inean Tramformation

veaton opoc Vtopa

Defini tion: : V>W b a
mapping from a

vector Apau W, tken Tb talle d a inan transforrmaion fnomn

u a V in V
V to W 14 tho followina properhie
kold for a l vecors

and for aU ^colars k ;

0) T(ku) = kT(u)
THomegeneity hoperdy]

(1) T(ut V) =T(u) t T (v) [Additivity Pmoperd

transforrmasi'on
alineon
wher V- W, th
nhepoia ease

1he veutorr Apaca V

Th Caled a unean ope rtotur on

LNote: Comidera linean trann prmation TV>N

be
v., - a banis s} V then any ve V can

exprued an +
V:GV t V tGV,

NoW T(v)=T(GYt ¢v. +-- + Vn

GT(V)tT(V) + +h7(V) Due to homaneity
Adai tviy]
e an vecton T(v)E w Can be expresed as a n e a r eom binahon

T(V). T(V), T(v,) ¬ W

Zero Trrano fon mation: l e V 8W be any too veakort Apace . th

map ping T:V>w 6 called a sero transfon maion f t

a near tramfarm aion and T(v)= o fon every vc V.

0 ut VE V lnce u,ve V
Note T (u+v)
T(u) 0 & TCv) -o Reesoning
behind 3ero
TCu4 v) 7Cu) + TCv) trannfon mation's
TCxu) = T (u) Ainu T(u)=o T(Xu) =0 ' keru due v i'nearut
T ideniy Operakon
The mapping 1:V->v definsd by
Le V be any veaton a p a t .

V.
I(v)= v b called fhe idonki ty opertator on

Definitely it nal'nean teanrcsna*

[(u)+Tcv) * ICau) = fu «d T(u)

u4 V
I(u+ V) = =

o
fort a u,ve V ond a Calan

Imporcant Properhien (1) Thesrem

1T'V>W a nean trans tonmation. hen

(b) T(u- V) -
T(u)- T(v) forr alu u,ve V

Evample: Consider apping T:RP 3iven by

T(X1) =(n Cono -JSin 0, *Sin t y o^e)

h e rre a fixed and 040 2rT

9ho that T h a inaan transformation

Solion: Ls u= ( , ) Y- (X, H) ane too elemenh f P

Acalar
andd be anj

T(u) =(% oA0-Y, Cin ®, Sin 0t Y,

Con®)

T(V) -(*Csnp- Sin P, MSino+ Corb)

tte rce

: (u4V) -{(x*a)Cone- (y*1)ir6, G+K) Sino + (s,1 2)Cano

Cone- ino)+(%nog-Y,Sino), (xSingt7ss)+ (1Sinp+ Yone)

= Cone-} Sine, %Sing+ y lon®)+(%,Cops-JSing, , SinB-+ ose)
T ( u + v ) - T ( u ) + T(V)

TCu) = «T(u)
Now we have to show thas

Sin g-+ tJ, ane)

T(du) =
( dxCong- «ZSin®, *K

Cang-J, SinB, xSinp4 lono)

(

T()
Henu he given mapping a neorn tnen»formatian

LShos hat the folLosing mappins aue lineare trannforr metion

T:R>R: TCX.Y, 2) =(xt3, -x-9, Z

2. T R>P: Tx,3 2) =(x+7-2, 1-34 2, X1 91 2)

3. T' R : T(x,7.2.t) =(x- v+ 2 4t, xt27 -t, x+ y+ 32 -34)

portant properrtien Lineaw Taana fonmationn

Natice

ru twe unean
and T V>N
Compoithon: 9f T:U->V
wilh Ti denoted
Tke composi tion sf 7
tranpforrmatiem then
defined by the
fonmala
by T T
(TT)u) T (T(u))
sa ve cton in U
whe ne u

S: U V au two nean tranmformahaon

Sum: 9f T'U V and
ue U
define d by T+S)u)
-
T(u) + S(u)
T+S U>v

And t h babo inean.

