READING AND WRITING SKILLS Example) “A pleasant day, Ma’am Rodriguez. How are you?

I
ORGANIZATION IN WRITING hope you are doing well. Attached on this message includes
“Clearly then, focus, organization, and clarity are the three our research paper on “Solid Waste Management”. We hope
key elements of a successful essay. Of course, the content that this message reaches your end. Thank you and have a
ORGANIZATION
must also be sound and the essay must appropriately meet the wonderful day, Ma’am.”
 The process of formally arranging ideas, concepts,
requirements of the assignment brief, but this is not enough to
contents etc. sequentially
gain the highest grades. Student essay writers must therefore
Example) In a conversation
THREE IMPORTANT PARTS IN WRITING work at developing strong thesis statements, planning the
structure of their essays, and writing clearly and concisely. Daniel: Good morning, Sir Domingo. May I ask when are you
BEGINNING Essay writing is never easy, but by addressing the three key going to give us the summative examination?
 the overall introduction of your topic elements of focus, organization, and clarity, every student can
Example) succeed.”
Sir Domingo: It shall be next week, Daniel. Kindly inform
The Impact of Education on Poverty Reduction POINTS TO REMEMBER! your classmates to review and study well.

“The idea that education plays a crucial role in the economic  The contents, ideas, and events in your writing
growth of a country gained popularity in the 20th century, should be organized so that it can be properly Daniel: I will take note of that, Sir. Thank you and have a
following economic empowerment of Asian countries. understood by the readers. great day.
Poverty and education are two factors that are inversely
related. The more people get educated, the more they  As part of organization in writing, there are three
eradicated poverty from societies. This is because education important parts which include the beginning 2) USE OF JARGONS
provides knowledge, skills, and empowerment, which are (introduction/expectation), middle (possible events, - Specialized language used by groups of
critical factors to securing a good job and earning higher contents, and ideas), and ending individuals in the same field, should only be
wages. This article seeks to highlight the effects of education (summarization/conclusion). used if the target readers belong to the same
in reducing poverty.” group.

