifecycle .................................................................... 39

2.3.2 Impacts on society .................................................................................................. 40

 5

2.3.3 Effects on environment .......................................................................................... 41

2.3.4 Health and Safety Issues ........................................................................................ 43

PART-B ........................................................................................................................................ 45

3. Project Design ...................................................................................................................... 46

3.1 Design process ................................................................................................................ 46

3.1.1 Considerations while developing the design ..................................................... 46

3.1.2 Developing design process .................................................................................... 47

3.2 Analysis of alternate solutions ..................................................................................... 48

3.3 Design and refinement .................................................................................................. 62

PART-C ........................................................................................................................................ 76

4. Demonstration of implemented solution and finalization of design .......................... 77

4.1 Development of the prototype ..................................................................................... 77

4.2 Performance evaluation of implemented solution (against design requirements)

80

4.3 Finalization of design .................................................................................................... 82

4.4 Use of modern engineering tools ................................................................................. 82

5. Review of Milestone Achievements and Revision of Schedule ................................... 84

6. Cost of solution and Economic analysis .......................................................................... 86

6.1 Bill of materials cost of solution ................................................................................... 86

6.2 Economic analysis .......................................................................................................... 87

7. Conclusions.......................................................................................................................... 91

APPENDIX A. Activity Chart .................................................................................................. 92

APPENDIX B. Other technical details..................................................................................... 97

APPENDIX C. Justification of complex engineering problem ............................................ 98

APPENDIX D. Justification of complex engineering ACTIVITIES .................................. 100

APPENDIX E. Rubrics ............................................................................................................. 101

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 110

6
 7

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Specifications for a single module .......................................................................... 24

Table 2.2 Activities chart ........................................................................................................... 28

Table 2.3 Budget ......................................................................................................................... 39

Table 4.1 Changed parameters. ................................................................................................ 77

Table 4.2 Gears specifications. .................................................................................................. 78

Table 4.3 Data findings. ............................................................................................................. 80

Table 4.4 Open circuit voltages and short circuit currents. ................................................. 81

Table 5.1 Milestones review ..................................................................................................... 84

Table 6.1 Cost of prototype. ...................................................................................................... 86

Table 6.2 Cost of prototype. ...................................................................................................... 87

 8

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1.1 Generic block diagram of the system. ....................................................................... 20

Fig. 2.1 Block diagram of footstep energy generation system. ............................................ 24

Fig. 2.2 CPM diagram of the project. ....................................................................................... 33

Fig. 2.3 Gantt chart of the project. ............................................................................................ 36

Fig. 3.1 Detailed block diagram of footstep energy generation system. ............................ 47

Fig. 3.2 Body mass index table [19].......................................................................................... 49

Fig. 3.3 Direction of force for Heel and Sole........................................................................... 50

Fig. 3.4 Generated force (absolute values) VS critical angles. ............................................. 51

Fig. 3.5 Built in piezoelectricity physics of COMSOL. .......................................................... 52

Fig. 3.6. PZT from COMSOL material library and its properties. ....................................... 53

Fig. 3.7 Boundaries and conditions settings. .......................................................................... 54

Fig. 3.8 Setting a boundary probe to find Electric potential. ............................................... 55

Fig. 3.9 Boundary load (Input pressure settings). ................................................................. 55

Fig. 3.10 Piezo element before stress. ...................................................................................... 56

Fig. 3.11 Piezo element after stress. ......................................................................................... 56

Fig. 3.12 voltage potential across the top and bottom surface............................................. 57

Fig. 3.13 Setting a boundary probe to find Total electric energy. ....................................... 58

Fig. 3.14 Total electric energy generated. ............................................................................... 59

Fig. 3.15 von Mises stress for the motor shaft. ....................................................................... 61

Fig. 3.16 Ball screw. .................................................................................................................... 63

Fig. 3.17 Rack and pinion. ......................................................................................................... 63

Fig. 3.18 Motion of a singel feet. .............................................................................................. 64

Fig. 3.19 X-ray pictures of human calcaneus for finding Bholer’s angle [33]. ................... 65

Fig. 3.20 X-ray pictures of human calcaneus for finding Gissane’s angle [34]. ................. 65
 9

Fig. 3.21 Graphical observation of Bohler’s angle to be equal as the angle of sole. ......... 66

Fig. 3.22 Graphical observation of heel angle changes for module drowning.................. 67

Fig. 3.23 Heel angle VS Module’s Drowning depth. ............................................................. 68

Fig. 3.24 Module’s Drowning Motion. .................................................................................... 69

Fig. 3.25 Base housing................................................................................................................ 71

Fig. 3.26 Base housing measurements (Unit: meter). ............................................................ 71

Fig. 3.27 Top plate. ..................................................................................................................... 72

Fig. 3.28 Top plate measurements (Unit: meter). .................................................................. 72

Fig. 3.29 Fully assembled device Structure. ........................................................................... 73

Fig. 3.30 Bridge rectifier for positive power. .......................................................................... 73

Fig. 3.31 The electrical connections diagram for commercial use. ...................................... 74

Fig. 3.32 The electrical connections diagram for prototype. ................................................ 75

Fig. 4.1 Gear train. ...................................................................................................................... 78

Fig. 4.2 System block diagram. ................................................................................................. 79

Fig. 4.3 Complete assembled prototype.................................................................................. 79

Fig. 4.4 Top view of the prototype........................................................................................... 80

Fig. 6.1 Chart to estimate the Internal Rate of Return. ......................................................... 90

 10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The report discussed about a pavement capable of generating electric energy from

footstep. It is called "Footstep electric energy harnesser". It is a renewable energy based

product that takes human mechanical energy from footstep to convert the energy into

electrical energy. The project is explained with details of different alternative solutions

of energy harnessing including comparison between piezo electric sensor based project

and DC generator based project. Furthermore the report includes usage and integration

of the harnessed electric energy into grid and into rechargeable battery. However, the

report shows the different simulations done by “MATLAB” and “SolidWorks”. From

the DC motor specification to the mechanical gear selection criteria, the report presents

a lot of specs. However, the prototype was built with local available components. It has

shown the comparison between real life outputs versus theoretical output.
 11

PART-A

This part contains the concept and the project proposal as prepared on EEE400A.
 12

1. Introduction and Concept

1.1 What the project is about

The target of the project is to replace some of the electrical energy used in our regular

life with renewable energy. We intend to produce clean rentable energy by utilizing the

mass population we have. Main goal is to harvest electricity from human footsteps.

Almost every public places in cities gets crowded. We can use a portion of those

footsteps from the crowd and produce some power.

The more we are heading toward prosperous future, the more we see the need of

renewable energy. We are getting dependent on electricity and the dependence

motivates the use of non-renewable natural sources but our natural resources are

limited. The project will attenuate the dependency and create a new source of

renewable energy. The motivation comes from pre historic sculptures where labors

have built unimaginable architectures with the use of human labor. We have thought

why not using the human labor we are putting on mother earth and generate electrical

energy through it and contribute to our daily need of electrical energy.

The project will initially be applied on East West University Campus. East West

University has the perfect labor that can volunteer for the project. The data gained from

the university students and the people of the campus, can work as a reference for use in

other sectors or places. We can count the future scope of this project to be implemented

on busy areas where people walk frequently and we can get more and more energy;

Hence, footpaths in front of educational institution, Airports, Parks, Train station

 13

platforms, shopping malls etc. We have to remind that the more footsteps we can get,

the more energy we can harvest. Although in this project our focus is to harvest energy

from human footsteps, our device can be implemented on roads to harvest electricity

with pressure from running cars on the road.

1.2 The state-of-the-art

We can consider the human body as a machine and food as its fuel. Humans have been

thinking and inventing a lot of technical processes to make the physical work more

relaxed. Thus, we have thought of Livers to uphold heavier objects with lower

mechanical (physical) pressure. Gears have been invented to make a chain of

mechanical work throughout separate yet connected instruments. But if we look closely

into human behavior, we can see that we humans love to walk and our legs are

beautiful machines. Our legs are living gears and levers that work continuously for our

ease of work. If gears can rotate multiple machines and can create energy, then why not

legs? We are constantly putting our pressure on top of our legs (specifically toes). Our

own weights can be used as mechanical energy and by adding certain gear and

electrical devices; we can get electric energy that requires no fuel except the fuel a

human body needs to fill its purpose. Footstep can create mechanical energy and the

mechanical energy works on the ground while walking and supports a human being to

step forward providing the necessary force. However, mechanical footstep power

generator uses that mechanical force provided by footstep to produce electricity by

rotating certain devices and motors [1]. Hence, the core objective of harnessing electric

power from footstep will be to symbolize one of the ways of renewable energy [2].

The project can be divided into two possibilities. The possibilities are based on the

devices that we will use. There are several different ways to implement the project, but

the interesting ones are the use of Piezo Electric Devices and Use of Small DC motors.
 14

The project using the Piezo Electric Devices is more into the electrical side. The Piezo

Electricity principle has been in use since the 18th century. Piezo Electric devices can

convert mechanical energy into electric energy [3]. There are a lot of advantages of

piezo electric device as it is pocket friendly and never distorts its behavior upon any

magnetic field. It needs no external fuel or energy source to generate and is pollution

free [4]. The Piezo Electric Device have 3 individual system integrated. Those are Piezo

electric Sensors, Electric Energy Storage and power electronic interface [5]. Half wave

rectifier converts the ac output of piezoelectric sensors to dc. Half wave rectifier builds

using only diodes [6]. Without converting the output from ac to dc it is not possible

store the power into a battery. The battery capacity dependents on how much power

can be generated from the sensors and what kind of devices will be use. Voltage

stabilizer to stable the output ac voltage from Piezo Electric device, as the generated

power always will not be the same. Otherwise the battery could be damaged. Lastly

according to the kind of devices we are going to use we may have to use a dc buck

converter also known as the dc to dc step down converter [6].

Due to the limitations of power capacity of piezo electric footstep power generation or

harnessing module, mechanical footstep power generator module is used. Moreover, it

has some advantages regarding simplicity of its assembly process, lower cost and lower

power loss. For piezo electric module there are electronic devices connected that have

their own power losses attenuate the output power of the module. But the mechanical

system will be directly connected to the dynamo and dynamo will be responsible for

generating quality electric power [6]. There are several mechanisms for the module but

the fundamental mechanism is the rack and pinions to smoothen the energy flow

process.
 15

Dynamo is the heart of the project that is responsible for generating electricity. Another

name of dynamo is generator that produces direct current with the use of commutator

[7]. The generator is the one and only device for scalable output of electrical power. The

more powerful the generator, the more output electrical power we get.

There is only one company that has commercially used this mechanical prototype and

that is called “Pavegen”. It was founded in 2009 and is a blooming and recent startup

with better technologies in every update. The company offers the product in multiple

blocks pavements. However, one block is known to produce 2.1 watts of electricity [7].

But the module still depends on how many footsteps a pavement is going to have and

how heavy will be the weight of the passersby. Hence, it is not a constant matter to

calculate. The engineering of “Pavegen” is still unknown and is also unavailable outside

of the USA. However, in Bangladesh, there are no such products available in the market

to have examples of.

Importing products would be less economical than manufacturing domestically. In

Bangladesh we have enough facilities to manufacture this device much more cheaply

with our own designs.

While there are blind people in an area, it has been to be designed in such a way that

they get the whole dimension of the surrounding. Thus, there are few ways of

indicating blind people about the surrounding with specific curvy platforms meaning

specific indication. Curved platform with multiple upward sign to indicate there are

stairs or escalators going upwards and same for downwards. The platform surrounding

also has handrails to support the balance [8].

 16

1.3 Standards and codes of practices

Our goal is to harvest energy from footsteps. In Bangladesh there are no Standards or

regulations on power generation in this manner or any device available in Bangladesh

market.

As our device is battery dependent for storing the harvested energy. Any kind of

battery can be used, Li-ion or Lead Acid battery. There are some standard to charge the

batteries for efficient charging and prolonging battery life cycle. We found guidelines

for charging Li-ion batteries from ‘Lithium ion Batteries Technical Handbook’ provided

by Panasonic [9], also guidelines for charging Lead Acid batteries from Power Sonic [10].

The important guidelines for both types of battery are to charge the battery using

constant current / constant voltage because it will maximize battery life span.

Since our device will be placed as flooring in public places such as entrances, footpaths

etc. Bangladesh government has some standard and regulations on flooring, walk ways

and ramps’ standard width, height and slope, also surface finish and material to

prevent fire hazard and potential unwary accidents by walkers. These standards and

regulations are stated in Bangladesh National Building Codes (BNBC) Volume-1, Part-4,

Chapter-2, 2.7 and Volume-1, Part-3, Appendix-D, D.7 [11][12].

