MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ /RELATIVE CLAUSES

1. Mệnh đề quan hệ

Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề phụđược nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các đại từ quan hệ hoặc trạng

từ quan hệ, đứng sau danh từ/đại từ và bổ nghĩa cho danh từ/đại từ đó. Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng

để giải thích rõ hơn về danh từ đứng trước nó.

Cấu trúc mệnh đề quan hệ

Mệnh đề chính + Đại từ quan hệ/Trạng từ quan hệ + mệnh đề quan hệ

2. Các loại mệnh đề quan hệ

2.1. Mệnh đề xác định (Defining relative clauses)

● Mệnh đề xác định là mệnh đề bắt buộc phải có để xác định được danh từ đứng trước,

nếu bỏ đi thì mệnh đề chính sẽ không có nghĩa rõ ràng.

● Mệnh đề xác định có thể đi với tất cả các đại từ và trạng từ quan hệ trong tiếng Anh (trừ

một số trường hợp ngoại lệ.)

● Mệnh đề xác định không có dấu phẩy

Eg: The girl who is wearing the pink dress is my sister.

2.2. Mệnh đề không xác định (Non – defining clauses)

● Mệnh đề không xác định là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin cho danh từ đứng

trước, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính vẫn có nghĩa rõ ràng.

● Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định thường được ngăn với mệnh đề chính bởi các dấu

phẩy. Đứng trước mệnh đề quan hệ thường là tên riêng hoặc các danh từ thường có các

từ xác định như: this, that, these, those, my, his, her…

● Đại từ quan hệ “that” không được sử dụng trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định.

Eg: My best friend, who is also my cousin, is a famous singer.

2.3 Mệnh đề quan hệ nối tiếp

● Mệnh đề quan hệ nối tiếp được dùng để giải thích, bổ sung ý nghĩa cho cả một mệnh đề

đứng trước nó.Trường hợp này chỉ sử dụng đại từ quan hệ which và dùng dấu phẩy để

tách hai mệnh đề.

● Mệnh đề nối tiếp luôn đứng ở cuối câu.

Eg: Tim forget Mary’s birthday, which makes her sad.

Mệnh đề quan hệ “which makes her sad” bổ sung ý nghĩa cho cả mệnh đề “Tim forget Mary’s

birthday”

3. Các đại từ quan hệ

3.1. Who

- Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, “who” có thể đóng vai trò là chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ trong

mệnh đề trong hệ.

● Khi “who” là chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, theo sau nó là một động từ.

Eg: The little boy who is riding the bike is my kid.

● Khi “who” sẽ đóng vai trò như một tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, theo sau nó là chủ

ngữ của động từ.

Eg: Do you know the man who I met yesterday?

3.2. Whom

- Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người làm tân ngữ, “ whom” đóng vai trò là tân ngữ trong mệnh đề

quan hệ, theo sau nó là chủ ngữ của động từ.

Eg: The beautiful woman whom we saw yesterday is a doctor.

Mệnh đề quan hệ “whom we saw yesterday” bổ nghĩa cho danh từ “the beautiful woman”. Đại từ

“whom” là tân ngữ của động từ “saw” và được theo sau bởi chủ ngữ “we”.

- Lưu ý: Ta có thể sử dụng “who” thay thế cho “whom”

3.3. Which:

- Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật, “which” có thể đóng vai trò là chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ trong

mệnh đề trong hệ.

- Khi “which” là chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, theo sau nó là một động từ.

Eg: The mug which is on the right side is mine.

 ● Khi “which” sẽ đóng vai trò như một tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, theo sau nó là chủ

ngữ của động từ.

Eg: The story which she told me yesterday is very interesting.

3.4. That

- Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ cả người lẫn vật, có thể sử dụng để thay thế cho Who, Whom và

Which trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định.

Eg: This is the book which I like best. => This is the book that I like best.

He is the person whom I admire most. => He is the person that I admire most.

3.5. Whose

- Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, thay cho tính từ sở hữu, theo sau whose luôn là 1 danh từ.

- có thể dùng “of which” thay thế cho “whose” mà không làm thay đổi ý nghĩa của câu.

Eg: The boy whose pen you borrowed yesterday is Harry.

- Lưu ý: Đại từ quan hệ (trừ whose) có thể được lược bỏ khi đại từ quan hệ đóng vai trò

tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (phía trước nó không có dấu phẩy và không có

giới từ).

Eg: Here is the laptop which I bought. => Here is the laptop I bought.

This is Lisa, whom I told you about. => Không lược bỏ được đại từ quan hệ vì đây là mệnh đề quan

hệ không xác định (trước whom có dấu phẩy.)

This is the school in which I study. => Không lược bỏ được đại từ quan hệ vì đây là mệnh đề quan

hệ không xác định (trước which có giới từ in.)

This is the boy who lives near my house. => Không lược bỏ được đại từ quan hệ vì who là chủ ngữ

trong mệnh đề quan hệ.

4. Các trạng từ quan hệ trong tiếng Anh

4.1. When
 - Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ thời gian, đứng sau từ chỉ thời gian. Tùy thuộc vào thời gian

được nhắc đến, chúng ta có thể sử dụng at which, on which hoặc in which để thay thế

cho when.

