EXCEL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Autonomous)
DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE
VI Semester
20AI602 – Data Visualization
Regulations 2020
Question Bank
UNIT – I ( Introduction )
PART- A
Q.No. Questions Marks CO BL
1 Define Data Visualization. 2 CO1 R
2 Why data visualization is considered as a powerful tool? 2 CO1 R
3 List out 5 key factors that influence data visualization. 2 CO1 R
4 State the purpose of visualization in business. 2 CO1 R
5 Identify the advantages of Data visualization. 2 CO1 U
6 Which visualization method is used for decision making? 2 CO1 R
7 State any 5 examples of data visualization. 2 CO1 R
8 List out the functions of Data visualization. 2 CO1 R
9 Identify the essential factors of Your data. 2 CO1 U
10 Recall the factors that influence data representation. 2 CO1 R
11 Identify the visualization method to represent two categories of data. 2 CO1 U
12 Infer Heat Map. 2 CO1 R
13 Define Area chart. 2 CO1 R
14 How Funnel charts display a pipeline, typically for sales figures? 2 CO1 R
15 List out data types used in parsing. 2 CO1 R
16 State the seven stages of data visualization. 2 CO1 R
17 State the seven stages of data visualization. 2 CO1 R
18 Name the widgets provided by MarkLogic Server. 2 CO1 R
19 Classify data visualization tools. 2 CO1 U
20 Define Whatagraph tool. 2 CO1 R
PART- B
Q.No. Questions Marks CO BL
1. Discuss in detail about Methodology of Data Visualization. 16 CO1 U
2. Describe visual functions and tones of data visualization in detail. 16 CO1 U
3. Summarize any five Data Visualization Representation with example. 16 CO1 U
4. Explain in detail about Visualization design options with example. 16 CO1 U
5. Illustrate the seven stages of Data visualization with neat diagram. 16 CO1 U
6. Describe Data visualization tools in detail with neat diagram. 16 CO1 U

(Note:*Blooms Level (R – Remember, U – Understand, AP – Apply, AZ – Analyze, E – Evaluate, C – Create)

PART A- Blooms Level : Remember, Understand, Apply
PART B- Blooms Level: Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate(if possible)
Marks: 16 Marks, 8+8 Marks, 10+6 Marks)

Subject In charge Course Coordinator HOD IQAC

(Name & Signature) (Name & Signature)
 EXCEL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE
VI Semester
20AI602 – Data Visualization
Regulations 2020
Question Bank
UNIT – I ( Introduction )
PART- A

Q.No. Questions Marks CO BL

Define Data Visualization.
 Data visualization is the presentation of data in a pictorial or graphical format.
1  By using visual elements like charts, graphs and maps, data visualization 2 CO1 R
tools provide an accessible way to see and understand trends, outliers and
patterns in data. 
Why data visualization is considered as a powerful tool?
Data visualization is consider as a powerful tool by the following factors
 Intuitive: Presenting a graph as a node-link structure instantly makes sense, even
to people who have never worked with graphs before.
2 2 CO1 R
 Fast: It is fast because our brains are great at identifying patterns, but only when
data is presented in a tangible format.
 Flexible: The world is densely connected, so as long as there is an interesting
relationship in your data somewhere, you will find value in graph visualization.
List out 5 key factors that influence data visualization.
 Audience
 Content
3 2 CO1 R
 Context
 Dynamics
 Purpose
State the purpose of visualization in business.
 Data visualization strengthens the impact of messaging for your audiences and
presents the data analysis results in the most persuasive manner.
4  Visualization lets you comprehend vast amounts of data at a glance and in a 2 CO1 R
better way.
 It helps to understand the data better to measure its impact on the business
and communicates the insight visually to internal and external audiences.
Identify the advantages and benefits of effective data visualization.
 Get an initial understanding of your data by making trends, patterns and outliers
easily visible to the naked eye.
5  Comprehend large volumes of data quickly and efficiently.
2 CO1 U
 Communicate insights and findings to non-data experts, making your data
accessible and actionable.
Which visualization method is used for decision making?
 Presenting data in a graphical format such as plot, graph or map make it easier
6 2 CO1 R
for decision makers to see and understand trends, outliers and patterns in data.
 Bar chart, Pie chart, Pivot table and chart, Line graph, Dual axis etc.
7 State any 5 examples of data visualization. 2 CO1 R
 Table representing employee details.
 Bar chart for analyzing future trend in business
  Pie chart for showcase the variance in students mark
 Heat map to identify more population in a particular area.
 Line chart to indentify patient heart beat.
List out the functions of Data visualization.
 It is used Record information using Photographs and blueprints.
8 2 CO1 R
 Explore information for analyze
 Explain information to present.
Identify the essential factors of Your data.
 What data will you be using to create your visualization?
 Where does it exist and what format is it in?
9 2 CO1 U
 Is it in a usable state or will it require manipulation and/or normalization?
 What type of visualization does your data support and how should it be
delivered? 
Recall the factors that influence data representation.
The choices of how to represent data are influenced by:
10 2 CO1 R
• The nature of the data
• The kinds of questions about the data that are of interest.
Identify the visualization method to represent two categories of data.
 Two categories of data can be represented using Table
 Rows and columns are used to represent data. Eg students data
Roll Name Branch
11 2 CO1 U
1001 JOHN II ECE
1003 MARRY IV CSE