1.4 Stakeholders’ expectations/requirements

Stake holders are Individuals or organizations who are actively involved in the project,

or whose interests may be positively or negatively affected as a result of project

execution or successful project completion. We have considered four types of

stakeholders for our project. These stakeholders are:

I. Device users (Who will walk on the device)

II. Institutional engineers (Who will maintain the device).

 17

III. Institutional owners/decision makers (Who will own/install the device)

IV. Renewable Energy Policy Implementing Authorities.

After talking with them we get to know their requirement. The requirements are given

below:

I. Device users (who will walk on the device):

We took feedback from 42 people from different institutions including EWU,

NSU, Bauhaus University Weimar, Germany, Madina Tech, Infrastructure

Development Company Limited, Fashion Step Limited etc. Their requirements

are given below:

 A green light will appear when pressed on the floor.

 It should be similar to usual flooring.

 Convenient for children and blind people.

 The device should be elderly people friendly.

 Transparent floor panel can be used which make people interested about

the device.

 Busy footpath area should be selected for this.

 The device could be used in stairs, children’s playground.

II. Institutional engineer (who will maintain the device):

We took feedback from 2 different places. They are EWU and Friends Knitting

Limited (Debonair Group). Their requirements are given below:

 Both the institutions engineers said if the device can save some energy

(even if a small portion of their energy consumption) is acceptable.

 EWU engineers want the devices as battery connected system.

 Friends Knitting Limited engineers wants the device should be grid

connected.
 18

 Both of the institution’s engineers required low maintenance of the device

and locally reparability of the device.

III. Institutional owners/decision makers:

We talked with the director of Friends Knitting Limited. His requirements were

cost savings, convenience for the workers and employees.

IV. Renewable Energy Policy Implementing Authorities:

We talked with IDCOL and got following requirements from them:

 Concerning about the social impact of the project, we should include

visual representation like a green light gets illuminated after every

footstep. The more people realize they are creating energy, the more they

will feel interested to walk on it.

 It needs to be as thin as possible

 Make easier explanation of the project to general mass.

1.5 Project concept

1.5.1 Project aim and objective

We aim to design and construct such a device that can be a source of renewable energy.

Our objective is to generate electricity from human footsteps that can cover up a portion

of the electric power consumption of an institution or can work as a backup power

supply.

Our device is a scalable device where the power output can be varied with the variation

of the device integrated or disintegrated. For smaller space, there are scopes for
 19

increasing the generator requirement and for larger space; there are scopes for

integrating more modules with one another.

The project can be done with two different approaches. One is with piezo electric device

and another one is by using DC motor. We have seen that the piezo electric device

provides good voltage output but due to the lack of current, the power output of the

module will be much lower. For that reason, we have planned for using small DC

generators integrated with Rack-Pinion fitted mechanical structure. The Rack-Pinion

structure will convert the mechanical pressure of footstep to rotate the rotors of the DC.

Discussing about the power output of our module(s), there will be losses in the circuits

found ready made in the local market. It is simply because the circuit will not be made

according to our specification. Hence, we are going to design our own power circuit to

reduce losses.

We have also found that the use of lead acid battery is high in Bangladesh. Li-ion

batteries would have been a sustainable and efficient solution for storing the power but

the cost it astronomical for Li-ion batteries. For that reason, we will be using the local

Lead-Acid battery for our project.

The output of the devices can also be integrated with the main grid of an institution or

workplace. It will help to reduce the power consumption load of the grid without even

hesitating for batteries and storing power

 20

1.5.2 Functional requirements

Fig. 1.1 Generic block diagram of the system.

In our project we will produce electricity from people’s footsteps. We can describe our

project in 3 sections.
 21

The section I is energy collection where we can collect energy through piezo electric

sensors or a small generator. In this section there are two possible ways. Box C with

piezo electric devices and box D with small DC motors.

The section II is energy conversion. In this section both piezo electric sensors and

generators will generate DC power then the energy will transmit through efficient

power circuit for batteries or for grid integration. The box D will represent as the

prototype will be built and tested at East West University campus and the university

authority needs batteries for their ease of use. Moreover, the grid connection may need

inverter and integration of new systems as well.

The section III is energy optimization. In this section we can store the produced energy

in two types of batteries. One is Lead Acid battery and another is Li-Ion battery. Then

this energy will be used in emergency situation or mobile electrical power support. We

can also use the generated energy directly in grid connected system. This will reduce

the energy load of grid.

We can make our device using small generator and/or piezo electric devices. The grid

connected system can be used in large factory where a large amount of people will enter

and exit in a specific time of the day. However, the battery connected system can be

used in a place where a large number of people will enter and exit all over the day.

The prototype is suggested to have dots or curves on it or specific patterns for blind

people to help them feel that they are walking on the device. We have option for setting

up tiles that is curved with one ∧ - upward sign from the entrance and one ∨-downward

sign from the exit. For indicating energy production, for blind and deaf people, we can

think of putting smooth vibration on the handrail attached to the device. However,

people of all type can feel vibration and can realize that they have put their contribution

towards renewable energy. The attachment of handrail may make the stepping process

easier for older people. These will ensure prevention of unwanted accidents.
 22

However, the floor will be as sturdy as possible to give people the feel that they are

walking on a normal floor. So, the device surface should be suitable for all sorts of

people from children to elderly people.

The device will be low maintenance and modular for the ease of technicians.

Two add-ons suggested by the stake holders are visual representations such as LED

lights for people’s encouragement and integration of a grid connection system for direct

connection to grid with the power generation module.

The integration of grid connections is totally a different approach for the project

prototype and the prototype implementation venue, East West University itself

suggested for using battery storage instead of grid connection. We will still be checking

two possibilities for batteries but will not include the grid connection for reducing

complexity.

The integration of LED lights will draw power as the devices will be continuously on

service while the power generation prototype itself will be instantaneously working.

This will reduce the efficiency of the device. So, Visual lighting is to be avoided.
 23

2. Project Proposal

2.1 Technical details

As we have written in the previous sections of this report, the prototype will generate

electric energy from footstep through either piezoelectric devices or small DC

generators. There are several ways to use the extracted energy. It can be connected to

the grid or can be stored in batteries. To implement the project we need a few

mechanical and electrical devices and instruments. The Rack and Pinion method will

help the linear mechanical energy to get converted into rotational mechanical energy to

rotate the rotor of the generator. Moreover, there are piezoelectric devices to grab the

shock from the footstep to convert it into electrical voltage. There is also a power

electronic circuit to buffer the output power and deliver it to the end location. We hope

the mechanical structure of the prototype gives adequate strength to the prototype to

run smoothly and the electronic devices filter the signals properly for maximum

efficiency.

2.1.1 Specifications and requirements

Our aim is to harvest as much as electrical energy possible from human footsteps.

Harvested energy is to store in Lead Acid battery. Since most Lead acid battery has

voltage of 12 volts, we need higher voltage from the pavement module to charge the

battery.

As per stakeholders’ requirements pavement module surface will be similar to normal

flooring. Some other specifications of a single module are given in Table 2.1 below,
 24

Table 2.1 Specifications for a single module

Parameters Specifications

Maximum weight on pavement 150 kg/ Sq. feet

Output voltage 15-20 V

Battery voltage 12 V

Maximum energy 0.05 Wh/step

Module dimension 1 square feet

2.1.2 Proposed methodology

Energy can be converted from one form to another form. We tend to convert potential

energy of human foot stem to electrical energy. This can be done in two ways. One

using DC machines and another is piezo electric device. The process is to convert

potential energy in to mechanical energy and then DC machine will convert the

mechanical energy into electrical energy. In case of piezo electric device potential

energy is directory converted into electrical energy. Then the electric energy will be

stored into a battery via a charge controller to protect the battery.

Fig. 2.1 Block diagram of footstep energy generation system.

Here in Fig. 2.1, we can see pavement module will generate electric energy via DC

generator/piezoelectric device, then the voltage booster will boost the voltage according
 25

to charge controller specifications and finally charge controller will charge the battery

providing safety features for the battery.

Voltage booster and charge controller specifications are to be determining in Part B,

Chapter-3. We tend to use off the shelf components. If any modification/redesign of the

components need, that is also to be determining in Part B, Chapter-3.

As shown in first block of the Fig.2.1 we will have to do pressure analysis of the

pavement to know how much electric energy can be converted from certain amount of

pressure. We will do that by simulation using MATLAB and SOLIDWORKS. We will

use two different types of simulation software for the verification of our approach. We

will also use SOLIDWORKS for designing the pavement module parts and its surface.

After building the prototype we will also measure output of the module using

Ammeter and Voltmeter and compare with our simulation results Besides the

pavement module, we will also evaluate the performance of the voltage booster and the

charge controller using a constant current source, Voltmeter and Ammeter; separately,

since they will be connected externally with the module. After evaluations, if the

performance is not as per specifications, we will have to identify the reasons and adjust

our design accordingly.

2.1.3 Identification of resources

To reach our goal we need different resources at different stage and part of our project.

We will need computational resource for simulations. We will need technical help from

teachers or personals who are specialized in electrical engineering and mechanical

engineering, as we have mechanical design part in our project. While building the

prototype we will need hard ware resources as well as constructional help while

assembling and installing the module. Hardware and computational resource list is

given below,
Hardware resources:
 26

 Steel frame

 Gears and mechanical parts

 DC motors

 Piezo electric device

 DC buck/Boost converter

 Charge controller

 Battery

 Ammeter

 Voltmeter

 Constant Current Source

 Microcontroller, ICs (if redesign of charge controller needed)

Computational resources:
 MATLAB

 SOLIDWORKS

 MatchWare MindView

 Excel

 Porteus

 Arduino IDE (if redesign of charge controller needed)

Battery and charge controller specifications depend on user requirements. In this project

for demonstration purposes, we are choosing the lowest capacity of 12 V lead-acid

batteries available in the market. The battery capacity is 7.5Ah. As we will be using only

one pavement module for demonstration so, the energy output from a module will be

lower.
 27

2.2 Project Management

A fruitful project has to be gone under a project plan. There are five different phases of

a project. Those are initiating, planning, executing, monitoring, and closing. As project

planning is the most critical and sensitive part of a project, in project planning, we will

also have to carefully develop a project plan, develop an analysis of the risks and have

to calculate the estimated budget.

2.2.1 Project plan

Project plan is to be done carefully with including all the steps we have to go through

with best estimated time. Let us see the activity that we are going to perform.

1. Selecting project

2. Discussing with the professor

3. Initial research on the project

4. Identifying Stakeholders

5. Making Questionnaire for stakeholders

6. Taking response from stakeholders

7. Literature review for State of the Art segment

8. Finding standard and codes of practice

9. Preparing the concept paper [Milestone 1]

10. Writing technical details

11. Local market surfing for specifications and requirement

12. Finalizing specifications and requirement

13. Figuring out the project methodology

14. Project Planning

15. Risk Analysis

16. Budget analysis

17. Analyzing environmental, sustainability, impact on society and health issues.

 28

18. Preparing Project Proposal [Millstone 2]

19. Initial design of the project

20. Analyzing the design and its different other solutions [Milestone 3]

21. Applying the improvements by buying the extra equipment [Milestone 4]

22. Analysis performance of the system

23. Submission of design report [Milestone 5]

24. Finalization of the prototype [Milestone 6]

25. Demonstration of the project [Milestone 7]

26. Economic analysis

27. Preparing paperwork [Milestone 8]

28. Project presentation [Milestone 9]

However, there should be sequence of the activities and there should be a proper timing

for the activities. The full details of the activities with duration are given below in

Table2.2.

Table 2.2 Activities chart

Activity No. Activities Duration [Days] Predecessor

1 Selecting project 5 -

2 Discussing with the professor 3 1

3 Initial research on the project 2 2

4 Identifying Stakeholders 7 3

5 Making Questionnaire for stakeholders 5 3

6 Taking response from stakeholders 1 4,5

7 Literature review for State of the Art 3 6

segment

8 Finding standard and codes of practice 2 2

9 Preparing the concept paper [Milestone 28 7,8

 29

1]
10 Writing technical details 28 9

11 Local market surfing for specifications 2 10

and requirement

12 Finalizing specifications and requirement 1 11

13 Figuring out the project methodology 1 10,12

14 Project Planning 4 13

15 Risk Analysis 2 14

16 Budget analysis 2 14

17 Analyzing environmental, sustainability, 2 14

impact on society and health issues.

18 Preparing Project Proposal [Milestone 2] 2 15,16,17

19 Initial design of the project 2 18

20 Analyzing the design and its different 2 19

other solutions [Milestone 3]

21 Applying the improvements by buying 35 20

the extra equipment [Milestone 4]

22 Analysis performance of the system 24 21

23 Submission of design report [Milestone 14 22

5]
24 Finalization of the prototype [Milestone 10 23
6]

25 Demonstration of the project [Milestone 35 24

7]

26 Economic analysis 12 22,25

27 Preparing paperwork [Milestone 8] 15 26

28 Project presentation [Milestone 9] 10 27

 30

CPM:

The CPM diagram is a useful tool for project management practice. The critical path

method helps us to determine the critical path and the activities associated with it [13].