 Same ^pacr

P"
SAT are two linearn opercatorn from R"to
Note

hen T(u)- 7(T(u)

su sCs(u)

STCu)-s(T(u)
TS (u) T(s(u)):

(S+T) (u) =
S(u)+T (u)

Fxample Consider the 1olouing too V'nean epetaJorn defintdy

and
T(M,7) (2 y, )
Stx,v) (3x4 ?3. -6x47)

Evauat the fo Uo wirg

ST (C)TS )7 e) s
S+T (6)
(a)

Basis veetons
Comping with ima ges o

Fxampe Conaidor the basiu S: {y.v, vs} for R, whu

(1) V,-(lLl, o). Vg= (10.)

transfonmation fom whics

LetT: R'>R be the i'neor
T (V) (a, -1): T(V) -(4,3)
T(V)= (1, o)
=

d hen we it to Compute
rmula fon T(4,Kx,)
an
Aind a

T(2-3,5
3 ba
Sintey.V.,V}
b a
E IP
take - (4K,,s)
SouionLeds

+ ¢(L, o) +(i,0,o)
>(a3,x,)
-
4 (1,1,1)
Componanb te qet
Fauatin
The tonnenpon dina
 he above Apem ive (oketion ton G.6, wing zaumiah elimineten

on
Gtaus Jordan eliminahon)

M)= *, (1.1, )+ (%)(LL0) +(x-*J (1.0. o)

(

) * v, + (X-*g) + (k1-JV
(K
bo fh oidas
No ppjing 7rrannforrm aion T on

T 4 K ,X,) =* , t ( y ) t Y,) T (V.) t -M)Ta)

(1,0)+%-)(2, -1) +(-)(43)

T ( , k , s ) - (44-2,- 3 - 4x1 k)

Lsch fhe neinu d formula

So T(2,-3.5) = (9,23)
Any

Conoiden The banh S- }v.V} fon P where =(L ) and y-(1.o)

Let T R R be The inean epertaton for wLich

TV)=(1-2) T(V) »(-4.)

and u e it fo copute tCs,-3).
Find a formulan for T(%, K)

tor R wlu V-(-2,1) and

eonsi'derr the basin S= }y.v}
and let T: R->R be t e unean trensrmahion
y(1.3)
T ) -(-, 2,0) « T(v)= le-3,5)
K) and it to eveluate T,-3)
find a for mula fon T( ue
kepnel and Range:
4T'V wa inear tarmformation, hen the ned o1 veedors

In V thad Thapo into 0 h cale d the kerrnel o1 T and n

denoted by ker (T

i ker (T) = }veV: Tv) =

0,
uhere oc W
The e s all veetoro in h e d are images undor To4 at

east one vectort in V Callo d fhe range Tond dono t+d

by R(T
R (T)- 1 oeW: Tru)- , he re ue v{

Theoru m: 9j T: V> W a nean tranforrmatien, then

(a) The kernel of Th a subspau os V
(b) The a s u p a ae o W
range Th

Pro
a)Sinu we know tha

ker(T) veV: T(v)=0. whro oew

T b a inaan tranformaion, T(o) = o linem theerum !.e.

Henu kr ( T) b non- empty ine 0e ker (T) ie oq v]

Henu
u,ve kerlT)
ton Acalam «, P
Now
to and and
' a 7 e n e a n remt tmod on
T(du +pV)=T(u) + BT(v)

Heve u t PyeV.because V
a veccor ^pac & T(«utpv)= 0

Thu u t Bv¬ ker(7)