Infer Heat Map.

 A heat map is a type of visualization used to show differences in data
through variations in color.
12  These charts use color to communicate values in a way that makes it easy 2 CO1 R
for the viewer to quickly identify trends.
 Having a clear legend is necessary in order for a user to successfully read
and interpret a heatmap.
Define Area chart.
 An area chart or area graph is a variation on a basic line graph in which the
area underneath the line is shaded to represent the total value of each data
13 2 CO1 R
point.
 When several data series must be compared on the same graph, stacked
area charts are used.
How Funnel charts display a pipeline, typically for sales figures?
 This is a very specific type of visualization that depicts the decreasing values as
customers move through the sales funnel.
14  The beauty of it is that it brings your conversation rates to life at each step, so you 2 CO1 R
can see quickly where people are dropping out of the process.
 The funnel chart shows the number of people at each demand stage, from initial
website visit, through every touch point until a final sale.
List out data types used in parsing.
 String
 Float
15 2 CO1 R
 Character
 Integer
 Index
 State the seven stages of data visualization.
 Acquire - Obtain the data, whether from a file on a disk or a source.
 Parse - Provide some structure for the data’s meaning for categories.
 Filter - Remove all but the data of interest.
16 2 CO1 R
 Mine - Apply methods from statistics or data mining to discover pattern.
 Represent - Choose a basic visual model, such as a bar graph, list, or tree.
 Refine -Improve the basic representation to make it clearer.
 Interact - Add methods for manipulating the data or controlling.
What is meant by Widgets?
 The widgets provide a means to display data in picture or graph form. You can
17 incorporate visualization widgets directly in the display output of applications you 2 CO1 R
write, or incorporate them in applications created with Application Builder.
 Example - MarkLogic Server provides six visualization widget
Name the widgets provided by MarkLogic Server.
 Line chart
 Pie chart
18  Column chart 2 CO1 R
 Bar chart
 Point map
 Heat map
Classify data visualization tools.
 Tableau
 Looker
19 2 CO1 U
 Zoho analytics
 Sisense
 IBM Cognos Analytics
Define Whatagraph tool.
 Whatagraph is a seamless integration that provides marketing agencies with
an easy and useful way of sharing or sending marketing campaign data with
20 clients. 2 CO1 R
 This Data visualization tool has numerous customization options which can
be picked virtually and help in creating reporting widgets or creating your own
methods of presenting data
PART- B
Q.No. Questions Marks CO BL
Discuss in detail about different Methodology (Techniques) of Data Visualization.
Data visualization methods refer to the creation of graphical representations of
information. Visualization plays an important part in data analytics and helps
1. interpret big data in a real-time structure by utilizing complex sets of numerical or
factual figures. Here are some important data visualization methods to represent
data. 16 CO1 U
 Pie Chart
Pie charts are one of the most common and basic data visualization techniques,
used across a wide range of applications. Pie charts are ideal for illustrating
proportions or part-to-whole comparisons.
 Bar Chart
In this type of visualization, one axis of the chart shows the categories being
compared, and the other, a measured value. The length of the bar indicates how
each group measures according to the value.

 Histogram
Unlike bar charts, histograms illustrate the distribution of data over a continuous
interval or defined period. These visualizations are helpful in identifying where
values are concentrated, as well as where there are gaps or unusual values.