The CPM diagram is a useful tool for project management practice. The critical path

method helps us to determine the critical path and the activities associated with it. The

critical path acknowledges not doing any delay in the way of the activities that are

associated with the critical path. The activities that are not enlisted into the critical path

can enjoy the chance to have an increase or decrease in the time for accomplishment.

Critical Path Method Diagram:

The Critical Path Method is given below in Fig.2.2:
31
32
 33

Fig. 2.2 CPM diagram of the project.

There are few attributes to properly understand the CPM.

1. Early Start = ES
 34

2. Early Finish = EF

3. Late Start = LS

4. Late Finish = LF

5. Action = Act

6. Duration = Dur

Critical path of our project: 1-2-3-4&5-6-7-9-10-11-12-13-14-15&17-18-19-20-21-22-23-

24-25-26-27-28

Total days for completing the project: 299 days

Gantt chart: The Gantt chart is given below in Fig. 2.3:

35
 36

Fig. 2.3 Gantt chart of the project.

From CPM diagram Fig 2.2 and Gantt chart Fig. 2.3 we found the milestones of our

project. The milestones are given below:

1. Preparing the concept paper

2. Preparing project proposal

3. Analyzing the design and its different other solutions

4. Applying the improvements by buying the extra equipment

5. Submission of design report

6. Finalization of the prototype

7. Demonstration of the project

8. Preparing paperwork

9. Project presentation

2.2.2 Risk management

Risk involves uncertainty about the effects or implications of activity concerning any

assets, often focusing on negative, undesirable consequences. It is mitigated by

applying different technical and managerial approaches. While doing this project, we

may face some risks which can potentially delay our project. We have identified some

risks and their mitigation plan. They are given below.

 37

Unavailability of project component: In covid-19 situation the best way to purchase

components from online markets. The components which will be used in this project

might get stock out.

Cost Risk: Due to covid-19 component cost might fluctuate and might have an effect

on our budget. Moreover, transportation costs will be increased to maintain health and

safety in case if we have to go to the local markets to purchase the components.

Operation Risk: We will be implementing the prototype in the EWU premises and the

authority might get disturbed by the work we will be doing. Moreover, walkers will not

be interested to walk over a 5-10 cm high platform when they have a plain floor to walk

over beside the prototype. Covid-19 pandemic might extend online classes in East West

University. If so, implementation at the EWU campus might be delayed.

Technical Risks: While constructing the prototype we might encounter component

damage. Moreover, since the structure and mechanical parts will be customized, we

might have a hard time finding right place locally to assemble these components.

Financial & Uncertain risks: In the covid-19 situation any group member might get

sick or might get into a financial crisis.

Mitigation: To mitigate the unavailability of project component, we might have to visit

the local markets to find and purchase the components. As the cost might increase due

to the situation and scarcity, we might need to buy components all together to reduce

the cost of shipping. We have to optimize our budget to cope up. We have to make the

LED light blinking or the electricity generation confirmation displays catchier to grab
 38

attention and motivate walkers to walk over the prototype. For technical risk, we tend

to re-purchase the components from online shops or may have to visit local shops in the

city or any other option to find the right place maintaining health and safety measures

for ourselves. In case of financial crisis, we will have to try to find sponsor for the

project beforehand and in case of any group member getting sick we will have to

rearrange our project schedule and planning so that we can complete our project on

time.

Contingency Plan: The project has been taken during a very crucial time. Covid-19

situation has taken up all the control and we are trying to cope up with the situation.

One of the member of our group stays out of Dhaka and he has to come to stay

permanently in Dhaka to do the project work. There are extra costs that have to be taken

by him. Moreover, if there is anyone from the group gets unwell unfortunately, the

whole group has to face problem to deal with the lag. In addition to that, the

customized making process of the prototype frame might need to be done from distant

place. Any dismantling over the prototype may come up with a lot of difficulties. The

cost of everything has risen up and any mistake on making the project may cost us

additional money. We have to be very careful and constant at our work to get the best

output possible.

There are two milestones in Initialing and Planning Phase. One is after submitting the

concept paper and another one if after submitting the project proposal. However, there

are 2 more at the completion of Chapter 3 and after estimating the overall budget. We

have to be efficient at reaching the milestones in estimated time. Delay in workflow

may lead us in accomplishing the project with an amount of lagging in time.

 39

2.2.3 Budget

This cost estimation includes hardware resources we need for constructing the whole

footstep energy generation system containing only one pavement module prototype of

one squire feet.

Table 2.3 Budget

Equipment’s Cost (BDT)

Frame structure 1500

Gears & mechanical parts 2000

DC motors/ Piezoelectric sensors 3000

DC buck/boost converter 500

Charge controller 600

Battery 1000

Travel cost 1000

Miscellaneous component costs (10% of 960

total cost)

Total Cost of the whole system: 10560 BDT

2.3 Impacts of the Project

2.3.1 Sustainability over product lifecycle

A good definition of sustainability was given by United National World Commission

on Environment and Development Sustainability that, sustainability is an ability that

does “meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs”[14]. Engineering is the mixture of creativity and

technology that fulfills the need of the present and must need to be implemented in

such a way that fulfills the need of the future also.

 40

While we are building a prototype with engineering principles applied, we have to

make it sustainable thus the future generation can use the product and renovate the

product if needed. We will try to use fewer materials not only to save money but also to

make the product more environmentally friendly. For the prototype frame, we have

options with durable plastics and strong stainless steel. We prefer to choose stainless

steel over plastic framing considering environmental safety.

In the prototype, we will have a minimum amount of devices or part that can be

restored after their life ends. If we need to replace the DC motor fitted inside, we can

simply replace it without dismantling other parts. DC motors, separately connected

PCB, and the batteries are the only resources that have chances to get replaced over

certain circumstances. The lesser device we have to replace, the less environmentally

unhealthy element footprint we make. The materials such as gears and racks, maybe the

piezoelectric sensors, the module frame can be reused and are fully recyclable. Even if

these products go into the earth, they do not contaminate the earth and are not

environmentally hazardous. There is a huge scope for improvement in the storage

section. If we decide to put the power gathered, into the grid, we have no storage device

to deal with. However, if we decide to store the energy in batteries, we have to choose

the less environmentally threatening yet cheap batteries. Unfortunately,

environmentally friendly batteries such as Li-ion, are very expensive and can multiply

the overall cost of the prototype to an astronomical level. Thus what we can do is to

think of using efficient Lead-Acid batteries in a smaller amount. The product manual

may include the term to use the battery in a popper manner to extend its lifetime and

reduce pollution.

2.3.2 Impacts on society

The product will be a renewable energy product. Renewable energy is nowadays a hot

topic and people are getting more and more interested in it. Green Entrepreneurship is
 41

a new term where entrepreneurs think about green solutions to a certain problem and

design products or services on that concern. It is still infancy but human nature

motivates us to run after trends [15]. Renewable energy concepts are still waiting for the

acceptation from the mass.

The project leads the people using it, into a thought that their footsteps can also

generate electricity. They do not have to look for fossil fuels to burn and huge power

generators and transformers to work for their daily use of electricity. We are used-to to

experiencing gigantic systems working for our simple jobs done by electricity, but the

project is to break the stereotype.

The footstep power generating module will make the passersby feel good when they

will see their footsteps are being counted. With the help of maybe a small led light that

lights up or a beep from the buzzer after every step, they can understand that their

footstep has created electricity successfully. Moreover, using the module over the

staircase will motivate walkers to use stairs instead of using lifts.

Stating about the money flow, due to the dramatic climate change we are moving

towards sustainable solutions. The government will be motivated to fund renewable

energy projects if the government sees those projects are running efficiently in their

individual areas. Altogether, there will be aware for every user that energy can be

harvested in green ways and they can harvest electricity without even knowing much

about renewable energy.

2.3.3 Effects on environment

Every project or initiative has both positive and negative consequences on the

environment, so, as ours. The project we are going to make will have some advantages

and disadvantages. They are:

 42

1. Advantages:

The prototype will be made with metal frame. The pavement has no plastic frame used.

Thus, it is structural wise environmentally friendly. However, the prototype will reduce

the pressure on the grid for supplying energy to small purpose uses. Thus, the attached

devices and system will not have to consume electrical energy from grid and it will

reduce the carbon footprint created for generating that extra electrical energy. This

prototype uses human footstep to work. Hence, people have no other way but walking

to on top of the pavement if it is set up in obligatory passages or floors, those people

must have to pass through. In addition to obligatory walking over the pavement, they

will create electrical energy. By adding beeps or blinking LED lights or maybe a display

to show if the energy is produced or not, people will be encouraged to walk over it and

contribute to the green revolution. By putting the module in the footpath, we can

encourage the walkers to use the footpath and walk for shorter distance rather than

taking a toxic element emitting vehicle. Thus, we can reduce the carbon footprint from

vehicular pollutions. The metal dissolves in the water and soil after a period of time and

contaminates the body with toxic oxides. Water body ecosystem is hampered due to the

contamination and acts as a threat to the ecosystem.

2. Disadvantage:

Every electrical and electronic device has three phases: production, use, end-of-life [16].

Thus, at the final stage the PCB we use are dumped into the earth and the residue

contaminates the soil and water bodies nearby with toxic elements, metals harming

human and the environment. The prototype will have PCB and PCB have a specific

period of life. If not recycled, it goes directly to the dumping zone and contaminates the

surrounding. There is a major issue in this project. We will be using Lead Acid batteries.

Lead Acid batteries are hazardous for the environment.

Mitigation:
 43

There is a good solution for Lead Acid batteries. Now a day, Lead Acid batteries are

recycled and different elements are separated from the batteries to use for different

purpose. Lead-acid batteries have lead, plastic coating known as polypropylene, and

sulphuric acid. Sulphuric acid is turned into sodium sulphate and used for fertilizers.

On the other hand the leads are again used to make new batteries.

Talking about the PCBs, some authorities collect e-wastes and recycle those wastes by

extracting the metals from those junks [17].

2.3.4 Health and Safety Issues

1. The prototype may be a bit confusing for the users. It will be a 5 to 10 inches

box or a step. After stepping on it, the pavement will slightly go down and it

will create discomfort for the walkers. But the safety precautions will be not

to rush over the pavement and the walkers shall never walk on top of the

pavement if there is not carpet or lawn lied on top.

2. The module should be placed in a place where there is ample space for

moving. The place should have a separate passage for visitors in wheelchair.

3. The place should have adequate space for walkers to move if there are any

accidents occurs such as fire or earthquake.

4. If the output is to be connected to the grid, let not fix any issues without the

concern of professional electrical technicians.

5. As the module will have electronic devices underneath the module, contact

with water will be discouraged as it may damage the devices. However, the

device will not create any spark or electric shock as it works with minimum

current and voltage.

6. The batteries should be handed over to the recyclers carefully for

environmental safety.
44
 45

PART-B

This part includes the design, analysis and optimization of the project as prepared in

EEE400B.
 46

3. Project Design

3.1 Design process

3.1.1 Considerations while developing the design

I. According to objectives, requirements:

 Power should be stored in a lead acid or lithium-ion battery.

 Module should be as thin as possible

 A green light should blink when someone steps in the module

 Low maintenance device

 Elderly and children friendly

II. According to constrains:

 We have to make the mechanical system such that energy conversion loss in

minimum.

 We cannot use such additional device that reduces the efficiency of the module.

 Managing customized mechanical parts will be challenging.

III. According to the code of practice:

 There is no code of practice in Bangladesh for this kind of device.

 There are codes for flooring in BNBC.

 We have to make the device less the 1feet in height because Maximum celling

height is 10 feet. So that the rule is not violated.

 Since the module will press down, depth should be such that operators foot

angle does not exceed Gissane angle, also known as the "critical angle".

Otherwise, it can cause injury to the foot.

IV. According to health and safety of the module:

 All circuitries must be kept in dry place to avoid short circuit.

 When time for the disposal, disposal should do in the correct way
 47

 The module could be a bit confusing to the user, to avoid confusion proper signs

must be used.

 There should be a carpet on top of the device to prevent injuries

V. According to environment:

 This device is good for environment as this is a renewable energy

 Lead acid battery is now recycling in good ways so less contamination

 The PCB that will be used in this device has to be recycled properly otherwise it

will be bad for the environment.

3.1.2 Developing design process

From our design requirement we found some different approach for our project design,

given in Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1 Detailed block diagram of footstep energy generation system.