Eg: May Day is the day when people hold meetings.

=> May Day is the day on which people hold meetings.

That was the time when he started becoming rich.

=> That was the time at which he started becoming rich.

4.2. Where

- Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ nơi trốn, đứng sau từ chỉ nơi chốn.

- Tùy thuộc vào thời gian được nhắc đến, chúng ta có thể sử dụng at which, on which hoặc

in which để thay thế cho where.

Eg: That blue house is the house where we used to live.

=> That blue house is the house in which we used to live.

=> That blue house is the house which we used to live in.

California is the hotel where she is staying.

=> California is the hotel at which she is staying.

=> California is the hotel which she is staying at.

4.3. Why

- Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ lý do, theo sau bởi tiền ngữ “the reason”. Why dùng để

thay thế cho “for the reason”. Chúng ta có thể sử dụng “for which” để thay thế cho

“why”.

Eg: He did not tell me the reason why he broke up with me.

=> He did not tell me the reason for which he broke up with me.

5. Một số lưu ý về mệnh đề quan hệ

1. Nếu trong mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ thì giới từ có thể đặt trước hoặc sau mệnh đề quan hệ

(chỉ áp dụng với whom và which.)

Eg: Fortunately, we had an old map, without which we would get lost.

Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.

Mr. Brown is a nice teacher. We studied with him last year.

→ Mr. Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a nice teacher.

→ Mr. Brown, whom we studied with last year, is a nice teacher.

2. Có thể dùng which thay cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước.

Eg: She can't come to my birthday party. That makes me sad.

→ She can't come to my birthday party, which makes me sad.

3. Ở vịtrí túc từ, whom có thể được thay bằng who.

Eg: I'd like to talk to the man whom / who I met at your birthday party.

4. Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định , chúng ta có thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ: whom,

which.

Eg: The girl you met yesterday is my close friend. The book you lent me was very interesting.

5. Các cụm từ chỉ số lượng some of, both of, all of, neither of, many of, none of ... có thể được

dùng trước whom, which và whose.

Eg: I have two sisters, both of whom are students. She tried on three dresses, none of which

fitted her.

6. Các trường hợp sau đây bắt buộc phải dùng ‘that’

● Khi cụm từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ vừa là danh từ chỉ người và vật

Eg: She told me a lot about the places and people that he had visited in her country.

Khi đại từ quan hệ theo sau danh từ có các tính từ so sánh hơn nhất

Eg: This is the most interesting book that I’ve ever read.

● Khi đại từ quan hệ theo sau danh từ đi cùng với all, only và very

Eg: That is all that I can say.

I bought the only coat that they had.

● Khi đại từ quan hệ theo sau các đại từ bất định

Eg: He never says anything that pleases people.

Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn

1. Khi đại từ quan hệ là chủ ngữ của mệnh đề chủ động

Khi đại từ quan hệ là chủ ngữ của mệnh đề chủ động, chúng ta lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ, to be

(nếu có) và chuyển động từ về dạng V-ing.

Ex:

The girl who is sitting next to the only boy in class is my sister

=>The girl sitting next to the only boy in class is my sister

2. Khi đại từ quan hệ là chủ ngữ của mệnh đề bịđộng

Khi đại từ quan hệ là chủ ngữ của mệnh đề bịđộng, chúng ta lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ, to be và

chuyển động từ về dạng phân từ II.

Ex:

The house which is being built at the moment belongs to Mr Thomas.

=> The house built at the moment belongs to Mr Thomas.

3. Khi đại từ quan hệ theo sau bởi to be và danh từ/cụm danh từ

Khi đại từ quan hệ theo sau bởi to be và danh từ/cụm danh từ, chúng ta lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ

và to be.

Ex:

Football, which is a very popular sport, is good for health.

=> Football, a very popular sport, is good for health.

4. Rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu - Infinitive relative clause (active / passive)

Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (To-infinitive) khi trước đại từ

quan hệ có các cụm từ: the first, the second, the last, the only hoặc hình thức so sánh bậc nhất.

Ví dụ

a. Active: - The first student who comes to class has to clean the board.

The first student to come to class has to clean the board.

b. Passive: - The only room which was painted yesterday was Mary’s.

The only room to be painted yesterday was Mary’s.

Notes: Chúng ta không sử dụng active hay passive to-infinitive sau an

5. Mệnh đề rút gọn tính từ có dạng be và tính từ/cụm tính từ

 ● BỎ who, which…to be -> GIỮ NGUYÊN tính từ phía sau.

- Nếu phía trước that là đại từ phiếm chỉ như something, anything, anybody…

Ex: There must be something that is wrong => There must be something wrong.

- Có dấu phẩy phía trước và phải có từ 2 tính từ trở lên.

Ex: My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house => My grandmother, old

and sick, never goes out of the house.

VD: The teacher punishes anyone breaking the rules. (=...anyone who breaks rules.)

● I live in a building having forty storeys. (=....building which has forty...)

● The house painted in red is where John lives. (= The house which is painted in red....)

● People invited are expected to be formally dressed for the occasion. (= People who are

invited .....)

Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn

1. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng V-ing

Khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở dạng chủ động, chúng ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ, bỏ

V to be (nếu có), và chuyển động từ thành V-ing.

Ex: The man who teaches Math is Mr. John.