 Gantt Chart
Gantt charts are particularly common in project management, as they’re useful
in illustrating a project timeline or progression of tasks. In this type of chart,
tasks to be performed are listed on the vertical axis and time intervals on the
horizontal axis. Horizontal bars in the body of the chart represent the duration of
each activity.
 Heat Map
A heat map is a type of visualization used to show differences in data through
variations in color. These charts use color to communicate values in a way that
makes it easy for the viewer to quickly identify trends. Having a clear legend is
necessary in order for a user to successfully read and interpret a heatmap.

 Box and Whisker Plot

A box and whisker plot, or box plot, provides a visual summary of data through
its quartiles. First, a box is drawn from the first quartile to the third of the data
set. A line within the box represents the median. “Whiskers,” or lines, are then
drawn extending from the box to the minimum (lower extreme) and maximum
(upper extreme). Outliers are represented by individual points that are in-line
with the whiskers.

 Waterfall Chart
A waterfall chart is a visual representation that illustrates how a value changes
as it’s influenced by different factors, such as time. The main goal of this chart is
to show the viewer how a value has grown or declined over a defined period.
For example, waterfall charts are popular for showing spending or earnings over
time.
 Area Chart
An area chart, or area graph, is a variation on a basic line graph in which the
area underneath the line is shaded to represent the total value of each data
point. When several data series must be compared on the same graph, stacked
area charts are used.

 Scatter Plot
A scatter plot displays data for two variables as represented by points plotted
against the horizontal and vertical axis. This type of data visualization is useful
in illustrating the relationships that exist between variables and can be used to
identify trends or correlations in data.

 Pictogram Chart
Pictogram charts, or pictograph charts, are particularly useful for presenting
simple data in a more visual and engaging way. These charts use icons to
visualize data, with each icon representing a different value or category. For
example, data about time might be represented by icons of clocks or watches.
Each icon can correspond to either a single unit or a set number of units (for
example, each icon represents 100 units).
 Timeline
Timelines are the most effective way to visualize a sequence of events in
chronological order. They’re typically linear, with key events outlined along the
axis. Timelines are used to communicate time-related information and display
historical data.

 Word Cloud
A word cloud, or tag cloud, is a visual representation of text data in which the
size of the word is proportional to its frequency. The more often a specific word
appears in a dataset, the larger it appears in the visualization. In addition to size,
words often appear bolder or follow a specific color scheme depending on their
frequency.Network Diagram

 Correlation Matrices
A correlation matrix is a table that shows correlation coefficients between
 variables. Each cell represents the relationship between two variables, and a
color scale is used to communicate whether the variables are correlated and to
what extent.

 Funnel charts display a pipeline, typically for sales figures

This is a very specific type of visualization that depicts the decreasing values as
customers move through the sales funnel. The beauty of it is that it brings your
conversation rates to life at each step, so you can see quickly where people are
dropping out of the process. The funnel chart below shows the number of people at
each demand stage, from initial website visit, through every touchpoint until a final
sale:

Describe visual functions and tones of data visualization in detail.

Visual functions

Functions of data visualization are given below

It is used to Record information using Photographs and blueprints
It is used to Explore information for analyzing such as „
Process and calculate „
2. Reason about data „ 16 CO1 U
Feedback and interaction
It is used to Explain information by presenting data such as „
Share and persuade „
Collaborate and revise „
Emphasize important aspects of data
Visualization Tone

“Tone: The distinction between ‘reading’ and ‘feeling’ data.”

 Just like any creative endeavor, such as writing a story, photography, or painting,
there is a story the creator wants to tell, and there is a particular way they may
want their audience to perceive it.
 In writing, the writer establishes a tone by their diction, different points of view,
and different levels of formality.
 A photographer may establish a tone by their use of colors or how they frame
their subject.
 There are many similarities when establishing the tone of your visualization, with
the main goal being how you want your audience to interpret and perceive your
visualization.
 Your choice of charts, color, typography, size and shapes all play a role in
establishing your tone for your visualization.

Why is the tone important?