 48

 Mechanical Parts: We need some mechanical device with our module to transfer

energy from surface to energy conversion device and also boost our device

performance.

 DC Generator: We can use DC generator as energy conversion device.

 Piezoelectric Device: We can also use piezoelectric device as energy conversion

device.

 DC-DC Boost converter: In our project we might need a DC-DC boost converter.

This device has an inductor, MOSFET, diode and capacitors. The boost converter

will be used to boost the output voltage of the motor as the output voltage of the

motor could be very low.

 Charge controller: It is necessary to store the harvester energy in battery safely.

 Battery: We will use lead acid or lithium-ion battery to store our harvested

energy.

 Computer aided software: We will use COMSOL and MATLAB for simulations,

Solid works and Proteus for designing the device.

3.2 Analysis of alternate solutions

We have found the average height of male and female is 158.7 cm. However, from the

Fig. 3.2 we have the BMI of male and female are 21 and 22 respectively. Average height

in general is 158.7cm or around 63 inch [18]. From that statistics, we can see men’s

weight is 53.5 Kg Women’s Weight is 56.2455 Kg [18]. That concludes us to choose 55kg

to be the experimental value of weight for our module simulations.

 49

Fig. 3.2 Body mass index table [19].

A human walk motion defines that during a period of step there is a point when only

one leg is attached to the ground and another leg stays in the air. If that happens, we

can assume that at that specific time, the whole body weight relies on only one leg [20].

Hence, we have taken 55 Kg as a weight variable for simulations. We have the module

with 1 sqft dimension and the whole 55 Kg weight will be equality distributed over the

whole dimension. Now, we see the calculation of the total pressure generated from a

footstep over 1 sqft module is given below.

A pair of legs can be up to 17.55% [21] of the total body weight. Which leads us to

consider one single leg can be 8.775% of someone’s total body weight. As we considered

an experimental weight to be 55 kg, weight of one leg will be

𝑤 = 55 𝑘𝑔 × 8.775 % = 4.826 𝑘𝑔
𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚𝑠 −2
 50

Fig. 3.3 Direction of force for Heel and Sole.

From Fig. 3.3 we get the Forces,

𝐹𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑙_𝑎 = −𝑔 × 55 𝑘𝑔 × sin(𝜃ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 )
𝐹𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑒_𝑎 = −𝑔 × 55 𝑘𝑔 × sin(𝜃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑒 )
𝐹𝐿 = −𝑔 × 𝑤
𝐹𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝐹𝐿 + 𝐹𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑙_𝑎
𝐹𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 𝐹𝐿 + 𝐹𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑒_𝑎
Average value of total force from one leg is (simulated in MATLAB)
𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙−𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒[ 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑙 , 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑒 ]
= −498.82 N
𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙−𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 [𝑁] 𝑁 𝑁
𝑃 = |𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒| = = 498.82 = 4988.2 2
𝐴 [𝑠𝑞𝑓𝑡] 𝑠𝑞𝑓𝑡 𝑚
 51

Fig. 3.4 Generated force (absolute values) VS critical angles.

In Fig. 3.4 we have simulated the total force both for the heel point and the sole point.

We consider F1 for heel point and F2 for sole point. We have to consider as we are only

considering 2 points, there will be some loss. It is justified that human feet has several

pressure points and the highest pressures are applied on heel and sole point [22]. So, the

input pressure on the module surface is 4988.2 N/m2.

We have looked up in Bangladesh online market and found the following dimensions

for the piezo elements [23].

Diameter: 30mm, Height: 0.3mm

However, we could not find which specific material is used to build that piezo element.

Most commonly used piezoelectric material is Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT). So, we

used PZT for our simulations [24].

Due to piezo electric effect mechanical strain on the piezoelectric material induces

polarization thus voltage is induced. We can calculate the voltage potential from

equation 3.1,
 52

𝑑𝐹𝐴 𝑡
𝑉= (3.1)
𝜖° 𝜖𝑟 𝐴
Where, V= Voltage potential

d = Piezoelectric coefficient

FA = Force per unit area

𝜖° = Permittivity of free space

𝜖𝑟 = Relative permittivity of the material

𝐴 = Area

t = Thickness

We have utilized COMSOL Multiphysics to do our simulations for the piezo element.

We utilized this computer aided software because it can provide unified workflow for

electrical and mechanical applications. It has built in piezoelectric material library; it

also has built in piezoelectricity physics shown in Fig. 3.5, which is very convenient for

our simulations [25].

Fig. 3.5 Built in piezoelectricity physics of COMSOL.

 53

After selecting the physics, we created a solid with the dimension of diameter: 30mm,

height: 0.3mm Shown in Fig. 3.10. We applied PZT as the solid material from COMSOL

library, shown in Fig. 3.6.

Fig. 3.6. PZT from COMSOL material library and its properties.

From the material properties of PZT we found Piezoelectric coefficient, d=289 pC/N;

Relative permittivity of the material, 𝜖𝑟 = 1300.

Then we had to set some boundaries and conditions before simulations. Such as Fixed

constrain shown in Fig. 3.7, which is any one surface of the solid has to be constrained

before COMSOL can apply force or pressure on any surface of the sold. This is required

by the software.

As we need to simulate the measurement of voltage across the solid, we had to refer

bottom surface as ground and top surface as floating potential shown in Fig. 3.7. This

could be reversed.
 54

Fig. 3.7 Boundaries and conditions settings.

Then we added a boundary probe shown in Fig. 3.8, at the same surface where we set

floating potential previously and selected Electric potential to simulate the average

voltage across the solid.

 55

Fig. 3.8 Setting a boundary probe to find Electric potential.

Then we set the input pressure 4988.2 N/m2 for COMSOL to apply on the piezo element.

For that we had to setup a boundary load shown in Fig. 3.9. Here Pressure is negative

due to the direction of applied pressure (at -z axis) according to COMSOL geometry

axis shown in Fig. 3.10.

Fig. 3.9 Boundary load (Input pressure settings).

 56

Fig. 3.10 Piezo element before stress.

Fig. 3.11 Piezo element after stress.

From Fig. 3.10 and Fig. 3.11 we can see the physical shape of the piezo element before

and after applying stress. We can see piezo element is deformed after applying stress. In
 57

Fig. 3.11 “von Mises stress” scale is shown as a color bar. The “von Mises stress” is a

value used to determine if a given material will yield or fracture [26].

After running simulation electric potential across the top and bottom surface of the

piezo element and found around -0.026V, which can be seen in Fig. 3.12. The negative

voltage is due to the direction of applied force. This graph provides only the value of

the Electric potential across the solid at given load not the relation with applied

pressure. That is why both x-axis and y-axis expression is electric potential with same

value. The software COMSOL has only the graphical illustration of any answers; hence

we are attaching the graphical representation of the output value of electric potential.

Fig. 3.12 voltage potential across the top and bottom surface

If we calculate the electric potential manually from equation 3.1,

Here, d= 289 pC/N [found from COMSOL material property (of PZT)]

FA = 4988.2 N/m2

𝜖° = 8.854x10-12 F/m

𝜖𝑟 = 1300 [found from COMSOL material property (of PZT)]

A = 1441.99 mm2

t = 0.3 mm
 58

Substituting these values to equation 3.1 we get

289 pC/N x 4988.2.67 N/𝑚2 x 0.3 mm
𝑉 = 8.854x10−12 F/m x 1300 x 1441.99mm2

= 0.026 V

This verifies that simulations results are accurate. So, we can take the result of

simulated electric energy from COMSOL for our comparison with other solutions.

To simulate electric energy in COMSOL we just changed the boundary probe

expression from electric potential to total electric energy shown in Fig. 3.13.

Fig. 3.13 Setting a boundary probe to find Total electric energy.

Simulated result is shown in Fig. 3.14, which is 12x10-16 Wh. Again, this graph provides

only the value of the total electric energy at given load not the relation with applied

pressure. That is why both x-axis and y-axis expression is total electric energy with

same value. The software COMSOL has only the graphical illustration of any answers;

hence we are attaching the graphical representation of the output value of total electric

energy.
 59

Fig. 3.14 Total electric energy generated.

In Specifications and Requirements, we stated we need 0.05Wh/foot step. If we use this

kind of piezo element, we would need impractical amount of piezo element for a single

module.

To be specific 0.05/12x10-16 = 4.17x1013 number of piezo elements required to have

required energy. Per piece piezo elements costs around 10 Taka if bought in bulk. Still

total cost would be extravagant.

For motor:

Input mechanical power of our dc machine is denoted by equation 3.2,

𝑛 × 2𝜋
𝑃=𝜏 × (3.2)
60
Where, Torque is generated by human foot step.

Here, the equation 3.3 is for the torque from footstep

𝜏 = 𝐹𝑟
(3.3)
 60

Where,

F = force from human weight and

r = the radius of generator shaft where force is applied.

𝑛 = rotational speed of the generator shaft.

Order of efficiency of dc machine is about 80 % to 85 %. We assume that the efficiency

of our machine is 80%.

We get output electrical power from equation 3.4

𝑛 × 2𝜋
𝑃=𝜏 × × ƞ (3.4)
60
For Calculation purpose we looked for available DC motor in Bangladesh online market

and its parameter. We have the following parameters [27],

 Rated voltage, V=12 V

 Torque, 𝜏 = 0.6 N-m

 Speed, n = 1200 rpm at 12V

 Efficiency, μ = 80%

Maximum Output electrical power from the particular generator we have (Using

equation 3.4),
𝑛 ×2𝜋
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜏 × × 0.8
60
1200 ×2𝜋
= 0.6 × × 0.8
60

= 60.31 𝑊

Radius of generator shaft is a design parameter which will be discussed in Section 3.3 in

detail. Assume it is 1cm.

If a human weights 55 Kg,

𝜏 = 𝐹𝑟
= 55 × 9.8 × 1𝑐𝑚
 61

= 5.395 𝑁𝑚
And if we can rotate the shaft at 50 rpm,
𝑛 ×2𝜋
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜏 × × 0.8
60
50 ×2𝜋
= 5.395 × × 0.8
60

= 22.59 𝑊

The maximum output power is 60.31W where generated power is only 22.59W. So, the

motor will not be damaged due to copper meltdown. However, earlier we discussed

that the input pressure on the module surface is 4988.2 N/m2. So, the motor shaft must

be able to withstand this much pressure. From the motor specifications, we have motors

shaft dimensions of diameter is 4mm and length is 11mm [27]. Shaft material was not

specified in the source so we assumed shaft material is plain carbon steel. We simulated

the “von Mises stress” for the shaft in COMSOL with specified dimensions and material

and got the following results shown in Fig. 3.15.

Fig. 3.15 von Mises stress for the motor shaft.

“von Mises stress” is a value used to determine if a given material will yield or fracture.

From Fig. 3.15 we can see the safest pressure that can be applied is 0.5x105 N/m2. Where,

the shaft will be fractured at the pressure 3.5x105 N/m2. In the case of our application,
 62

the pressure is 4988.2 N/m2 which is below 0.5x105 N/m2. So, the motor will not be

damaged due to pressure.

If we operate the generator for 2 seconds per footstep, we get energy of 45.18Ws =

0.01255Wh per footstep.

Shaft speed and generator operation time can be controlled using mechanical advantage

of gear box, which is discussed in Section 3.3.

Our requirement is 0.05Wh per footstep.

So, we need 0.05/0.01255 = 3.98 ~ 4 DC motors.

A single Dc motor is around 500 taka in local market. Cost of generator will be 2000

Taka.

Seeing the results from piezo element and DC generator we can say DC generators are

viable to use for our project.

3.3 Design and refinement

To transfer mechanical energy from human footsteps to our DC generator shaft we need

to convert linear motion of human footsteps into circular motion. To do that, we can use

“Ball screw” or “Rack and pinion”. Although “ball screw” is more efficient than “rack

and pinion”, due to the complex machining and assembly techniques “ball screw” is

costly and inconvenient for our use [28]. Fig. 3.16 is represents a Ball Screw [29]. So, we

chose “rack and pinion” in our application for its simple construction and low cost. A

generic diagram of rack and pinion system is shown in Fig. 3.17 [30].
 63

Fig. 3.16 Ball screw.

Fig. 3.17 Rack and pinion.

Considering ellipse has 2 focal points.

We consider the foot to be an elliptical surface for less amount of computation

complexity [31], we consider that two of the focal points of the ellipse never touch the
 64

ground at the same time. (Even if they do they remain in that situation for a very short

amount of time, which we consider to be negligible).

From Fig. 3.18 we consider F1 for heel point and F2 for sole point.

Fig. 3.18 Motion of a singel feet.

Calcaneus is the largest of the 7 tarsal bones of human being co-connected with various

ligaments and tissue connections. Gissane angle, Bohler Angle are two angular

measurements of Calcaneus, used to measure the also known as the "critical angles" to

measure the severity of a calcaneal fracture [32].