= The man teaching Math is Mr. John.

The cat which is lying on the ground is cute.

= The cat lying on the ground is cute.

The girl who is sitting next to the only boy in class is my sister

=>The girl sitting next to the only boy in class is my sister

Nếu sau khi lược bỏ, động từ chính ta có dạng “having”, ta có thể đổi having thành with và not

having thành without.

Ex: Students who have high marks will receive scholarships from school.

= Students having high marks will receive scholarships from school.

= Students with high marks will receive scholarships from school.

People who don’t have their passport cannot travel abroad.

= People not having their passport cannot travel abroad.

= People without their passport cannot travel abroad.

2. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng V-ed

Tiếp theo, trong trường hợp động từ của mệnh đề quan hệ ở dạng bịđộng (chủ ngữ/tân ngữ

bị thực hiện hành động nào), ta lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ, lược bỏ V to be và giữ nguyên động từ

chính dạng Phân từ II (PII)

Ex: The woman who was interviewed last week got the job.

= The woman interviewed last week got the job.

Hermes will burn all the clothes that weren’t bought.

= Hermes will burn all the clothes not bought.

3. Rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (To-infinitive) - Infinitive relative clause (active /

passive)

Trong câu chứa mệnh đề quan hệ, khi đứng trước danh từ được bổ nghĩa có những từ chỉ số thứ

tự (the first, the second,…) hoặc so sánh nhất, hoặc các từ như: the only, the last,… ta bỏ đại từ

quan hệ, chuyển động từ thành dạng động từ nguyên mẫu (To-infinitive)

a. Active: - The first student who comes to class has to clean the board.

The first student to come to class has to clean the board.

b. Passive: - The only room which was painted yesterday was Mary’s.

The only room to be painted yesterday was Mary’s.

Notes: Chúng ta không sử dụng active hay passive to-infinitive sau an

Ex: She is the last person who left home.

= She is the last person to leave home.

You are the first person who love me.

= You are the first person to love me.

Khi động từ chính trong câu là have, hoặc câu bắt đầu bằng there…, here…. ta cũng dùng mệnh

đề quan hệ rút gọn với to V.

Ex: We have many games that we can play.

= We have many games to play.

There are two cakes which are made today.

= There are two cakes to be made today.

Here is my phone number which you can call.

= Here is my phone number for you to call.

Một số lưu ý khi dùng mệnh đề rút gọn to V:

1. Nếu chủ ngữ hai mệnh đề khác nhau, ta thêm cụm for somebody trước to V.

● Do you have some books that children can read?

= Do you have some books for children to read?

2. Khi chủ ngữ là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như we, you, everyone…. thì có thể không cần ghi

ra

● Working in an international company is a great thing that we should think about.

= Working in an international company is a great thing to think about.

3. Nếu trước đại từ quan hệ có giới từ (on which, with who,…), ta phải để giới từ xuống cuối câu.

● There is a table on which we can put our bags.

= There is a table to put our bags on.

4. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cụm danh từ

Khi mệnh đề quan hệ có dạng: which/who + be + danh từ/cụm danh từ, ta có thể bỏ cả

which và be.

We visited Hanoi, which is the capital of Vietnam

= We visited Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam.

Son Tung, who is my favorite singer, will release a new song this month.

= Son Tung, my favorite singer, will release a new song this month.

2.5. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng tính từ/cụm tính từ

Để miêu tả về một người/vật, ta có thể bỏ which/who/that… + be (chỉ để lại tính từ).

Ex: Mrs Lien, who is really old and weak, rarely goes out.

= Mrs Lien, really old and weak, rarely goes out.

The princess, who looks beautiful and elegant in the long dress, comes to me.

= The princess, beautiful and elegant in the long dress, comes to me.

- Nếu phía trước that là đại từ phiếm chỉ như something, anything, anybody…

Ex: There must be something that is wrong => There must be something wrong.

2. Lưu ý về các cách rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ

● Xác định động từ là chủ động hay bịđộng, tránh rút gọn nhầm dạng V-ing và V-ed.

● Nếu trong câu là động từ have/not have, có thể đổi sang with/without.

● Với động từ chủ động, nếu sau khi rút gọn mà động từ trở thành being thì chúng ta có

thể lược bỏ being luôn (đây cũng là dạng rút gọn bằng danh từ/tính từ)

We can't use a reduced relative clause:

1. when the event or action in the defining relative clause comes before the event or action in

the main clause.

● Trees which fell in the storm have been removed.

● Trees falling in the storm have been removed.

unless it is the cause of the event or action in the main clause:

● Trees which fell in the storm have resulted in several accidents.

● Trees falling in the storm have resulted in several accidents.

2. with active single completed actions

● The boy who fell off his bicycle broke his leg.

The boy falling off his bicycle broke his leg.

● But we can use a reduced relative clause with passive single completed actions

● The boy who was knocked off his bicycle broke his leg.

The boy knocked off his bicycle broke his leg.

3. In passive sentences when:

● a. there is a noun (or as here, a pronoun) between the relative pronoun and the verb:

● It was the way in which he was sacked that particularly shocked me.

NOT the way in which he sacked ...

● b. when there is a modal other than will in the defining relative clause

The students who will be selected tomorrow will be offered a scholarship

 The students selected tomorrow will be ...