4n Conclusion we Can Aay ker(T) h a Aubspaco V
(6)The range s Th iven b
W: Tu) =w,
wherre ue V{
RCT)= }we

|nem haorum
trann formation, T(o)
-0
Since T h a knRat

nince 0e R(T)
» non-empty
Cleary RCT)
tor any wi, E R(T) an d fon
Now we have to Ahow Thas

ncala r , B

tas
Ihat fher enih u u e V sueh
W, w e RCT) implin

T(u) w Tu) =
w
u +Bu, E V
Sine V b a vector Apcco

T(u) t BT(L)
( u + Bu)
=

W a vecor Apac,
be cawe

indicates fLat dw,+ B ¬ R(T)

HeWhch cleord

a subrgau W
R(T)
T h ,we can say
 Rank and Nullty ofa bnean tranaformation

Let T:v^w be a incan tranmformakion.

31 Th range o Th tine dimensional, Then ito dimennion in called

F denoted by rank (T)

h ank o1 T.

b
te the dimension R(T) weW: T(u) =w, whru ue V calles

fhe rrank 51 TT:

t h a kernal st T h inite dimenmional, thsn i t sdimerrion in

called fhe nuli ty otT. 4t á dene trd by nullty (r)

allus
ethe dimennion 6f ker(t) = }ve V: T(v)=0. uherra Oe Wh
the nullty T

Dimenion heonam for ncan tram foTmatonm

1TV wha inean tnennfonmation from a tinite dimensianoe

Vectur spau Vto a veafor npac w. Than he rane o f 7

tinite dimenpional and

han k (T)+ nulliBy (T) =dim(vV)

Page 455 Anton Linean Algebra.

Forr Pasof

L e d T: P R be he binear trannformaion deftins d by

T(x1, 2,t) =(x-3+ 2 + t, 422-t. K+J+3z -3t)

Find he rank and naullity o1 t hamfonmation finding

a the banin } R(T) and ker (T)

Soution:
To tar with RCT) }ve P: T(u)-v, skene ueR"}
We know thas tk imaggs 4 the Rnerators 61 R' atso genertate

the imaqes T
 We know that (1.0.o.0), (o, 1,0,0).(0, 0, 1.0), (o, 0, o,1)j the standand

ban uf R
(1,1, ) T(0,1,0,0) =(1, 0, 1)
TC,0, 0, o)
=
Now

(1,2,3): T(o o. 0. 1) =
(1, -, -3)
T(o,0,1,0) =
ane generrador R(T
Thase toun vecbr
we fonmn
Nous to know k e ohich are inear independend
help of fhese foun Vectons an

The o howing matrin wi'th tu

towA

to eche lon torm asith tho help of elementary

Reducina this one

row operoionn we get

have two non-jevo rows , 1, 1):

In the eche lon fonm
we

will orrma basis o R(T). Th

Co, 1,2)
Bonin 64 R(T) -{(1L1,),(0,1.2)j

Hence rank (T) =

2 Rank (7) - dimenaion R(T]

2nd Part
We know kerT)- ue R': Tu) - oeR"}
Auch ta
So we have to find out (x, y 2, £)
T(x,, 2. t) - (o. 0., o)

Xty+32-3t)= (0, o, o)
(n-J+ 2 +t, *+22-t,
 Fuaing fhu cor nerpon ding cemponenti we
2e the fsuowing
homogeneows ^ystem f linean eaakion

- 2 +t o

+22 t -o
x4I +32 -3E o

wih he help echelon tonm o1 1k

Comuspong Co-eflficiend
hadrix e et

X-y 2 +t o

+2-2t zo

we have tuo ruu Vauabe whick dt Z h t

Le 2 P & t

P 84 = 22-P-P-
29-
= 2-2P

q-2P
29- P
P

thenu the sel ( 1,2,0.). (-2,-1, L,o)j tomm a banh ton

kert (T)
dimenion ker (T)
=
Nuuty o1 T- 2

Dime n»ion theoram

-
veru ieahon

Pank (t)+ Nulli ky (T) =

2+2 =4= dime nion 4 p

à find rank nudlity ot T: P>R e fina d by

TCx,), 2) =(x+29, y-2, X+ 27)