Fig. 3.19 and Fig. 3.20 represent Bholer’s angle and Gissane’s angle.
 65

Fig. 3.19 X-ray pictures of human calcaneus for finding Bholer’s angle [33].

Fig. 3.20 X-ray pictures of human calcaneus for finding Gissane’s angle [34].
 66

During walking we can consider in Fig. 3.21 the heel point angle with Gissane’s angle

directly and the sole point angle with Bohler’s angle.

Fig. 3.21 Graphical observation of Bohler’s angle to be equal as the angle of sole.

We have found the heel angles to be ranging from 87 degrees in the minimum to 136

degrees in the maximum. However, we also found sole angle to be 20 degrees in the

minimum to 44 degrees in the maximum. It is proven that Indian people has wider

range of these angles. Hence, it can vary [35].

𝜃ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 136° ≥ 𝜃 ≥ 87°
𝜃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 44° ≥ 𝜃 ≥ 20°
It is hard to predict the heel angle at the exact time of stepping on the module. But we

can clearly understand that during the time of stepping the angle will be in the lower

half (87-112 degrees) of the angle limit (87- 136 degrees). The reason of choosing the

lower range of the heel angle is that during the drowning time, the feet will bend more

inside as the platform goes down (Shown in the picture below). Hence, we assume the

heel angle during stepping will be around 95 degree. For that reason, we simulate the

module drowning height considering 95 degrees.

Designing the Module’s Drowning Depth:

 67

Fig. 3.22 Graphical observation of heel angle changes for module drowning.

From the Fig. 3.22 we get,

𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ (ℎ) = 6 𝑐𝑚 ≥ ℎ ≥ 0 𝑐𝑚 [𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠]
We have seen that the average shoe size of women is 24.6 cm and a man is 27.3 cm.

Hence, we consider an average of 26 cm [36].

ℎ 𝑐𝑚
𝜃ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = tan−1 ( )
26 𝑐𝑚
As we have assumed that a user have 95 degrees of heel angle during stepping, then the

heel angle after the module drowning will be

𝜃𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡_ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 95° − 𝜃ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

Here, the boundary condition is

𝜃𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡_ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 > 87°

If not, then the user will have a fracture in the leg due to stress in the ligament and

connective tissues.
 68

Fig. 3.23 Heel angle VS Module’s Drowning depth.

To choose the depth of the module drowning, we have chosen 2 cm. We can see the

critical angle cuts the height at 3.7 cm in Fig. 3.23. It is the maximum limit we can

drown the module without harming anyone. But we will operate the module in a safer

limit and have chosen 2 cm for avoiding any kind of accident.

The reason of choosing the lower range of the Gissane angle or heel angle is that during

the drowning time, the feet will bend more inside as the platform goes down (Shown in

Fig. 3.24)
 69

Fig. 3.24 Module’s Drowning Motion.

For every foot step we want the surface of the device to press down no more than 2 cm.

Since the rack is connected to the device surface and free to move, rack travel distance

also will be 2 cm. The higher the travel distance, the higher output power is generated.

But for the ease of the humans, we choose 2 cm travel distance of the rack. Calculations

for 2 cm travel are given below.

In rack and pinion system, for one revolution of the pinion, rack will travel a distance

equal to the circumference of the pinion from a fix point. We took pinion diameter of

2cm.

Here,
𝐶 = 𝜋𝑑
(3.5)
 70

So, circumference of the pinion from equation 3.5,

𝐶 = 𝜋𝑑
= 3.14 × 2 𝑐𝑚
= 6.28 𝑐𝑚
That is, for 6.28 cm rack travel we get 1 revolution of the pinion. So, for 2 cm travel we

get 0.32 revolution of the pinion. That is for one footstep pinion will rotate 0.32

revolutions.

We will connect the pinion with the generator shaft trough a gear train which will

increase generator shaft rotation speed. Gear train design and ratio will be adjusted

during building of prototype according to parameters of available DC machines in local

market.

When a human puts pressure on the module surface it presses down and when

pressure is released module surface is pushed up with the help of springs. During the

up-word movement of the surface generator shaft will again rotate in opposite direction.

We can harvest some energy that time also.

Gear train and the generators will be enclosed by a metallic structure. Device structure

has two parts, base housing and top plate. Base housing is shown in Fig. 3.25 and its

measurements are given in Fig. 3.26. Top plate is shown in Fig. 3.27 and its

measurements are shown in Fig. 3.28. And fully assembled device Structure is shown in

Fig. 3.29.
 71

Fig. 3.25 Base housing.

Fig. 3.26 Base housing measurements (Unit: meter).

 72

Fig. 3.27 Top plate.

Fig. 3.28 Top plate measurements (Unit: meter).

 73

Fig. 3.29 Fully assembled device Structure.

Our device surface will be pressed down by the pressure of foot, so the motor will

generate positive power flow. But when the pressure will be released, the device surface

will go up and motor will rotate in the opposite direction which will create negative

power flow. To get power from both side rotation of the motor, we will use a bridge

rectifier. It will also prevent the motor to take back the power it generated. The bridge

rectifier circuit is shown is Fig. 3.30.

Fig. 3.30 Bridge rectifier for positive power.

 74

Output from bridge rectifier will be connected to a voltage booster and the voltage

booster will be connected to the charging controller, which will charge a lead acid

battery.

Mechanical structures and the gear box will be constructed from a “Lathe Workshop”.

The DC motor, the voltage booster and the charge controller will be taken off-the-shelf

from the local market.

In commercial design, the four DC motors will be connected in parallel. The motor, the

rectifier and the boost converter will be connected is series. The rectifier and the boost

converter will be in a box and the box will placed inside the module. The output of the

box will be connected to the battery charge controller which will be placed with the

battery. The individual module can be connected in series or parallel according to users

demand. The electrical connections diagram for commercial design is given below in

Fig. 3.31.

Fig. 3.31 The electrical connections diagram for commercial use.

 75

For prototype, the construction is same as described in commercial design except this

time we will use only one DC motor instead of four to reduce construction cost. It will

also reduce the gearbox construction cost. The electrical connections diagram for

prototype is given below in Fig. 3.32.

Fig. 3.32 The electrical connections diagram for prototype.

The boost converter has the input voltage range of 3V - 35V and the output voltage

range of 1.2V - 30V. It has the maximum output current of 2A [37]. The charge

controller has the input voltage of 12V and output voltage is 14.4V (For 12V battery). It

has the maximum current is 3A [38].

 76

PART-C

This part includes the implementation, finalized design, and analysis of economic

viability of the project.

 77

4. Demonstration of implemented solution and finalization of design

4.1 Development of the prototype

We have built the prototype according to the prototype design we described in section

3.3 with slight modifications in mechanical structure and dimensions for cost saving.

There were also some changes in electrical components specifications due to availability

of the components. All changes are mentioned in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Changed parameters.

Parameters Specifications mentioned
in Section 3.3
Dimension of the device 1 square feet (929.03 cm2)
Pinion size 2cm
Boost converter Boost converter
Prototype specifications
0.4 square feet (371.61 cm2)
2.6cm
Buck-Boost converter.

We have reduced dimension of the device since we are using only 1 DC generator.

Much space not need for 1 generator and material cost is also reduced. Pinion size

slightly increased because that is the closest size we could find off-the-shelf. We used

“Buck-Boost converter” instead of “Boost converter” to keep the output voltage

constant.

Gear train design was to be discussed in this section. In Fig. 4.1 gear train design is

shown and their specifications are given in Table 4.2.

 78

Fig. 4.1 Gear train.

Table 4.2 Gears specifications.

Gears Diameter Number of Teeth
A 2.6 cm 15
B 6 cm 60
C 1.5 cm 15

The gear train ratio is 1:4. Which means for 1 revolution of gear A, we will have 4

revolutions from gear C.

The rack is actuated by human footstep. Here, Gear A is our pinion which is driven by

the rack as shown in Fig. 3.17. Gear B is in the same axis as gear A. Gear C is connected

to the DC generator shaft and coupled with gear B. Springs push the top plate up after

human foot is lifted from the device thus the generator rotates in reverse direction.

Output from the generator is fed to a rectifier following to a Buck-Boost converter.

Output from the Buck-Boost converter is our device output.

 79

In Fig. 4.2 system block diagram is shown. From Fig. 4.2, direction of energy flow also

can be understood.

Fig. 4.2 System block diagram.

All components and parts were taken off the shelf and then assembled together. In Fig.

4.3 complete assembled prototypes is shown. In Fig. 4.4 top view of the prototype is

shown.

Fig. 4.3 Complete assembled prototype.

 80

Fig. 4.4 Top view of the prototype.

4.2 Performance evaluation of implemented solution (against design

requirements)

Electrical components were taken off the shelf from local market. Some of the

components came with specification documentation and some were not. We had to test

the individual components in University Lab. Findings are given below in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3 Data findings.

Components Specifications
DC generator 200rpm at 12V
Diode Forward bias Voltage, 0.25V
Buck-Boost Converter 𝑉𝐼𝑛𝑀𝑖𝑛 = 4.2𝑉, 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑀𝑖𝑛 = 0.77𝐴
𝐼𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 1𝐴
Charge Controller Minimum Input Voltage 12V AC/DC
 81

After the prototype is assembled, we measured its output from Generator and also from

Buck-Boost Converter’s output terminal using Multimeter. We have measured open

circuit voltage and short circuit current of the prototype. The output voltage of the

Buck-Boost Converter is adjustable. Since, minimum input voltage of the charge

controller is 12V; we have set the output voltage of the Buck-Boost Converter at 12.4 V.

For one footstep at first the pavement will go down, and then the surface will rise due

to the opposite pressure of the spring, completing one cycle. Due to time constraint we

could not verify the time for one cycle through electrical testing. Instead we measured

the time physically using stopwatch. And found it takes 1.5 seconds on average for one

cycle. Our measured data is given in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4 Open circuit voltages and short circuit currents.

Measurements Output from generator Output from Buck Boost
Converter
Open circuit voltage 14 V 12.4 V (Set value)
Short circuit current 2.92 A 0.9 A
Energy per footstep 60.9 Ws ≈ 0.017Wh 16.74 Ws ≈ 0.00465 Wh

Output energy requirement is 0.0125Wh (For one generation). But energy output from

Buck Boost Converter is well below our requirements where output from generator

satisfies our requirements. This is due to buck boost converter’s specification. Since

maximum output current of buck boost converter is 1A (Shown in Table 4.3), it cannot

give output more than 1A even if the generator produced more than 1A. Which means

our boost converter power rating is not compatible with the generator’s power rating.

Due to extreme COVID-19 conditions, lack of mobility due to lockdown, limited lab

access and unavailability of online services of testing equipment’s we could not test

multiple Buck Boost Converters.

 82

4.3 Finalization of design

In section 3.3 we mentioned to use boost converter to keep the output voltage range

same as the input voltage range of the charge controller of the battery. Using only boost

converter is not convenient since it cannot give a stable voltage at the output. Voltage

varies with the voltage variation from the generator. Instead, we will use a Buck-Boost

Converter. Regardless of voltage variations from the generator, output voltage from the

Buck-Boost Converter stays constant. Buck-Boost Converters power ratings have to be

greater than generators’ total power rating.

Our prototype gear ratio was 1:4 as we took the gears off the shelf. Within the devices

total dimension, the gear ratio can be increased to 1:9 which can enhance the device’s

performance.

Devices physical dimensions will be kept same as mentioned in section 3.3.

4.4 Use of modern engineering tools

We had to use various modern engineering tools throughout our project.

We have used project management software named “MindView” for scheduling our

project and managing it [39]. Limitation of the “Mindview” is that, it cannot show the

Gantt chart part by part rather it showed the full Gantt chart, which was a problem

because it compressed the time by months but we needed by weeks. So, we had to

divide the Gantt chart part by part to have better view of our project timelines.

To analyze alternate solutions for our project we used “COMSOL Multiphysics” to

simulate energy output from piezo electric element. It is a cross-platform finite element

analysis, solver and multiphysics simulation software. We have also used “COMSOL

Multiphysics” for simulating stress on the generator shaft [40]. Limitation of

“COMSOL”, it could not simulate the whole system at a time. Rather we had to do our

simulations part by part.

 83

We have used 3D CAD design software named “SolidWorks” to model various parts of

our device [41]. Limitations of “Solidworks”, it takes huge space and needs a high-end

computer to run smoothly. We had to manage a high-end computer.

We have used numerical computing software “MATLAB” to calculate optimum travel

distance of rack for “rack & pinion” system, as well as for ploting graphs and

processing data [42]. We could not simulate the generator output in “MATLAB

SIMULINK” as it did not have templet blocks for generators according to our needs.

We have used electronic circuit simulation tool “Pspice” to verify our rectifier circuit

[43].