The students who should be selected are those that have worked the hardest.

NOT The students selected tomorrow are those …

Ex:The man who is in charge of this project is my boss.

= The man being in charge of this project is my boss.

= The man in charge of this project is my boss

My wife, who is a famous model, used to be an accountant.

= My wife, being a famous model, used to be an accountant.

= My wife, a famous model, used to be an accountant.

I – Bài tập

Bài 1: Chọn đáp án đúng nhất

1.Mr. Ken, ______ is living next door, is a dentist.

A. that B. who C. whom D. what

2. Her computer ______ was my friend’s got broke.

A. which B. whom C. who D. that

3. The man _______ she wanted to see her family.

A. which B. where C. whom D. who

4. Her grandmother, _______ is 70, often takes exercise.

A. what B. who C. where D. which

5. The woman _______ came here two days ago is her professor.

A. who B. that C. whom D. what

6. The really happy people are those ……enjoy their daily work.

A. what B. who C. which D. where

7. Freedom is something for ________ millions have given their lives.

A. which B. where C. whom D. who

8. My girlfriend loves tokbokki, _________ is Korean food.

A. which B. where C. whom D. who

9. Blair passed the exam last week, ________ is great news.

A. who B. that C. which D. whom

10. The book ________ is in the car is his brother’s.

A. who B. that C. which D. whom

11. The man_____ lives behind my house is a doctor.

A.that B. who C. which D. whom

12. Peter, _____ I played video games with on the weekend, was younger than me.

A.that B. who C. which D. whom

13. The old building__________is in front of my house fell down.

A. of which B. which C. whose D. whom

14. We’ll come in July __________the schools are on holiday.

A. that B. where C. which D. when

21. The film about _____ they are talking about is fantastic.

A. who C. whom

B. which D. that

22. The people ____ for the bus in the rain are getting well.

A. waiting C. waited

B. to wait D. wait

23. He is the boy _______ is my best friend.

A. that C. who

B. whom D. A& C

24. I have a message for people _____ by the traffic chaos.

A. to delay C. delayed

B. who delay D. who delaying

25. I live in a pleasant room ____________ the garden.

A. to overlook C. overlooked

B. overlooking D. which overlooking

26. Melanie was the only person _____ a letter of thanks.

A. wrote C. to write

B. written D. writing

27. The pilot was the only man _______ after the crash.
A.was rescued C. rescuing

B. rescued D. to be rescued

28. I met a lot of new people at the party ________ names I can’t remember.

A. whose C. who

B. which D. whom

29. I’ll see you near the post office ___________ we met the other day.

A. which C. when

B. where D. why

30. Tell me the reason ______ you were absent yesterday.

A. where C. why

B. when D. that

Bài 3: Viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa không đổi

1. The man is her father. You met him last week.

➔ _______________________________________.
2. Zoe likes the blue T-shirt. My sister is wearing it.
➔ _______________________________________.
3. Show me the new hats. You bought them last night.

➔ _______________________________________.
4. Zoe has a sister. Her sister’s name is Juma.
➔ _______________________________________.
5. That is a company. It produces rings.
➔ _______________________________________.
6. The children were attracted by the show. It was performed so many.

➔ _______________________________________.
7. My best friend can compose songs. Ly sings folk songs very well.
➔ _______________________________________.
8. Tet is a festival. Tet often happens in late January or early February.

➔ _______________________________________.
9. Zoe bought a new phone yesterday. I can use it to send and receive messages.
➔ _______________________________________.
 10. Jack is the boy. He is giving my mom a gift.

➔ _______________________________________.

Bài 4: Tìm và sửa lỗi sai

1. The film who I watched yesterday was interesting.

2. I like that dress whom is really beautiful.

3. The only house to be paint last week was Oanh’s.

4. Do you get on with the person which lives behind?

5. A dictionary is a book whom gives her the meaning of words.

I. Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or THAT:

1. The men _______ lives next-door are English.

2. The dictionary _______ you gave me is very good.

3. Do you know the girls _______ are standing outside the church?

4. The police are looking for the thief _______ got into my house last night.

5. The chocolate _______ you like comes from the United States.

6. I have lost the necklace _______ my mother gave me on my birthday.

7. A burglar is someone _______ breaks into a house and steals things.

8. Buses _______ go to the airport run every half hour.

9. I can't find the key _______ opens this door.

10. I gave you a book _______ had many pictures.

11. I don't like the boy _______ Sue is going out with.

12. Did you see the beautiful dress _______ she wore yesterday.

13. The man _______ she is going to marry is very rich.

14. This is the bank _______ was robbed yesterday.

15. He wore a mask _______ made him look like Mickey Mouse.

II. Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or WHOSE:

1. He arrived with a friend ______ waited outside in the car.

2. The man ______ mobile was ringing did not know what to do.

3. The car ______ the robbers escaped in was a BMW.

4. The woman ______ daughter was crying tried to calm her down.

5. The postman ______ works in the village is very old.

6. The family ______ car was stolen last week is the Smiths.

7. The cowboy ______ is wearing a red shirt looks very funny.

8. A bus is a big car ______ carries lots of people.

9. The volunteers, ______ enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly.

10. Children ______ like music are often good at mathematics.

11. The engineers ______ designed the building received an award.

12. The girl ______ recited the poem is my niece.

13. The townspeople, ______ pride in their community is well- known, raised enough money to

build a new town hall.