 As with other mediums, it is especially important to establish a tone for your
visualization.
 There is a story you want to tell when visualizing data, but as the creator,
you have no control over your audience’s attitude towards your subject
matter.
 However, you do have control over how your audience interprets and
perceives your subject.
 Establishing your tone helps in influencing your audience to perceive and
understand your visual in the way you create it.
 You can determine what kind of tone you need to set for the audience if you
have defined the purpose of your visualization. There are two types of tones
you would want to use depending on the purpose of your visualization.
 The first is using a reading tone
 The second is a feeling tone.
How to Establish a ‘Reading’ Tone
  Use a reading tone when trying to optimize the efficiency in which the
audience can interpret your data and pull detailed information from it. You
want to hit your audience with quick facts and metrics without having to
worry about providing too much visual stimulation.
 The goal is not to create visuals and story points to make your audience feel
certain emotions, but to provide key, detailed information to drive action.
 Because you want your audience to have the ability to draw quick insights
from your data, charts such as line graphs, bar charts, or text tables with
heatmaps are ideal for setting a reading tone.
 These charts are great for showing the magnitude of values where the
audience can identify quickly who the high performers are and where there
could be areas of improvement.
 The use of this tone is apparent in an executive dashboard, like the one
shown above, which shows key metrics within a company.
 Stating the number of each metric shows the audience the magnitude of
each metric. Using line graphs show the dips and spikes in each metric over
time.
 Color contributes to the tone of this visual by making it easily identifiable if a
metric as exceeded or missed their target.

How to Establish a ‘Feeling’ Tone

 If you are speaking to people with limited to no knowledge about the subject
of your analysis but need to spark a call to action or influence a change of
perception about a particular topic, what would you do?
 Throwing out metrics and hard numbers wouldn’t do your audience any
good because they don’t have the knowledge to interpret the data correctly.
 Choosing a ‘feeling’ tone for your visualization will aid in how the audience
perceives your topic.
  If the audience’s knowledge about a subject is limited, it will take more than
numbers to influence them otherwise.
 As seen in other media forms, there is nothing like sparking emotion to help
move a person’s perception of a topic.
 Whether attempting to convince people staying home and washing your
hands will save lives during a pandemic or showing the importance of
donating to charitable organizations to provide clean water to Africa, it takes
a mix of great storytelling and visual stimulation to get your point across.
 You will usually notice a more pronounced use of graphics, pictures,
annotations, and typography to help craft the story.
 As with the ‘Clean Water for Africa’ visual above, notice the use of writing
and labeling to help explain the crisis at hand, and the use of color and bold
lettering to bring the audience’s attention to shocking statistics.
 Also, the use of bar and line charts, which I mentioned, were best used
when using a ‘reading’ tone, but in this case, it’s utilized well to deliver visual
stimulation to the audience while giving them enough information to bring
attention to the seriousness of the situation.
 The use of the color blue and the water droplets is also a nice touch to bring
together the visualization theme.
 Visualizations with a feeling tone will not always be looking to convince the
audience to take action on something. Sometimes, the analyst’s goal is to
inform the audience about a particular topic and have them come up with
their own conclusions.
 Using a feeling tone with this goal in mind may involve using fewer words
and more visually stimulating graphics that keep the audience engaged in
your work.
 There may be a loss of detail in the data because of the focus on more
engaging visuals.
 The goal is to make the audience understand the subject at a high level to
make it easily understandable.
Summarize any five Data Visualization Representation with example.

Different charts are used to represent data visually

1. Pivot tables

3. 16 CO1 U

pivot tables help us summarize key statistics in a single view. The type of
information collected in pivot tables might include sums, means or other numerical
summaries.
While pivot tables aren’t always the most visually inspiring form of data viz, they are
useful in the right context. For instance, highlight tables, as shown in the image,
use different shades or colors to easily flag the highest and lowest values in a
dataset.
2. Boxplots

Another useful type of descriptive visualization is the boxplot (also known as a box-
and-whisker plot). Like pivot tables, boxplots are useful for visualizing a dataset’s
key statistics. We can use them to represent minimum and maximum values, the
median value, and the lower and upper quartiles (i.e. the median of the lower and
upper halves of the data).
This makes them useful for exploratory and explanatory data analysis, i.e. getting to
understand a dataset’s key features before drawing any broad conclusions about it.
3. Scatterplots

A scatterplot (also known

as a scattergraph,
scattergram, or scatter
chart) displays the
relationship between two
variables on an x- and y-
axis. Each item of data is
shown as a single point,
creating the chart’s visual
‘scatter’ effect. When
there are three
interrelated data points
(i.e. if there’s a z-axis) 3D
scatterplots are also
possible.
4. Line graphs
 Line graphs, or line charts, are a simple but effective staple for representing time-
series data. They are visually similar to scatterplots but represent data points
separated by time intervals with segments joined by a line.
5. Area charts