We have used “Digital Multimeter” for measuring voltages and currents of our device.
 84

5. Review of Milestone Achievements and Revision of Schedule

The project milestones are given below in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1 Milestones review

Milestones Expected Last date Attained Date
Preparing the concept paper 26-11-2020 28-11-2020
Preparing project proposal 15-01-2021 26-12-2021
Analyzing the design and its
28-02-2021 06-04-2021
different other solutions
Applying the improvements by
30-03-2021 03-5-2021
buying the extra equipment
Submission of design report 13-05-2021 01-06-2021
Finalization of the prototype 02-06-2021 31-08-2021
Demonstration of the project 21-06-2021 04-09-2021
Preparing paperwork 31-07-2021 06-09-2021
Project presentation 01-08-2021 21-09-2021

Remedial actions: We had to take some actions to complete the project within the

deadline when most of our deadline is missed.

 Preparing the concept paper: The preparing of concept paper is delayed by one

day. But we managed to prepare the project proposal before due date.

 Analyzing the design and its different other solutions, applying the

improvements by buying the extra equipment and submission of design report:

The spring 2021 semester was delayed which makes our project to delay about 45

days. If we compare the time, we attained the report in due time.

 Finalization of the prototype: Our components purchase was delayed

significantly due to long lockdown and delayed spring semester and also two of

the project members were affected by “Covid-19” along with full family. And for

that reason, we could not demonstrate our project in due time. So, when all the
 85

things were in our favor, we had to work in rush. And because of it we could not

select some of our components effectively. And also, to make our prototype we

could not search for cheaper option for our prototype’s assembly. Hence, we

could save time there by giving the work to one single shop. We could not risk

our project by taking too much time on travelling and searching for cheaper

option. Moreover, we had to divide our work and had to rely on individual

decision that each of the team mates have made on their individual work. And

by doing that we ended up making our prototype and tested the results within

this short time.

 Preparing paperwork and presentation: As we could not finalize and

demonstrate our prototype, we could not prepare the paperwork and the

presentation in due time. We were supposed to give the project presentation by

the end of the semester; we have managed to prepare the paperwork and may

give the presentation at the end of the semester.

 86

6. Cost of solution and Economic analysis

6.1 Bill of materials cost of solution

Cost of Production:

Prototype Cost: Our prototype cost is given in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1 Cost of prototype.

Total (Retail) Price

Equipment Unit Price in Taka Quantity
in Taka

DC Generator 700 4 2800

Diode 10 4 in 1 10

PCB Board 10 1 10

Buck Boost Converter 300 1 300

Charge Controller 250 1 250

Lead Acid Battery 650 1 650

Motor Mount 100 4 400

Screw and Nuts - Few 100

Pinion and Gears 1000 1:4 1000

Rack 100 1 100

Wires - A bunch 20

Frame 200 1 200

Top Plate and Bottom Plate 150 2 300

Gear Holders and Pillars

(Stainless Steel Pipes and Iron - (1:4) set 200
Rods)

Spring 50 4 200
 87

Assembly - - 1000

Total Cost 7540

We know that Retail Price * 0.6 = Wholesale Price [44].

Hence, the wholesale price of the prototype building is 4524 Taka

We need a detailed economic analysis for setting up a business in a bigger scale and sell

the product in real market. Hence, we have made a calculation figuring out the Net

Present Value (NPV) of our commercialized product.

6.2 Economic analysis

Here is the monthly cost to establish an office is given in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2 Cost of prototype.

Employee Salary (Taka) Quantity Total (Taka)

CEO 25000 1 25000

Technician 7000 5 35000

Book keeper 15000 1 15000

Sales Person 7000 2 14000

Peon 5000 1 5000

Office Rent 40000 1 40000

Others 10000 - 10000

Total Cost: 1,44,000

Product Unit production cost = 4524 Taka.

 88

We will make 2000 pieces of the prototype with 4 motors in a module. It will produce

(12.4*0.9*4) = 44.64 Watt per step. We have calculated the project with 40,000 Steps a day.

We estimate there are 200 working days in a year of educational institutions. That

makes 8000000 Steps to in a year from our product. Then we can see we get

(44.64*40000*200*2000) = 71.424 KW of electrical power from our 2000 module. It is seen

that on 2018, Bangladesh had 579 MW of renewable energy sources installed [45]. By

producing 2000 pieces a year, we are contributing 0.1234% or an extra 71.424 KW of

renewable power to the achievement just by implementing it in educational institution.

It is a small number of productions yet enough to understand the market and initialize

the production in commercial manner.

We need to produce a total of 2000 pieces of single module.

Total annual expenditure = Office Cost per year + Production

(6.1)
cost of 2000 pieces
= 144000 × 12 + 4524 × 2000
= 1,07,76,000 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑎
Selling Price of a Single module = 8300 Taka

Annual sell = 2000 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 × 8300 taka = 1,66,00,000

Present Value Function is used to know the value of the money in future in today’s

price.

Present Value Function:

(1 + 𝑑)𝑛 − 1
𝑉𝐹 (𝑑, 𝑛) = (6.2)
𝑑(1 + 𝑑)𝑛

Here the discount rate has been taken from Bangladesh Bank [46].

Hence, d = 5% and n = 5;
(1 + 𝑑)𝑛 − 1
𝑃𝑉𝐹 (𝑑, 𝑛) = (6.3)
𝑑(1 + 𝑑)𝑛
(1 + 0.05)5 − 1
= = 4.329
0.05(1 + 0.05)5
 89

Interest rate (i) = 8%; which has been taken from Al Arafah Islami Bank [47].

Here, Capital Recovery Factor (CRF)

𝑖(1 + 𝑖)𝑛
𝐶𝑅𝐹 (𝑖, 𝑛) = (6.4)
(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1

0.08(1 + 0.08)5
𝐶𝑅𝐹 (8%, 5) =
(1 + 0.08)5 − 1
= 0.25
Annual Loan payment,
𝐴 = 𝑃. 𝐶𝑅𝐹(𝑖, 𝑛)
(6.5)

Here P is the annual expense which is 1,07,76,000 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑎

Hence,
𝐴 = 1,07,76,000 × 0.25 = 26,94,000 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑎
Annual Saving ∆𝐴 = 1,66,00,000 − 26,94,000 − 1,07,76,000 = 31,30,000 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑎

First Cost ∆𝑃 = 1,07,76,000 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑎

∆𝑃
Simple Payback Period = (6.6)
∆𝐴
1,07,76,000
=
31,30,000
= 3.44 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
Net Present Value (NPV)
𝑁𝑃𝑉 = ∆𝐴 × 𝑃𝑉𝐹(𝑑, 𝑛) − ∆𝑃
(6.7)

= 31,30,000 × 4.329 − 1,07,76,000

= 27,73,770 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑎
 90

Fig. 6.1 Chart to estimate the Internal Rate of Return.

According to the chart in Fig. 6.1, we get IRR of 13% with n = 5 years and simple

payback period is 3.52 years which is approximately near our finding 3.44 years.
 91

7. Conclusions

We have covered up few attributes. The first attribute denotes the requirement of depth

knowledge on the project topic. We have fulfilled the attribute by analyzing the core

value of renewable energy. However the project needed detailed knowledge gear

engineering, bio mechanical system analysis, material science knowledge for analyzing

piezo electric materials etc. We also had done detailed economic analysis and had to

perform financial engineering. To add to this, we had to perform in depth designing

process with “Solidworks” and “MATLAB” to fix the mechanical system structure and

define its valid requirements. The project contains application that is unfamiliar or less

familiar to us. Application of “Solidworks” to design gears and mechanical structure,

analyzing human foot system to measure the depth of the upper pavement were the

most infrequent practices in the project. Execution of applicable codes was easier for us

as it was made by our own selves. We can see interdependencies of problems associated

with each other in this project. To obtain the required value at the output, we had to

design the mechanical system in such a way that it extracts maximum mechanical

power from the footstep to produce our required energy. We have accomplished our

entire project objectives mentioned in section 1.5.1. Our designed device can be a source

of renewable energy. It can cover a portion of energy demand. It is a scalable device;

user can install it according to his/her need.

 92

APPENDIX A. ACTIVITY CHART

Part-A

Date Participants Activity Description Approx.

hrs. spent
21-10-2020 Everyone First meeting with the supervisor 45
minutes
21-10-2020 Everyone We talked about the project in details 1 hour
22-10-2020 Everyone We talked about the project in details 2 hours
23-10-2020 Saif Made a demo questionnaire 1 hour
25-10-2020 Everyone We started working on section 1.1 2 hours
26-10-2020 Saif and Ratul Discussed about state of the art and some other issues 1 hour
29-10-2020 Everyone We searched BNBC latest codes 1 hour
30-10-2020 Everyone We talked about batteries 2 hours
01-10-2020 Everyone We started searching for research paper Almost all
the free
time
02-11-2020 Everyone We had worked on the state of the arts (unfinished) 2 hours
03-11-2020 Everyone We took a break for midterm 6 days
09-11-2020 Everyone We started searching for research paper again 5 hours
10-11-2020 Saif and Rafiul Finished writing state of the art 6 hours
10-11-2020 Ratul Wrote standards and codes of practice research and writing. 4 hours
10-11-2020 Ratul Made questionnaire for both owner and user 2 hours
11-11-2020 Ratul Wrote project aim and objective 1 hour
11-11-2020 Saif Wrote functional requirement 2 hour
11-11-2020 Rafiul Wrote Appendix C 1 hour
 93

13-11-2020 Everyone We reviewed the questionnaires for all the stakeholders 2 hours
15-11-2020 Everyone We discussed the new questionnaires for all the stakeholders 1 hour
22-11-2020 Everyone We made the questionnaires for all the stakeholders 3 days
23-11-2020 Everyone We started taking feedback from the users 5 days
25-11-2020 Ratul and Rafiul Visited Friends Knitting Limited to take their feedback 1 day
26-11-2020 Ratul and Rafiul Visited EWU to take their feedback 2 hours
27-11-2020 Saif Talked with IDCOL
27-11-2020 Everyone We wrote the stakeholders’ requirements 1 hour
29-11-2020 Saif Rewrote project aim and objective 30
minutes
30-11-2020 Ratul Corrected a part of section 1.2 and section 1.3 30
minutes
30-11-2020 Rafiul Rewrote the functional requirements, corrected a part of appendix C 1 hour
and updated table of contents.
01-12-2020 Saif and Rafiul Corrected some part of functional requirements 1.5 hour
01-12-2020 Everyone We discussed about the project proposal 1 hour
02-12-2020 Everyone We took a break for midterm 5 days
09-12-2020 Saif and Rafiul Corrected some part of functional requirements 1 hour
10-12-2020 Everyone We wrote technical details, specifications and requirements 2 hours
11-12-2020 Everyone We wrote proposed methodology, identification of resources 4 hours
13-12-2020 Everyone We worked on project plan 2 days
15-12-2020 Everyone We took a break for course projects and assignments 6 days
21-12-2020 Everyone We wrote project plan 3 days
24-12-2020 Everyone We searched for impacts of the projects 1 day
25-12-2020 Everyone We wrote sustainability over product lifecycle, impacts on society 3 hour
and effects on environment
26-12-2020 Everyone We wrote health and safety issues 1 hour
26-12-2020 Everyone We rechecked the whole project proposal and modified many times 6 hour
 94

01-01-2021 Everyone We corrected and rewrote some topics 3 days

04-01-2021 Everyone We corrected some issues pointed by the supervisor 1 day
07-01-2021 Everyone We corrected some more issues pointed by the supervisor 1 day
Part-B

Date Participants Activity Description Approx.

hrs. spent
01-03-2021 Everyone We had a discussion with the supervisor 1 hour
02-03-2021 Everyone We talked about the 400 B in details 2 hours
03-03-2021 Everyone We discussed our individual work in details 1 hour
07-03-2021 Ratul, Saif Planned the mechanical Structure 3 hours
08-03-2021 Rafiul Searched for electrical machines in the local market and in the 3 hours
internet
11-03-2021 Everyone Discussed our findings 1 hour
16-03-2021 Ratul Simulated the Piezo Electric Device 3 days
17-03-2021 Saif Tried Matlab Simulink Simscape Module for power engineering 5 days
applications
22-03-2021 Everyone Reading materials searching for DC generators and developing 2 days
equations
25-03-2021 Rafiul Calculated equations for different DC generator variables 2 days
28-03-2021 Everyone Wrote down the findings on the rough submission 1 hour
29-03-2021 Everyone Redesigned some sections 4 days
05-04-2021 Everyone Corrected some sections 2 days
06-04-2021 Everyone Rechecked the draft submission and editing the drafts 1 day
08-04-2021 Everyone Submitted the draft submission to supervisor for initial view. -
10-04-2021 Everyone Edited the draft as supervisor addressed 1 hour
12-04-2021 Ratul Studied gearbox mechanism 7 days
25-04-2021 Saif Studied Spring compatibility 2 days
 95