14. The Pacific Ocean, ______ might have been crossed by raft during the Stone Age, is the

world's largest ocean.

15. The newspaper to ______ we subscribe is delivered regularly.

III. Put who/ whom/ which/ that/ where…. in the blank

1. The parents thanked the woman ____had saved their son

2. The factory _____closed last week had been there for many years

3. Two men, neither of _____I had been before, came into my office.

4. I like the ice-cream ____they sell in that shop

5. He ate the food _____ no one else wanted

6. John has got a new mobile phone ____ takes photos

7. The village _____ I ran out of petrol didn’t have a petrol station

8. The job for _____she has applied is in London

9. John sold his computer, _____he no longer need, to his cousin

10. Teddy has two cars, one of ____ is very expensive.

IV. Combine These Pairs Of Sentences Using Relative Pronouns:

1. The first boy has just moved. He knows the truth.

.................................................. .................................................. ......

2. I don't remember the man. You said you met him at the canteen last week.
.................................................. .................................................. ......

3. The only thing is how to go home. It makes me worried.

.................................................. .................................................. ......

4. The most beautiful girl lives in the city. I like her long hair very much.

.................................................. .................................................. ......

5. He was Tom. I met him at the bar yesterday.

.................................................. .................................................. ......

6. The children often go swimming on Sundays. They have much free time then.

.................................................. .................................................. ......

7. They are looking for the man and his dog. They have lost their way in the forest.

.................................................. .................................................. ......

8. The tree has lovely flowers. The tree stands near the gate of my house.

.................................................. .................................................. ......

9. My wife wants you to come to dinner. You were speaking to my wife

.................................................. .................................................. ......

10. The last man has just returned from the farm. I want to talk to him at once.

.................................................. .................................................. ......

11. The students will be awarded the present. The students' reports are very valuable.

.................................................. .................................................. ......

12. The book was a lovely story. I was reading it yesterday.

.................................................. .................................................. ......

13. The botanist will never forget the day. He found a strange plant on that day.

.................................................. .................................................. ......

14. Someone is phoning you. He looked for you three hours ago.

.................................................. .................................................. ......

15. The man works for my father's company. The man's daughter is fond of dancing.

.................................................. .................................................. ......

V. Rewrite the following sentences by using relative clauses

1. He worked for a woman. She used to be an artist.

2. They called a doctor. He lived nearby.

3. I wrote an email to my sister. She lives in Italy.

4. Linh liked the waiter. He was very friendly.

5. We broke a car. It belonged to my uncle.

6. Ba dropped a cup. It was new.

7. Nam loves books. They have happy endings.

8. I live in a city. It is in the north of Vietnam.

9. The man is in the class. He is wearing a blue hat.

10. The woman works in a hospital. She is from India.

11. My sister has four sons. She lives in Japan.

12. The man was rude. He was wearing a red shirt.

13. The phone is on the table. It belongs to An.

14. The TV got broken. It was my grandfather’s.

15. The radio was stolen. It was bought 35 years ago.

16. The girl gave Binh his phone. She is his daughter.

17. This is the laptop. My mother has just bought it.

18. That’s the man. His car is a Ferrari.

19. I know the woman. She lives upstairs.

20. It’s the dog. I always talk to him at night.

21. She opened the cupboard. She kept her best glasses in there.

22. This is the house. General Giap lived here.

23. The flight was canceled. We were going to take it.

24. I saw the lady in the shop. She was Vicki Zhao.

25. The man is a director. His dog is sick.

26. My violin is missing. It was my birthday present.

27. I first learned English from a book. I’ve just reread it.

28. The police officer has just arrested a man. He robbed the bank.

29. These are the shoes. I bought them at HCMC.

Exercise 1: Use a participle clause to add the information in italics to the main sentence.

1. They called a lawyer. The lawyer lived nearby.

_______________________________________________________________

2. We broke the computer. The computer belongs to my father.

_______________________________________________________________

3. The man is in the garden. The man is wearing a blue jumper.

_______________________________________________________________

4. We found a doctor. The doctor works at a hospital in Madrid.

_______________________________________________________________

5. People will not be allowed to enter. People have arrived late.

_______________________________________________________________

6. Don’t wake the baby. The baby is sleeping in the next room.

_______________________________________________________________

7. Who is that boy? The boy is walking in the forest.

_______________________________________________________________

8. The man is over there. The man wants coffee.

_______________________________________________________________

9. Those books were mine. Those books had been lying on the table.

_______________________________________________________________

10. Julia is on the train. The train is arriving at Platform 3.

_______________________________________________________________ .

Exercise 2: Use a participle clause to add the information in italics to the main sentence.

1. The television was stolen. The television was bought 20 years ago.

_______________________________________________________________

2. I often buy cheese. The cheese is imported from Paris.

_______________________________________________________________

3. The bread is in the kitchen. The bread was brought by John.

_______________________________________________________________
4. We live in a house. The house was built by my grandfather.