Area charts, similar to line charts, are also used for tracking data over time.
However, in an area chart, the space between the plotted line and the x-axis is
shaded or colored for visibility. This is particularly useful for highlighting the
difference between multiple variables, or for measuring overall volumes (rather than
highlighting the difference between discrete data points).
4. Explain in detail about Visualization design options with example. 16 CO1 U
Visualization during design refers to the visual mental images used by the designer
during the design process. Visualization enables the generation, interpretation and
manipulation of information through spatial representation. In other words, it is the
mental pictures used by a designer when completing a design task.
1) Choose the chart that tells the story. There may be more than one way to
visualize the data accurately. In this case, consider what you’re trying to achieve,
the message you’re communicating, who you’re trying to reach, etc.
2) Remove anything that doesn’t support the story.  The great thing about data
visualization is that design can help do the heavy lifting to enhance and
communicate the story. Let it do its job. (But don’t use 3D charts.
3) Design for comprehension. Once you have your visualization created, take a
step back and consider what simple elements might be added, tweaked, or
removed to make the data easier for the reader to understand. You might add a
trend line to a line chart, or you might realize you have too many slices in your pie
chart
4) Include a zero baseline if possible. Although a line chart does not have to start at
a zero baseline, it should be included if it gives more context for comparison. If
relatively small fluctuations in data are meaningful (e.g., in stock market data), you
may truncate the scale to showcase these variances.
5) Always choose the most efficient visualization. You want visual consistency so
that the reader can compare at a glance. This might mean you use stacked bar
charts, a grouped bar chart, or a line chart. Whatever you choose, don’t overwhelm
by making the reader work to compare too many things.
6) Watch your placement. You may have two nice stacked bar charts that are
meant to let your reader compare points, but if they’re placed too far apart to “get”
the comparison, you’ve already lost.
7) Tell the whole story. Maybe you had a 30% sales increase in Q4. Exciting! But
what’s more exciting? Showing that you’ve actually had a 100% sales increase
since Q1.

8) Don’t over explain. If the copy already mentions a fact, the subhead, callout, and
chart header don’t have to reiterate it.
9) Keep chart and graph headers simple and to the point. There’s no need to get
clever, verbose, or pun-tastic. Keep any descriptive text above the chart brief and
directly related to the chart underneath. Remember: Focus on the quickest path to
comprehension.
10) Use callouts wisely. Callouts are not there to fill space. They should be used
intentionally to highlight relevant information or provide additional context.
11) Don’t use distracting fonts or elements. Sometimes you do need to emphasize
a point. If so, only use bold or italic text to emphasize a point—and don’t use them
 both at the same time.

12) Use a single color to represent the same type of data. If you are depicting sales
month by month on a bar chart, use a single color. But if you are comparing last
year’s sales to this year’s sales in a grouped chart, you should use a different color
for each year. You can also use an accent color to highlight a significant data point.
13) Watch out for positive and negative numbers. Don’t use red for positive
numbers or green for negative numbers. Those color associations are so strong it
will automatically flip the meaning in the viewer’s mind.
14) Make sure there is sufficient contrast between colors. If colors are too similar
(light gray vs. light, light gray), it can be hard to tell the difference. Conversely, don’t
use high-contrast color combinations such as red/green or blue/yellow.
15) Avoid patterns. Stripes and polka dots sound fun, but they can be incredibly
distracting. If you are trying to differentiate, say, on a map, use different saturations
of the same color. On that note, only use solid-colored lines (not dashes).
16) Select colors appropriately. Some colors stand out more than others, giving
unnecessary weight to that data. Instead, use a single color with varying shade or a
spectrum between two analogous colors to show intensity. Remember to intuitively
code color intensity according to values as well.
Illustrate the seven stages of Data visualization with neat diagram.

Seven Stages of Data visualization

 Interactions between the seven stages

The seven stages of data visualization are as follows
 Acquire
5. 16 CO1 U
 Parse
 Filter
 Mine
 Represent
 Refine
 Interact
1. Acquire
The acquisition step involves obtaining the data. Like many of the other steps, this
can be either extremely complicated (i.e., trying to glean useful data from a large
system) or very simple (reading a readily available text file).
A copy of the zip code listing can be found on the U.S. Census Bureau web site, as
it is frequently used for geographic coding of statistical data. The listing is a freely
available file with approximately 42,000 lines, one for each of the codes, a tiny
portion of which is shown in Figure 1-1.