27-04-2021 Saif, Rafiul Designed the reverse polarity circuit (buffer circuit) 1 days
28-04-2021 Ratul Designed the mechanical structure in Solidworks 5 days
03-05-2021 Everyone Writing the submission report 3 days
06-05-2021 Everyone Editing the submission report 3 hours
09-05-2021 Everyone Discussed each and everyone’s individual part of editing and set a 3 hours
time limit for a general submission among ourselves
10-05-2021 Everyone Searching for the theory and sources with doing market research on 4 days
the availability of the products discussed to be added
19-05-2021 Saif Studying about biomechanics and searching for adequate theory to 3 days
edit the flaws
19-05-2021 Ratul Editing the piezo element flaws and searching for adequate theory. 4 days

19-05-2021 Rafiul Market searching and simulation the whole project calculations for 2 days
different available options of electrical circuits and systems
23-05-2021 Everyone Noting down all the individual findings 4 hours
24-05-2021 Everyone Editing the final submission of project design 12 hours
31-05-2021 Everyone Discussed an issue 3 hours
01-06-2021 Everyone We corrected all the issues and prepared the report 4 hours

Part-C

Date Participants Activity Description Approx.

hrs. spent
28-06-2021 Everyone We had a discussion with the supervisor 30
minutes
30-06-2021 Everyone We could not do any work due to long lockdown 44 days
12-08-2021 Everyone Discussed what we will do in this short time 5 hours
17-08-2021 Rafiul and Ratul We had to go to Patatuli for buying components 5 hours
 96

18-08-2021 Rafiul and Ratul We had to go to Patatuli for bying componants 5 hours
24-08-2021 Rafiul and Ratul We had to go to Nobabpur for bying componants 6 hours
25-08-2021 Rafiul and Ratul We had to use our university lab 2 Hours
28-08-2021 Ratul Gone to Malibagh to discuss with a workshop 2 hours
29-08-2021 Rafiul and Ratul We had to go to Dholaikhal to buy rack and pinion 6 hours
30-08-2021 Rafiul and Ratul We had to go to a workshop in Tipu Sultan Road to assemble our 8 hours
prototype body
31-08-2021 Rafiul and Ratul We had to go to the workshop to take our completed prototype 8 hours
body
04-09-2021 Rafiul and Ratul Completed the full prototype by assembling all electrical and 5 hours
mechanical parts, also evaluated the prototype
04-09-2021 Everyone Discussed about completed prototype and tasks were assigned to 1.5 hour
everyone to write the report
05-09-2021 Ratul Started writing chapter 4 5 hours
05-09-2021 Rafiul Started writing chapter 5 3 hours
05-09-2021 Saif Started writing chapter 6 and 7 4 hours
05-09-2021 Everyone Noting down all the individual findings 1 hour
06-09-2021 Everyone Assembled everyone’s work and prepared the paperwork. 1.5 hour
07-09-2021 Everyone Corrected some parts in chapter 4 1 hour
07-09-2021 Everyone Submitted the paperwork -
11-09-2021 Everyone Discussed about the issues 2 hours
12-09-2021 Everyone Edited the report for raised issues 4 hours
13-09-2021 Everyone Completed the report 2 hours
13-09-2021 Everyone Submitted the corrected paperwork -
 97

APPENDIX B. OTHER TECHNICAL DETAILS

 Safety signs must be shown after installing the device for public safety.

 The device should not be installed in such floors where water clogs easily.

 Do not connect AC current to the output terminal of the device.

 All the modules should be connected in parallel.

 98

APPENDIX C. JUSTIFICATION OF COMPLEX ENGINEERING

PROBLEM

This table prepared in EEE400A justifies the proposed project as a complex engineering problem

Covered Explain/justify
Complex Engineering Problems have
in the
Attribute characteristic P1 and some or all of P2 to
project?
P7:
(Y/N)
Y K3: Engineering fundamentals: we
had to know the basic engineering
knowledge before we can start this
project. We learned the basic
knowledge in our basic engineering
courses.
K4: Advanced engineering
knowledge: Our project is to work on
renewable/green energy. Renewable
energy is a part of advanced
engineering knowledge.
K5: Design: We have to design our
P1: Cannot be resolved without in-depth project before we can finally start to
Depth of engineering knowledge at the level of work on the project.
knowledge one or more of K3, K4, K5, K6 or K8, K6: Technology [Tools]: In our project
required which allows for a fundamentals-based, we have to use Solid Works and
first principles analytical approach MATLAB to simulate our project
before physically tasting. Also, we
have to use various types of tools like
voltmeter, Oscilloscope to collect data
while working on the project.
K8: Research knowledge: To work on
the project physically we had to do a
lot of research. We had to read a lot of
research papers to acquire knowledge
about our project.
All the sections have been covered in
our project.

Range of N
P2: Involves wide-ranging or conflicting
conflicting
technical, engineering and other issues
requirements
Y In our project electricity can be
P3: There is no obvious solution, and generated in two ways. One way is
Depth of analysis abstract thinking and originality in using motor and another way is using
required analysis are required to formulate piezoelectric sensors. Also the
suitable models generated energy can be stored in
battery and also can be stored in
 99

capacitor bank for grid connected

system.
Y We have to design our device and then
we have to do some mechanical work
Familiarity of P4: Involves infrequently encountered
while making and testing the device.
issues issues
This contains mechanical engineering
knowledge.
Y There is no code about the size and the
shape of the module which we are
P5: Are outside problems encompassed
Extent of going to make. So, we have to make
by standards and codes of practice for
applicable codes our own decision about the size and
professional engineering
the shape. This is an outside problem
which is covered in our project.
Extent of N
stakeholder
P6: Involves diverse groups of
involvement and
stakeholders with widely varying needs
conflicting
requirements
Y This project contains many
components like the module which
contains all the other components, the
P7: High level problems including many battery charger, the motor etc. We
Interdependence
component parts or sub-problems have to work on those devices
individually and then we will
integrate those components together
to make our final device.

APPENDIX D. JUSTIFICATION OF COMPLEX ENGINEERING
ACTIVITIES
This table prepared in EEE400C describes the complex engineering activities in the project
Complex activities mean (engineering)
Attribute activities or projects that have some or
all of the following characteristics:
A1: Involves the use of diverse
resources (for this purpose, resources
Range or resources include people, money, equipment,
materials, information and
technologies)
Level of A2: Requires resolution of significant
interaction problems arising from interactions
among wide-ranging or conflicting
technical, engineering, or other issues
Innovation A3: Involves creative use of engineering
principles and research-based
knowledge in novel ways
A4: Has significant consequences in a
range of contexts; characterized by
Consequences for
difficulty of prediction and mitigation
society and the
environment
Familiarity A5: Can extend beyond previous
experiences by applying principles-
based approaches
100
Covered Explain
in the
project?
(Y/N)
Yes We have used different resources in
our project such as use of buck boost
controller; charge controller,
mechanical gears etc. We have also
used modern software such as
MATLAB, COMSOL
MULTYPHYSICS and many more.
Furthermore, we have spent money
on buying different components and
assembling the prototype. We have
gathered information from our
stakeholders and industry
professionals.
Yes We faced conflicting issues while
designing the gear train. To increase
generator revolution, the input torque
requirements also increased due to
gear ratio. But we needed less input
torque.
Yes We have searched for various
research papers to prove our point for
different assumptions. The calculation
of human foot system to measure the
depth of the pavement was an
advance research that we have done.
We have to fix the size and depth of
the module according to the analysis.
Yes The use of renewable energy is crucial
for our society. We have problem in
emergency power backup system in
our regular life. This project will help
us to reduce the risk due to
unavailability of electric power.
No We have faced no familiarities with
any model build before. It was a new
experiment for us.
 101

APPENDIX E. RUBRICS

Rubrics for EEE400

Table 1: Rubrics for assessment of PO9 (Individual work and teamwork)

Performance Outstanding Good Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
indicators (9 – 10) (7 – 8) (6) (0 – 5)
Individual skills Actively participates Participates in group Somewhat Does not participate
in group discussions discussions and participates in group in group discussions
and decision decision making, discussions and and decision making,
making, contributes contributes ideas, decision making, does not contribute
useful ideas, completes assigned sometimes relevant ideas, does
completes assigned responsibilities contributes ideas, not complete
responsibilities mostly on time completes some of assigned
thoroughly on time the assigned responsibilities on
responsibilities on time
time
Team skills Always collaborates Usually collaborates Sometimes Does not collaborate
with others, always with others, usually collaborates with with others, does not
promotes promotes others, sometimes promote constructive
constructive team constructive team promotes team atmosphere,
atmosphere, always atmosphere, usually constructive team does not identify and
identifies and identifies and atmosphere, respond to conflicts
responds to conflicts responds to conflicts sometimes identifies
promptly and positively and responds to
positively conflicts positively
Leadership skills Always provides Usually provides Sometimes provides Does not provide
direction to achieve direction to achieve direction to achieve direction to achieve
goals, always goals, usually goals, sometimes goals, does not
respects and listens respects and listens respects and listens respect and listen to
to other members, to other members, to other members, other members, does
always plans for usually plans for sometimes plans for not plan for
improvement, improvement, improvement, improvement, does
always motivates usually motivates sometimes motivates not motivate others
others others others
Multidisciplinary Fully understands Mostly understands Somewhat Does not understand
activities and appreciates the and appreciates the understands and or appreciate the
multidisciplinary multidisciplinary appreciates the multidisciplinary
nature of the project nature of the project multidisciplinary nature of the project
activities, shows activities, nature of the project activities, does not
interests and participates in activities, participate in
participates in activities in participates in some activities in
activities in disciplines outside of activities in disciplines outside of
disciplines outside of own disciplines outside of own
own own
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Table 2: Rubrics for assessment of PO8 (Ethics)

Performance Outstanding Good Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
indicators (9 – 10) (7 – 8) (6) (0 – 5)
Equity Always approaches Mostly approaches Sometimes Does not approach
situations with situations with approaches situations with
consideration of consideration of situations with consideration of
equity, always equity, mostly consideration of equity, does not
behaves inclusively behaves inclusively equity, Sometimes behave inclusively
behaves inclusively
Accountability Always understands Mostly understands Sometimes Does not
about accountability about accountability understands about understand about
and personal and personal accountability and accountability and
responsibility, always responsibility, personal personal
assumes mostly assumes responsibility, responsibility, does
responsibility of own responsibility of sometimes assumes not assume
actions own actions responsibility of responsibility of
own actions own actions
Proper use of others’ Always recognizes Mostly recognizes Sometimes Does not recognize
works the need for due the need for due recognizes the need the need for due
acknowledgment of acknowledgment of for due acknowledgment of
others’ works, others’ works, acknowledgment of others’ works,
intellectual property intellectual property others’ works, intellectual
and copyrighted and copyrighted intellectual property property and
materials, and acts materials, and and copyrighted copyrighted
accordingly mostly acts materials, and materials, and does
accordingly sometimes acts not act accordingly
accordingly
Professionalism Fully understands the Mostly understands Somewhat Does not
role of the engineer in the role of the understands the role understand the role
protecting public engineer in of the engineer in of the engineer in
interests, fully protecting public protecting public protecting public
understands and is interests, mostly interests, somewhat interests, does not
aware of relevant understands and is understands and is understand or is
codes of ethics mostly aware of somewhat aware of not aware of
relevant codes of relevant codes of relevant codes of
ethics ethics ethics
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Rubrics for EEE400A

Table EEE400A-1: Rubrics for assessment of the project concept paper

# Performance indicators Outstanding Good Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
(9 – 10) (7 – 8) (6) (0 – 5)
PI1 Able to identify a Demonstrates an Demonstrates an Demonstrates an Demonstrates
suitable complex ability to ability to ability to minimal or no
engineering design explore a topic explore a topic, somewhat ability to explore
problem (1a) [sec-1.1] thoroughly, and and to identify a explore a topic, a topic, or to
(CO1/PO12, P1) to identify a reasonably and to identify a identify a suitable
suitable complex suitable complex somewhat complex
engineering engineering suitable complex engineering
problem problem engineering problem
problem
PI2 Engages to stay up to Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates
date on the relevant thorough engagement to some minimal or no
topic (1d) [sec-1.2] engagement to stay up to date engagement to engagement to
(CO1/PO12, P1) stay up to date on the relevant stay up to date stay up to date on
on the relevant topic on the relevant the relevant topic
topic topic
PI3 Explains the objectives, Clearly explains Explains the Somewhat Does not explain
functional the objectives, objectives, explains the the objectives,
requirements and functional functional objectives, functional
constraints of the requirements and requirements and functional requirements and
solution considering constraints constraints requirements and constraints and/or
the expectations of the taking into taking into constraints fully does not take into
stakeholders (1b) [sec- account all the account most of taking into account any
1.4, 1.5] expectations of the expectations account some the expectation of the
(CO2/PO3, P2, P6) the stakeholders of the expectations of stakehoders
stakeholders the stakeholders
PI4 Identifies the Identifies all the Identifies most of Identifies some of Does not identify
regulatory relevant the relevant the relevant any of the
requirements, regulatory regulatory regulatory relevant
standards and codes of requirements, requirements, requirements, regulatory
practice (1c) [sec-1.3] standards and standards and standards and requirements,
(CO2/PO3, P5) codes of practice codes of practice codes of practice standards and
codes of practice