_______________________________________________________________

5. The money has been given to charity. The money was found in the street.

_______________________________________________________________

6. We all praised the cake. The cake was baked by my mother.

_______________________________________________________________

7. The robber ran away. The robber was seen by David.

_______________________________________________________________

8. I really loved the flowers. The flowers were grown in London.

_______________________________________________________________

9. The coffee is very strong. The coffee is drunk in Turkey.

_______________________________________________________________

10. I don’t know much about the games. The games are played by children nowadays.

_______________________________________________________________

Exercise 3 - match the sentence halves and complete the sentences below using a present (-

ing) participle. Don't add any punctuation.

1. Some employees have to work late a She moved to Australia

2. A doctor lived in this house before us b She caught a shoplifter

3. Some doctors attended a conference on c They will be provided with taxis

malaria

4. A blonde woman is wearing a dark suit d They urged governments to act

5. Several roads lead to the city centre e They were all closed for the parade

6. A woman runs the local shop f She is the new boss

1. Employees .
 2. The doctor .

3. Doctors .

4. The blonde woman .

5. All roads .

6. The woman .

Exercise 4 - match the sentence halves and complete the sentences below using a present (-

ing) or past (-ed etc) participle. Don't add any punctuation.

1. A driver has been stopped by the a He is going out with my sister

police

2. A dog was hit by our neighbour's car b It is not seriously hurt

3. A young man is playing the guitar c He was three times over the legal

limit

4. A lorry overturned on the motorway d He was nearly knocked down by a

bus

5. A horse is being ridden by a jockey in e It caused two lanes to be closed

blue

6. An elderly man was crossing the f It is the odds-on favourite to win

street

1. The driver .

2. The dog .

3. The young man .

4. A lorry .
5. The horse .

6. An elderly man .

Exercise 5:

1. She worked for a man. The man used to be an athlete.

_______________________________________________________________

2. They called a lawyer. The lawyer lived nearby.

_______________________________________________________________

3. I sent an email to my brother. My brother lives in Australia.

_______________________________________________________________

4. The customer liked the waitress. The waitress was very friendly.

_______________________________________________________________

5. We broke the computer. The computer belonged to my father.

_______________________________________________________________

6. I dropped a glass. The glass was new.

_______________________________________________________________

7. She loves books. The books have happy endings.

_______________________________________________________________

8. They live in a city. The city is in the north of England.

_______________________________________________________________

9. The man is in the garden. The man is wearing a blue jumper.

_______________________________________________________________

10. The girl works in a bank. The girl is from India.

_______________________________________________________________

11. My sister has three children. My sister lives in Australia.

_______________________________________________________________

12. The waiter was rude. The waiter was wearing a blue shirt.

_______________________________________________________________

13. The money is in the kitchen. The money belongs to John.

_______________________________________________________________
 14. The table got broken. The table was my grandmother’s.

_______________________________________________________________

15. The television was stolen. The television was bought 20 years ago.

_______________________________________________________________

16. The fruit is on the table. The fruit isn’t fresh.

_______________________________________________________________.

Exercise 6 - Complete the sentences with a verb from the first box in participle form together

with an expression from the second.

find · chat · stand · pile out · wag · be involved · play · be most

interested

in the robbery · with the yoyo · on the phone · of the cinema · on the street · its tail · at the bus stop · in

buying

1. The woman was in a hurry so she hailed a taxi.

2. I think the dog is a Jack Russel.

3. The crowds looked very happy.

4. The people were the Joneses.

5. The men have all been arrested.

6. The wallet was handed in to the police.

7. The girl over there is the new secretary.

8. The young boy is my brother.

Exercise 7- Rewrite the sentences. Use a reduced relative clause where possible

1. The woman who is talking to your mother is my aunt.

_______________________________________________________________

2. The man who is standing by the window is my uncle.

_______________________________________________________________

3. All those who do not need to buy tickets please go straight in.

_______________________________________________________________

4. The first vineyard which I ever saw was in Germany.

_______________________________________________________________

5. Wikipedia, which was launched in 2001, is one of the great internet successes.

_______________________________________________________________

6. Animals which share the savannah include wildebeest and gazelles.

_______________________________________________________________

7. All the candidates who were selected were given a second interview.

_______________________________________________________________

8. All those who passed the test were given a second interview.

_______________________________________________________________

9. LOL, which stands for Laughing Out Loud, is now in the OED.

_______________________________________________________________

10. The bouquet was made from flowers which were grown locally.

_______________________________________________________________

11. This the man who I was talking to you about.

_______________________________________________________________

12. The man who won yesterday's lottery lives next door.

_______________________________________________________________

13. The people who are crossing the street are trying to get a better view.

_______________________________________________________________

EXERCISE 8: Choose the correct verb forms for the participle clauses.

1. __________________ you don't like seafood, I've cooked some chicken too.

A. Knowing

B. Having known

C. Known

2. __________________ by his hurtful remarks, she slammed down the phone.

A. Being angered

B. Angered

C. Having angered
3. __________________ her work, I'm sure she'll do a good job.

A. Seen

B. Being seen

C. Having seen

4. __________________ you haven't got much time, it might be better to do this tomorrow.

A. Seen

B. Having seen

C. Seeing

5. __________________ the book, I can't really give you an opinion.