Figure 1-1. Zip codes in the format provided by the U.S. Census Bureau

Acquisition concerns how the user downloads your data as well as how you
obtained the data in the first place. If the final project will be distributed over the
Internet, as you design the application, you have to take into account the time
required to download data into the browser. And because data downloaded to the
browser is probably part of an even larger data set stored on the server, you may
have to structure the data on the server to facilitate retrieval of common subsets.
2. Parse
After you acquire the data, it needs to be parsed—changed into a format that tags
each part of the data with its intended use. Each line of the file must be broken
along its individual parts; in this case, it must be delimited at each tab character.
Then, each piece of data needs to be converted to a useful format. Figure 1-
2 shows the layout of each line in the census listing, which we have to understand
to parse it and get out of it what we want.

Figure 1-2. Structure of acquired data

Each field is formatted as a data type that we’ll handle in a conversion program:
String
A set of characters that forms a word or a sentence. Here, the city or town
name is designated as a string. Because the zip codes themselves are not
so much numbers as a series of digits (if they were numbers, the code
02139 would be stored as 2139, which is not the same thing), they also
 might be considered strings.
Float
A number with decimal points (used for the latitudes and longitudes of each
location). The name is short for floating point, from programming
nomenclature that describes how the numbers are stored in the computer’s
memory.
Character
A single letter or other symbol. In this data set, a character sometimes
designates special post offices.
Integer
A number without a fractional portion, and hence no decimal points (e.g.,
−14, 0, or 237).
Index
Data (commonly an integer or string) that maps to a location in another
table of data. In this case, the index maps numbered codes to the names
and two-digit abbreviations of states.
With the completion of this step, the data is successfully tagged and consequently
more useful to a program that will manipulate or represent it in some way.
3. Filter
The next step involves filtering the data to remove portions not relevant to our use.
In this example, for the sake of keeping it simple, we’ll be focusing on the
contiguous 48 states, so the records for cities and towns that are not part of those
states—Alaska, Hawaii, and territories such as Puerto Rico—are removed. Another
project could require significant mathematical work to place the data into a
mathematical model or normalize it (convert it to an acceptable range of numbers).
4. Mine
This step involves math, statistics, and data mining. The data in this case receives
only a simple treatment: the program must figure out the minimum and maximum
values for latitude and longitude by running through the data (as shown in Figure 1-
3) so that it can be presented on a screen at a proper scale. Most of the time, this
step will be far more complicated than a pair of simple math operations.
Figure 1-3. Mining the data: just compare values to find the minimum and maximum
5. Represent
This step determines the basic form that a set of data will take. Some data sets are
shown as lists, others are structured like trees, and so forth. In this case, each zip
code has a latitude and longitude, so the codes can be mapped as a two-
dimensional plot, with the minimum and maximum values for the latitude and
longitude used for the start and end of the scale in each dimension. This is
illustrated in Figure 1-4.

Figure 1-4. Basic visual representation of zip code data

Represent stage is a linchpin that informs the single most important decision in a
visualization project and can make you rethink earlier stages. How you choose to
represent the data can influence the very first step (what data you acquire) and the
third step (what particular pieces you extract).
 6. Refine
In this step, graphic design methods are used to further clarify the representation by
calling more attention to particular data (establishing hierarchy) or by changing
attributes (such as color) that contribute to readability.
Hierarchy is established in Figure 1-5, for instance, by coloring the background
deep gray and displaying the selected points (all codes beginning with four) in white
and the deselected points in medium yellow.

Figure 1-5. Using color to refine the representation

7. Interact
The next stage of the process adds interaction, letting the user control or explore
the data. Interaction might cover things like selecting a subset of the data or
changing the viewpoint. As another example of a stage affecting an earlier part of
the process, this stage can also affect the refinement step, as a change in
viewpoint might require the data to be designed differently.
In the Zipdecode project, typing a number selects all zip codes that begin with that
number. Figure 1-6 and Figure 1-7 show all the zip codes beginning with zero and
nine, respectively.

Describe Data visualization tools in detail with e.g.,.