P1: Cannot be resolved without in-depth engineering knowledge at the level of one
or more of K3, K4, K5, K6 or K8, which allows for a fundamentals-based, first
principles analytical approach
P2: Involves wide-ranging or conflicting technical, engineering and other issues
P4: Involves infrequently encountered issues
P6: Involves diverse groups of stakeholders with widely varying needs
 104

Table EEE400A-2: Rubrics for assessment of the project proposal report

Performance Outstanding Good Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
indicators (9 – 10) (7 – 8) (6) (0 – 5)
Finalizes Specifications and Specifications and Specifications and Specifications and
specifications and requirements are requirements are requirements are requirements are
requirements of the finalized after finalized after finalized after finalized without
solution and considering all the considering most considering some considering
identifies required objectives, functional objectives, objectives, objectives,
resources (2a, 2c) [sec- requirements and functional functional functional
2.1.1, 2.1.3] constraints. All requirements and requirements and requirements and
required resources constraints. Most constraints. Some constraints.
are identified required resources required resources Required resources
are identified are identified are not identified
Prepares project Prepares a Prepares a project Prepares a project Prepares a
management plan, comprehensive management plan, management plan, unclear/incomplete
setting up milestones project management sets up milestones, sets up a few project
and considering risks plan, clearly sets up considers risks and milestones, attempts management plan,
and contingencies (2e) milestones, contingencies to considers risks does not set up
[sec-2.2.1, 2.2.2] thoroughly considers and contingencies milestones, does
(CO3/PO11) risks and not consider risks
contingencies and contingencies
Selects an appropriate Selects a Selects a Selects a Selects a
methodology for methodology which methodology which methodology which methodology
analysis and design is appropriate for all is appropriate for is appropriate for which is not
(2b) [sec-2.1.2] the analyses and most of the analyses some of the analyses appropriate for
design activities and design activities and design activities analysis and design
Prepare a realistic Prepares budget that Prepares budget that Prepares budget that Cannot prepare a
budget (2f) [sec-2.2.3] covers all applicable covers all applicable covers most budget addressing
(CO3/PO11) areas of the project areas of the project applicable areas of major applicable
including room for including room for the project areas of the project
contingency contingency
Considers the impact Considers all the Considers most of Considers some of Does not consider
of the solution on impacts on society the impacts on the impacts on any impact on
society including including health, society including society including society including
health, safety, safety, cultural and health, safety, health, safety, health, safety,
cultural, and legal legal issues cultural and legal cultural and legal cultural and legal
issues (2d) [sec-2.3.2, issues issues issues
2.3.4]
(CO4/PO6)
Considers the impact Considers all the Considers most of Considers some of Minimal or no
of the solution on impacts on the impacts on the impacts on consideration of
environment and environment and environment and environment and impacts on
sustainability over the sustainability. If sustainability. If sustainability environment and
entire product life necessary, proposes necessary, identifies sustainability
cycle. Proposes solutions to mitigate impacts which need
mitigating solution if negative impact mitigation
needed. (2d) [sec-
2.3.1, 2.3.3]
(CO5/PO7)
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Rubrics for EEE400B

Table 1: Rubrics for assessment of the Design Report

Performance Outstanding Good Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
indicators (9 – 10) (7 – 8) (6) (0 – 5)
DR_PI1: Develops a Appropriately Partitions the Partitions the Does not usefully
design process partitions the problem into sub- problem into sub- partition the
considering problem into sub- problems, considers problems to some problem into sub-
applicable problems, considers most relevant extent, considers problems, does not
standards, codes of all relevant engineering some relevant consider relevant
practice, health, engineering standards and codes engineering engineering
safety, and standards and codes where applicable, standards and codes standards and
environmental where applicable, involves major where applicable, codes, health,
considerations. (1a) involves all health, health, safety, and involves some health, safety, and
[sec-3.1] safety, and environmental safety, and environmental
(CO2/PO3, P2, P7) environmental issues in design environmental issues issues not involved
issues in design in design in design
DR_PI2: Formulates Effectively Formulates multiple Formulates multiple Does not formulate
and evaluates formulates multiple solutions that solutions that multiple solutions,
alternate solutions solutions that functionally meet functionally meet no attempt to
(1b) [sec-3.2] functionally meet most requirements, some requirements, compare and
(CO1/PO2, P1, P3) most requirements, partially compares attempts to compare evaluate alternate
compares and and evaluates and evaluate solutions,
evaluates alternate alternate solutions, alternate solutions, conclusions not
solutions, extracts conclusions in line conclusions based on analysis
valid conclusions with analysis somewhat in line
with analysis
DR_PI3: Prepares Performs all design Performs most Performs some Does not perform
preliminary design calculations, design calculations, design calculations, design calculations,
with analysis and/or produces detailed produces design produces design with detailed design not
simulation (1c) [sec- design, analyzes with some details, a few details, produced,
3.3] and/or simulates to analyzes/simulates attempts to analysis/simulation
(CO2/PO3, P1) verify that the to verify that the analyze/simulate the not done to verify
design satisfies all design satisfies most design to verify satisfaction of
requirements requirements satisfaction of requirements
requirements
DR_PI4: Optimizes Systematically Optimizes the Somewhat optimizes Does not optimize
and prepares design optimizes the preliminary design the preliminary the preliminary
for implementation preliminary design for cost, design for cost, design for cost,
(1d) [sec-3.3] for cost, performance and performance and performance and
(CO2/PO3, P1) performance and other technical and other technical and other technical and
other technical and non-technical non-technical non-technical
non-technical constraints. constraints. Prepares constraints.
constraints. Prepares design design with a few Prepared design
Prepares detailed with some details details contains no details
design
 106

P1: Cannot be resolved without in-depth engineering knowledge at the level of one
or more of K3, K4, K5, K6 or K8, which allows for a fundamentals-based, first
principles analytical approach
P2: Involves wide-ranging or conflicting technical, engineering and other issues
P3: There is no obvious solution, and abstract thinking and originality in analysis are
required to formulate suitable models
P7: High level problems including many component parts or sub-problems
 107

Rubrics for EEE400C

Table 1: Rubrics for Interim report of EEE400C

Performance Outstanding Good Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
indicators (9 – 10) (7 – 8) (6) (0 – 5)
Evaluates System meets all System meets System meets System does not
performance of requirements or major some meet most
the developed the students can requirements. requirements. requirements.
system as per identify and Students can Students can Students cannot
requirements (1a explain clearly identify and identify and identify and
and 1b) when deviation explain most explain some explain most
(CO1/PO4) from deviations from deviations from deviations from
requirements requirements requirements requirements
occurs
Finalizes design Revises design Revises design Revises design Does not revise
based on with appropriate with technical with some design with
performance technical analysis analysis to technical analysis technical analysis
evaluation (1c) to achieve achieve to achieve to achieve
(CO3/PO3) compliance with compliance with compliance with compliance with
all requirements most some any requirement
finalized in 400B requirements requirements finalized in 400B
finalized in 400B finalized in 400B
Selects and uses Carefully selects Selects and uses Selects and uses Selected and used
appropriate and skillfully modern modern modern
modern uses modern engineering tools engineering tools engineering tools
engineering tools engineering tools with some degree knowing some are mostly not
for modeling, knowing all the of care and skill relevant appropriate. No
simulation relevant knowing major limitations of the knowledge of
and/or limitations of the relevant tools relevant
performance tools limitations of the limitations of the
evaluation tools tools
throughout the
project (EEE400
A, B, C)
(CO2/PO5)
 108

Table 2: Rubrics for final report

Performance Outstanding Good Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
indicators (9 – 10) (7 – 8) (6) (0 – 5)
Achieve the All milestones are Most milestones are Milestones are Milestones are
milestones set in the reached on time or reached on time or somewhat reached mostly not reached
project proposal or corrective measures corrective measures on time or some on time. Corrective
revises the schedule are appropriately are taken to revise corrective measures measures are not
appropriately to taken to revise the the schedule to are taken to revise taken to revise the
complete the project schedule to complete complete the project the schedule to schedule to
within the deadline the project within within deadline complete the project complete the
(EEE400 A, B, C) deadline within deadline project within
(CO4/PO11) deadline
Prepares the bill of Prepares bill of Prepares bill of Prepares bill of Prepares bill of
materials and materials considering materials materials materials ignoring
estimates the cost of all the project considering most the considering major important project
the system components and/or project components project components components and/or
(CO5/PO11) parts and the cost is and/or parts and the and/or parts and the parts and the cost is
accurately estimated cost is estimated cost is reasonably not reasonable
estimated
Performs economic Evaluates the Evaluates the Evaluates the Does not evaluate
analysis to calculate financial prospect of financial prospect of financial prospect of the financial
suitable economic the project through the project through the project through prospect of the
parameter(s) to detailed and analysis. Provides analysis. project through
evaluate the economic thorough analysis. interpretation analysis
prospect of the Interpretation is clear
proposed project
(CO5/PO11)
Communicates the Communicates the Communicates the Communicates the Does not
main ideas in written main ideas clearly main ideas main ideas to some communicate the
form and to the point extent main ideas
(CO8/PO10)
Uses illustrations Skillfully uses Uses illustrations to Uses illustrations Either does not use
(graphs, tables, illustrations to support ideas. which are related to illustrations or
diagrams) to support support ideas. Illustrations analysis and illustrations used
ideas, analysis and Illustrations enhance somewhat enhance interpretation are not relevant to
interpretation comprehension of comprehension of ideas, analysis and
(CO8/PO10) analysis and analysis and interpretation
interpretation interpretation
Uses citations and Citations and Citations and Citations and Citations and
references references are references are used references are used references are not
(CO8/PO10) effectively used to to acknowledge to somewhat used or prior art
duly acknowledge prior art and other acknowledge prior and other people’s
prior art and other people’s works art and other works are not
people’s works people’s works acknowledged
Uses a language The report is free The report contains The report contains The report contains
which is mechanically from mechanical a few mechanical some mechanical several mechanical
(punctuation, spelling errors errors errors errors
and grammar) correct
(CO8/PO10)
 109

Table 3: Rubrics for oral presentation

Performance Outstanding Good Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
indicators (9 – 10) (7 – 8) (6) (0 – 5)
Communicates Communication is Communication is Communication is Communication is
appropriately skillfully tailored to tailored to suit the somewhat tailored not tailored to suit
targeting the society appropriately suit the level of target to suit the level of the level of target
at large level of target audience target audience audience
(CO8/PO10) audience
Focusses on the Creative aspects are Creative aspects are Creative aspects are Creative aspects are
creative aspects of the clearly articulated articulated and somewhat not articulated or
solution with clarity and emphasized. emphasized. articulated and emphasized.
(CO8/PO10) Presentation is Presentation emphasized. Presentation
logically and structure is logical Presentation structure is not
skillfully structured structure is logical
somewhat logical
Above two PIs will assess the sales pitch part of the presentation. Following PIs are for the technical part
Designs and Visual aids are Visual aids are Visual aids are Visual aids are not
integrates visual aids creatively designed, designed, used and designed, used and designed, used or
(illustrations, skillfully used and integrated to integrated to integrated to
demonstrations, seamlessly integrated enhance and focus enhance and focus enhance and focus
props, etc) to support to enhance and focus presentation presentation to some presentation
and focus presentation extent
presentation
(CO8/PO10)
Completes Finishes the Finishes the Finishes the Does not finish the
presentation within presentation as presentation as presentation as as prepared
the allotted time prepared within time prepared within prepared within presentation within
(CO8/PO10) without rushing or time with rushing or time with rushing or time or skips major
skipping content skipping content skipping content a contents to finish
occasionally few times within time
Listens to the Carefully listens to Listens to the Listens to the Does not listen to
questions and the questions, questions, answers questions, answers the questions,
answers answers concisely to the point somewhat to the answers not to the
appropriately transitioning transitioning well point transitioning point transitioning
(CO8/PO10) skillfully between between between between
presentation and Q/A presentation and presentation and presentation and
Q/A Q/A in an acceptable Q/A not in an
manner acceptable manner
 110

REFERENCES

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