A. Not reading

B. Not having read

C. Haven't reading

6. Who is that woman over there __________________ to Steven?

A. talked

B. talking

C. having talked

7. He was sitting at a large desk __________________ high with files and papers.

A. piling

B. having piled

C. piled

8. Several old cars, __________________ by their owners, lay rusting in the grass.

A. having abandoned

B. abandoned

C. abandoning
 9. He accidently kicked a table, __________________ plates and glasses crashing to the

floor.

A. sending

B. sent

C. having sent

10. Could I have a list of students __________________ the test next week.

A. taken

B. taking

C. having taken

11. One of the three people __________________ yesterday has been released.

A. arrested

B. arresting

C. being arrested

12. The deck was crowded with passengers __________________ farewell to their friends

on the pier.

A. waved

B. having waved

C. waving

EXERCISE 9

1. I liked the house. Its roof was made of red tiles.

2. A spade is a tool. You dig with it.

3. Here is the museum. I told you about it.

4. I can't respect politicians. Their only ambition is to be in power.

5. This is the man. We bought the ring from him.

6. We can't afford new cars. Their price is too high.

7. Where is the cassette? We listened to it.

8. The film is about a king. His brother kills him.

9. I met some people. Their houses were badly damaged.

10. What have you done with the pen? I left it on the table.

11. I can hear the noise. It comes from the garage.

Exercise 10: Join the sentences by changing the second of each pair into a relative clause.

1. That’s the ship. We travelled on it.

_________________________________________

2. That’s the type of sport. I know nothing about it.

____________________________________________________________

3. Here is the address. You should write to this address.

____________________________________________________________

4. The book belongs to me. You were looking at it just now.

____________________________________________________________

5. I couldn’t recognise the house. He lived in it.

____________________________________________________________

6. A travel agency has booked the hotel. Jim is going to stay in it.

____________________________________________________________

7. Those are the boys. Michael is hiding from them.

____________________________________________________________

8. He didn’t get the job. He applied for it.

____________________________________________________________

9. I wasn’t interested in the things. They were talking about them.

____________________________________________________________

10. I don’t know the boy. They went with him.

___________________________________________________________

11. The people are very nice. I work with them.

____________________________________________________________

12. What’s the music? You are listening to it.

____________________________________________________________

13. I found the book. He has been looking for it.

____________________________________________________________

14. The yellow car is my car. Everybody is looking at it.

____________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 11:

1. They found the money. I dropped the money.

_______________________________________________________________

2. I broke the plate. The plate was a wedding present.

_______________________________________________________________

3. The police arrested the man. I saw the man steal a handbag.

_______________________________________________________________

4. The Queen fired the chef. We had met the chef.

_______________________________________________________________

5. She wrote to her friend. Her friend lives in Vietnam.

_______________________________________________________________

6. Jill ate the sandwich. The sandwich had tomato and cheese inside.

_______________________________________________________________

7. His friend lives in Scotland. His friend is a lawyer.

_______________________________________________________________

8. We called the secretary. I went to school with the secretary.

_______________________________________________________________

9. The CD is in my bag. The CD has Spanish music.

_______________________________________________________________

10. The book is very interesting. The book is about Japanese culture.

_______________________________________________________________

11. The bag was stolen. I bought the bag yesterday.

_______________________________________________________________

12. He likes films. The films come from Asia.

_______________________________________________________________

13. My nephew broke the plate. I received the plate as a present.

_______________________________________________________________

14. The chocolate was very old. We bought the chocolate last week.

_______________________________________________________________
15. The TV programme was very funny. Lucy recommended the TV programme.

_______________________________________________________________

16. The girl is on TV tonight. I met the girl yesterday.

_______________________________________________________________

EXERCISE 12:

1. The man was late. Julie invited the man.

_______________________________________________________________

2. The doctor was sick. I wanted to see the doctor.

_______________________________________________________________

3. The accountant was arrested. The accountant works for my father’s company.

_______________________________________________________________

4. I wrote to the friend. You met the friend last week.

_______________________________________________________________

5. The mobile phone can’t be fixed. The mobile phone is broken.

_______________________________________________________________

6. John made a copy of the photo. I took the photo.

_______________________________________________________________

7. I met a girl. The girl was a doctor.

_______________________________________________________________

8. We called a doctor. The doctor works at a hospital in London.

_______________________________________________________________

9. We like the actor. The actor was in a famous film.

_______________________________________________________________

10. I went to the restaurant. I read about the restaurant in the newspaper.

_______________________________________________________________

11. She bought a car. Her sister liked the car.

_______________________________________________________________

12. I often buy cheese. The cheese is imported from Paris.

_______________________________________________________________
13. The hairdresser was very good. The hairdresser has red hair.