finaing a banth f RCT) ken (T)
 inean ransfonmoation, tken the blosim
b a
Theorem 9 T:V->w

aemenb are eauivalnd

(a) T n one to one

Cb) Kert (T)= {o}

nverwe Linean Trranoformation

wth range
b a ons to one
linear tnanJormahion
T:V>W
4f
rtact tad
vecbr in R(T), fhen tue
R(T). and if'w n any
VeV
thad fheru n ekact one veaton
o n g - to-one m e a n

suah h a t T(v) = w
th
new funchon. called
Thb fact allowA ws to de fine a

on the rangs
defined
tha
T(denoted by T
Invene
w baek to V
Tan d it mops

bv
T: R(T)V an T () =
e

balbo a unean trans fonmation

T R ) >v

t fo loon thas T(Ttv))= T rw)- v

From definihon
T(Tw))T(v)-w

whn oppu'ed in AuCcAM ton i efhar on den, Cance!

SoTond T,
he efteet s4 eath othen.

gmpornhnt fiesrem!
9f TU>V n d : V > W aru one- t-one inear frans pamatony

then,
one-to-one
a) T T
 Anolhen w wwn ^tan dard matrin is not s a u

whther th inean openaor T:P> defined by

T (x.J. 2) = (x+y-2, x-94 2 , *+ Jt Z) inverrh be ort not

9 the open o-torr inverhib. find T' and abo venify the
nesult

Sdahon
GrVen T(7,1. 2) = (x+9-2, 7-+2. Ng+ 2)

Now ker (T) (x,.2): T(x,1 2)- lo,o, o)

T(x1, 2) ( o , o, o)

X+ y-2,*-+ 2. X4 Jt+2) (o, , 0)

the tomponen ave

Euein

Wih t h elp of elemantery row operreHions, Tkhe nyatem Corraspond

he echalon form eo-efruend matrix .

to

+ 2 0
2 7 t22 0 X= 0, J:o.7^0
22 o

and T h inverhibl
So ken (T): (o.o. )
L ' find a fonmuda fn T":

T(x, 7, 2) -
(a, b, c) fien T (a,b.c) =
(x, y, 2)

T,7,2) -(x*y-2, z-J+2,M+y+2)= (a, b c)

Fuating hu toponan e ged te hllouing Aprm o nean
Foua
eauaho m.
 X 2 a

b
- J+ 2
X++ 2
a the tloairg sztem
Now nedu ung it,echelon fenm we

X+ 2 a

(2)
2+22 b- a
22 C-a

Solvina (2) we 9
+b

2 :

T(a, b, c) a . )
d a,b, ) e
ged
Wru ttng h in (x,7. 2)

T(R,a)-(, 22.)
VenficaHi on 61 he rerulk

T(1,2,3) = (142-3, 1-243, 1+2 4 ) - (o, 2, 6)

N
Ta4)-(,, )
- (1,2,3

Hrnu tku renulth verufied

E T: R+P, sura T(x,v)=(x,y. X+

ehtck whhen T inveribb on not. find T & venil
Example:
th inaar operatom
dotined
by 1h formula
Let T:->P be
(34+%*%-4%4 3*3, 5yt - »,)
T(,,3,)
Dettrmine whtherrTh one- to-one. 1f Ao tind T (4,, ) .

T b
Socion: The standand marix t r
3 1
-2-4 3
[T
wich implies tad
#0:
Hero we note tuad des ([TI)

b inveribk and ker (T)= {(o.o. o){

H venible [7].

ttenuT on to on.
-2-37
- 6
Now 1-F1
- 12

S folown thas

4-2-3|
69
710

4 2-3M

7X, + loX
-2 %t
notation we ged
in horugonal
Fapressing thin

l 4 t 6X+9%,,-12 + 7 tlo)
T (x*)=(4%-2x-3M3.