1. Tableau
 Tableau is a data visualization tool that can be used by data analysts,
scientists, statisticians, etc. to visualize the data and get a clear opinion
based on the data analysis.
 Tableau produces the required data visualization output in a very short
time. And provides the highest level of security with a guarantee. 
6.  Tableau also allows its users to prepare, clean and format their data and 16 CO1 U
then create data visualizations to obtain actionable insights that can be
shared with other users.
2. Looker
 Looker is a data visualization tool that can go in-depth into the data and
analyze it to obtain useful insights.
 It provides real-time dashboards of the data for more in-depth analysis
so that businesses can make instant decisions based on the data
 visualizations obtained.
 Looker also provides connections with Redshift, Snowflake and
BigQuery as well as more than 50 SQL-supported dialects.
 Looker data visualizations can be shared with anyone using any
particular tool. Also, you can export these files in any format
immediately.
3. Zoho Analytics
 Zoho Analytics is Business Intelligence and Data Analytics software that
can help you create wonderful-looking data visualizations based on your
data in a few minutes.
 You can obtain data from multiple sources and mesh it together to create
multidimensional data visualizations that allow you to view your business
data across departments.
 In case you have any questions, you can use Zia which is a smart
assistant created using artificial intelligence, machine learning, and
natural language processing. 
 Zoho Analytics allows you to share or publish your reports with your
colleagues and add comments or engage in conversations as required.
You can export Zoho Analytics files in any format such as Spreadsheet,
MS Word, Excel, PPT, PDF, etc. 
4. Sisense
 Sisense is a business intelligence-based data visualization system and it
provides various tools that allow data analysts to simplify complex data
and obtain insights for their organization and outsiders.
 Sisense believes that eventually, every company will be a data-driven
company and every product will be related to data in some way.. 
 Sisense also allows its users to export their files in multiple formats such
as PPT, Excel, MS Word, PDF, etc. Sisense also provides full-time
customer support services whenever users face any issues. A price
quote can be obtained by submitting a form. 
5. IBM Cognos Analytics
 IBM Cognos Analytics is an Artificial Intelligence-based business
intelligence platform that supports data analytics among other things.
 You can visualize as well as analyze your data and share actionable
insights with anyone in your organization.
 You can also share your data with multiple users if you want on the cloud
and share visuals over email or Slack.
 You can also import data from various sources like spreadsheets, cloud,
CSV files, or on-premises databases and combine related data sources
into a single data module.
6. Qlik Sense
 Qlik Sense is a data visualization platform that helps companies to
become data-driven enterprises by providing an associative data
analytics engine, sophisticated Artificial Intelligence system and scalable
multi-cloud architecture that allows you to deploy any combination of
SaaS, on-premises or a private cloud. 
 You can easily combine, load, visualize and explore your data on Qlik
Sense, no matter its size. All the data charts, tables and other
visualizations are interactive and instantly update themselves according
to the current data context.
7. Domo
 Domo is a business intelligence model that contains multiple data
 visualization tools that provide a consolidated platform where you can
perform data analysis.
 It create interactive data visualizations that allow other people to easily
understand your data conclusions. You can combine cards, text and
images in the Domo dashboard so that you can guide other people
through the data while telling a data story as they go. 
8. Microsoft Power BI
 Microsoft Power BI is a Data Visualization platform focused on creating a
data-driven business intelligence culture in all companies today.
 Microsoft Power BI offers hundreds of data visualizations to its
customers along with built-in Artificial Intelligence capabilities and Excel
integration facilities.
9. Klipfolio
 Klipfolio is a Canadian business intelligence company that provides one
of the best data visualization tools.
 You can access your data from hundreds of different data sources like
spreadsheets, databases, files, and web services applications by using
connectors.
 Klipfolio also allows you to create custom drag-and-drop data
visualizations wherein you can choose from different options like charts,
graphs, scatter plots, etc. 
 Klipfolio also has tools you can use to execute complex formulas that
can solve challenging data problems.
10. SAP Analytics Cloud
 SAP Analytics Cloud uses business intelligence and data analytics
capabilities to help you evaluate your data and create visualizations in
order to predict business outcomes.
 It also provides you with the latest modeling tools that help you by
alerting you of possible errors in the data and categorizing different data
measures and dimensions.
 SAP Analytics Cloud also suggests Smart Transformations to the data
that lead to enhanced visualizations. 
 In case you have any doubts or business questions related to data
visualization, SAP Analytics Cloud provides you with complete customer
satisfaction by handling your queries using conversational artificial
intelligence and natural language technology.