_______________________________________________________________

14. The child is playing in the garden. We see the child often.

_______________________________________________________________

15. The nurse is in the office. The nurse treated my grandmother.

_______________________________________________________________

16. The car is in the garage. The car broke down.

_______________________________________________________________

EXERCISE 13:

1. We ate the fruit. I bought the fruit.

_______________________________________________________________

2. She bought the computer. Her brother had recommended the computer.

_______________________________________________________________

3. He lost the money. I had given him the money.

_______________________________________________________________

4. We called the taxi company. Julie often uses the taxi company.

_______________________________________________________________

5. John met a girl. I used to employ the girl.

_______________________________________________________________

6. Lucy called the doctor. My mother knows the doctor.

_______________________________________________________________

7. He brought a woman. I used to often meet the woman .

_______________________________________________________________

8. We employed the lawyer. Julie recommended the lawyer.

_______________________________________________________________

9. The fruit is on the table. I bought the fruit.

_______________________________________________________________

10. The wallet belongs to John. Lucy found the wallet in the garden.

_______________________________________________________________
11. The food was delicious. David cooked the food.

_______________________________________________________________

12. The car was stolen. My father gave me the car.

_______________________________________________________________

13. The man was arrested. I reported the man to the police.

_______________________________________________________________

14. The doctor was right. Lucy asked the doctor about her problem.

_______________________________________________________________

15. The waitress was very pretty. My brother dated the waitress.

_______________________________________________________________

16. The secretary is in the office. The boss likes the secretary.

_______________________________________________________________

EXERCISE 14:

1. The music is good. Julie listens to the music.

→ The music

_______________________________________________________________

2. My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.

→ My brother

_______________________________________________________________

3. The country is very hot. He went to the country.

→ The country

_______________________________________________________________

4. I visited the city. John comes from the city.

→ I visited

_______________________________________________________________

5. The job is well paid. She applied for the job.

→ The job

_______________________________________________________________

6. The dog is over there. The dog's / its owner lives next door.
→ The dog

_______________________________________________________________

7. The little girl is sad. The little girl's / her doll was lost.

→ The little

girl_______________________________________________________________

8. The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.

→ The

woman_______________________________________________________________

9. The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.

→ The house

_______________________________________________________________

10. Mont Blanc is between France and Italy. It is the highest mountain in the Alps.

_______________________________________________________________

11. Alfred Hitchcock was born in Britain. He worked for many years in Hollywood.

______________________________________________________________________

12. The sun is really a star. It is 93 million miles from the earth

______________________________________________________________________

13. John F Kennedy died in 1963. He was a very famous American President.

______________________________________________________________________

14. Charlie Chaplin was from a poor family. He became a very rich man.

______________________________________________________________________

15. The 1992 Olympics were held in Barcelona. It is the north-east of Spain.

______________________________________________________________________

16. We went to see the Crown Jewels. They are kept in the Tower of London.

______________________________________________________________________

17. Greta Garbo. (She was born in Sweden.) She moved to America in 1925.

_______________________________________________________________

18. Football. (It first started in Britain.) It is now popular in many countries.

Football,_______________________________________________________________
 19. Margaret Thatcher. (She was the Prime Minister of Britain for 11 years.) She studied

science at university.

______________________________________________________________________

20. Michelangelo. (He lived until he was 90.) He is one of Italy’s greatest artists.

______________________________________________________________________

21. The Nile. (It runs through several countries.) It is the longest river in Africa.

______________________________________________________________________

22. Gandhi. (He was born in1869.) He became India’s nationalist leader.

______________________________________________________________________

23. Elephants. (They are found in Africa and India.) They live to a great age.

______________________________________________________________________

24. a. Martina Navratilova. (She was born in Prague.) She became a US citizen in 1981.

______________________________________________________________________

25. Darwin. (His ideas changed our view of the world.) He travelled to a lot of countries

when he was young.

______________________________________________________________________

26. Madonna. (Her parents were born in Italy.) She is a famous American singer.

______________________________________________________________________

27. Bill Clinton. (His wife is a brilliant lawyer.) He became President of the USA in 1993.

______________________________________________________________________

28. Sebastian Coe. (He was a successful English runner.) He is now a politician.

______________________________________________________________________

29. Catherine of Russia. (She ruled for over 30 years.) She made many important changes.

_____________________________________________________________________

VI. Combine two sentences by using reduced relative clauses

1. She bought the car. Her father had recommended it.

2. He lost the pen. I had given it to him.

3. We called the delivery company. Nga often uses it.

4. Lam met a girl. I used to employ her.

5. Chi called the lawyer. My mother knows him.

6. He brought a woman. I worked with her last year.

7. We employed the pianist. Hai introduced her.

8. The cake is on the table. I bought it.

9. The book belongs to Lan. An found it under the chair.

10. The food was delicious. Huy cooked the food.

11. The bike was stolen. My parents gave me the bike.

12. The man was arrested. I reported him to the police.

13. The teacher was right. Ngan asked him about her problem.

14. The writer was very pretty. My brother dated her.

15. The secretary is in the office. Dzung likes her.

16. We ate the food. I bought the food

Bài 5: Nối 2 câu sau thành 1 câu liền mạch (rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ)

1. Zoe is the girl. She phoned the police yesterday.

➔ _________________________________________.
2. I buy a dress which is beautiful and fashionable.
➔ _________________________________________.
3. The woman who is standing over there is my teacher.

➔ _________________________________________.
4. The last student that was interviewed was Zoe.

➔ _________________________________________.
5. Those are books. Jack has just bought them from the bookstore.
➔ _________________________________________.
6. The Maldives, which is best known for foreign travelers, has pleasant weather.

➔ _________________________________________.
7. They had a pool in which they could swim.

➔ ________________________________________.