MIDDLE READING AND WRITING SKILLS Example) Medical Jargons

 includes the important events (may it be good or LANGUAGE USE Positive nodes- “Cancer has spread”
bad) of your written piece. Febrile- “Feverish”
LANGUAGE USE NPO-”No eating/drinking”
Example)  the utilization of language either in the form of Progressing-”Getting worse”
“A student, should spend most of his time of this golden verbal (speaking) or non-verbal (written based) in
period in reading and learning. A good student never waste order to communicate ideas effectively Example) Political Jargons
his time fixed for reading uselessly. But he must not be a book  Focusing on writing, instilling formal and accurate
language should be observed Bellweather state- a state that typically votes for
worm being always engaged in his studies. He should also be the leading candidates.
careful about his health and spend some time daily in some Dark money- political funds or donations raised by
sports and games. He should try to develop his body and mind non-profit organizations where the donors are not
at the same time. FIVE MAJOR ISSUES WITH APPROPRIATE disclosed.
  LANGUAGE THAT SHOULD BE AVOIDED IN AN Bail out- helping a large company with its debts
EFFECTIVE AND WELL-WRITTEN TEXT (Purdue with the intention that the company will repay the
“As a student, he must try to develop his intellect. He should
Online Writing Lab, 2020) money in the future
also try to acquire some good qualities like obedience,
dutifulness, respect on elders and love and sympathy for 1) FORMALITY OF LANGUAGE 3) AVOID SLANGS AND IDIOMS
fellow man in the society. The duty of a student is to obey his - It should depend on how formal the situation is - Refrain from using slang and idiomatic
parents and teachers and respect the elders of the society”. and how the writer and the reader are related to expressions if necessary to avoid
one another. misinterpretation of text.
ENDING
 summarizes the events stated on the middle part in Example) Writing an Email letter Example) Slang
writing.
 “I just want y’all to know that I’mma be a great
soldier one day.”
“I kinda think of that old man as dramatic and
goofy.”
Example) Idioms
“Break a leg for tomorrow’s discussion, Mr.
Mendez!”
“I am so drained that I need forty winks.”
4) AVOID EUPHEMISM
- Using of euphemisms can make sentences
longer and indirect to its semantic implications.
Example)
Vertically challenged- for someone who is short
Passed away- instead of died
Letting go- firing or abandoning someone
Put to sleep-instead of euthanize
5) BIASED LANGUAGE
- Avoid using any biased language including
those associated with any racial, ethnic, group,
or gender.
Example) Racial based
The term “coloured skin” is racial in the sense that
it offends people with dark complexity
Example) Gender based
Women must earn less than men because they are
less intelligent.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EFFECTIVE
LANGUAGE
1) CONCRETE AND SPECIFIC
- Specific language refers directly to particular
cases, not generalizations about many cases
- Concrete language refers to things that we can
experience directly through the senses.  The
two terms have much in common.  qualities,
- In identifying whether a sentence is concrete
and specific, it needs to have a particular
focus/item (e.g. person, thing, animal etc.) with
an action perceived by the senses (e.g.
smelling, tasting, seeing etc.)
Specific
Example: Mr. Lance Jackston is the Math teacher.
Explanation: Realistically, any licensed teacher can be a math
teacher (general). However in this case, the Math teacher is
specific and is directly referring to “Mr. Lance Jackston”
alone.
Concrete
Example: To memorize the Math formula, you need to read
the mathematical concepts written on the book.
Explanation: The bolded words “read” and “written” supports
concrete language. This sentence means specifically through
reading, you can memorize the Math formula (particular
item/focus) which is specifically written and not encoded on
the book.
Overall Example
“I want to eat Bavarian doughnuts because I am starving.”
Explanation: The particular focus here is a food (Bavarian
doughnuts) while the action is to specifically “eat” Bavarian
doughnuts and not to drink or any other action.
2) CONCISE, NOT VERBOSE
- Conciseness means using the fewest number of
words to convey an idea.
- Concise means only choosing fewer words to
be direct in terms of what you want to say
(may it be informal or direct)
Example)
Wordy: “I see Jennifer as you know, good person or I guess
maybe not or whatever.”
Concise: “I see Jennifer as a good person, I guess?”
3) PRECISE AND CLEAR
- Being precise means indicating specific
characteristics, decision, or
information which is authentically owned by a
particular focus.
- In identifying whether a sentence is precise
means that someone/something authentically
owns an aspect, thus clearly stated.
Example)
Example: The car is old, rusty, and dangerous to drive.
Explanation: Precisely, the car (particular focus) include
qualities such as old, rusty, and dangerous which is
authentically seen.
Example)
Question: Why should we hire you?
Answer: I believe you should hire me because I am a
hardworking, diligent, and competitive worker.
4) CONSTRUCTIVE, NOT DESTRUCTIVE
- Constructive language means the presentation
of negative situation/details and with such,
includes a solution
- Deconstructive language specifically focuses
on prejudice or offensive situations/details
which do not accept any particular solution.
- In identifying whether a sentence is
constructive, not destructive, find the fixed
problem (e.g. she was deeply affected because
of being bullied) or somehow details which can
possibly possess a problem (e.g. for others,
drinking alcohol is normal however, can also
possess health risks) and see to it if there is a
possible solution.
Example)
Constructive
Student to Instructor: You have confused me so badly with
your lectures that I do not know what to do. I am considering
dropping out and taking the class next to Dr. Johnstone, who
can clearly explain the information.
Destructive
Instructor to Student: I have never had a student who was
confused with this material. Perhaps you should take an easier
course from an easier professor. It makes no difference to me.
5) APPROPRIATELY FORMAL, NOT SLANG
- Being appropriately formal means using
language which are direct and formal and
avoids being offensive but rather, emphasize
respect and politeness.
- In identifying whether a sentence is applying
formality, respect and politeness in word usage
is emphasized.
Example) details in the sentence for it to make sense. Always go
Formal back to the definition of the three characteristics for 5) SPELLINGS
“It has been a pleasure working with you, Sir. May you conversion process to be accurate. o In writing, words should be spelled correctly to
always be well.” avoid questioning its usage or nature in the
- You have to remember that writing is a rigorous activity sentence.
Slang and that, you also have to regard the style, tone, and
“Hey sucker, if you’re reading this message, gimme back my clarity of your writing as these supports the accuracy and 6) PARTS OF SENTENCES
money!” formality of language use. o It shows how writers shape sentences from smaller
pieces. In a sentence, the basic parts would include
- Focusing on writing, language use should accurately be a subject, predicate, direct object (receives the
applied when it comes to writing to avoid any ambiguity. action of the sentence), indirect object (indicates to
whom or for whom the action of sentence is being
- Five major issues with appropriate language which done), and subject complement (describes the
CONCRETE AND SPECIFIC VS. PRECISE AND should be avoided: formality of language, use of jargons, subject).
CLEAR avoiding slangs and idioms and euphemisms, and biased
VS. CONCISE IN A SENTENCE language. 7) ELIMINATING REPEATED WORDS
o Repeating the exact words within the content causes
READING AND WRITING SKILLS too much word usage within the sentence.
Concrete and Specific:
”Cynthia made sure to completely write Jameson songs to PROPER MECHANICS IN WRITING
8) HOMOPHONES and HOMOGRAPHS
express her love.”
PROPER MECHANICS IN WRITING o HOMOPHONES - Refers to words with almost the
Cynthia and songs (particular focus)
- It includes the accurate writing rules which a writer same spellings and sounds but with different usage.
Write and Express (actions)
should follow as well as the integration of grammatical o HOMOGRAPHS - Refers to a specific word with
parts when it comes to writing. (Grammarlookup, 2022) different meanings in the sentence.
From Concrete and Specific to Precise and Clear:
From: “Cynthia made sure to completely write Jameson
9) SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
songs to express her love.” 10 COMMON PROPER MECHANICS
o Refers to both subject and verb consistently
To: “Cynthia made sure that the songs she wrote about the
1) CAPITALIZATION agreeing in terms of grammatical usage within the
way Jameson laughs and smiles would be completed to
o It highlights all the vital details in a sentence and sentence.
express her love.”
Jameson (particular focus) gives a separate identity to every written paragraph
10) RUN-ON SENTENCES
Laugh and smile (authentic personal qualities owned by the and allows a smooth flow.
o It occurs when independent clauses are
particular focus) o Other details that you need to capitalize include
misconnected due to the absence of punctuations or
names of places, companies and trademarks,
additive markers used to separate or connect clauses
Concrete to Specific to Concise: honorary and professional titles, days, months, and
together.
From: “Cynthia made sure to completely write Jameson seasons, holidays, and time periods.
songs to express her love.”
2) PUNCTUATION “In order to master these mechanics, you need to read
To: “Cynthia’s love expression is to completely write
o It clarifies sentence structure by separating some consistently and, review and revise if possible.”
Jameson songs.”
texts and grouping others.
From Precise and Clear to Concise:
From: “Cynthia made sure that the songs she wrote about the 3) PARTS OF SPEECH
o These categories include nouns, adverbs, verbs,
way Jameson laughs and smiles would be completed to
express her love.” prepositions, adjectives, conjunction, and
interjection. READING AND WRITING SKILLS
To: “Cynthia made sure to complete her written songs for
Jameson.” TYPES OF CLAIMS
4) ABBREVIATIONS
o to lessen an existing word CLAIM
- Looking back to the sentence example, the conversion
process might require “omission” or “addition” of some
 o This includes the specific point which is “Cancer can easily kill people more than HIV/AIDS”
emphasized by a certain person due to a preferred “Humans are the reason why the Philippine Eagle is a
opinion or perspective on a particular topic. critically endangered species.”

IMPLICIT CLAIMS CLAIMS OF VALUE

o These are claims indirectly expressed but are being o Claims which are based from ethical or moral
suggested or implied to be the meaning of the text. standings.
o Example) o Example)
“Kayla peered out the window before heading to bed. The “Cyberbullying possesses a mental threat to the victim”
trees were vividly swaying, and the puddles in her yard were “Committing suicide is immoral”
growing larger by the minute.”
CLAIM OF POLICY
o Claims about how we should respond to a situation
EXPLICIT CLAIMS
or state affairs through a particular action or piece
o claims which is clearly or directly expressed
of legislation
o Example)
o Example)
“It was a stormy night in Greenwood. The strong winds were
“A dress code should be introduced for all students”
causing the trees to sway, and it rained for hours.”
“The city’s board of education should institute an honor’s
program not only for tertiary students, but for elementary, and
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CLAIM junior and senior high school students as well”
1) ARGUMENTATIVE AND DEBATABLE
o Example)
“Men are better in Math than women.”

2) SPECIFIC AND FOCUSED

o Example)
“Men are only better in Math.”

3) INTERESTING AND ENGAGING

o Example)
Women should only stay as a house wife while
men should be the overall breadwinner.

4) LOGICAL
o Example)
Covid-19 virus came from animal to human
transmission and not manmade.

CLAIMS OF FACT, VALUE, AND POLICY

CLAIMS OF FACT
o Claims which assert the truth or existence of
something and can be tested by examining evidence
for the claim.
o Example)