Training Workshop On The: Promotion of Improved On-Farm Shrimp Feed Management Practices

TRAINING WORKSHOP ON THE
PROMOTION OF IMPROVED
ON-FARM SHRIMP FEED
MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
NATURAL FOOD AVAILABIITY
SHRIMP STOCKING DENSITY COMPLETE DIET FEEDING

OBJECTIVE OF THE TRAINING
The objective of the training will be adoption of `Improved On-Farm Feed

Management Practices’ by small-scale shrimp farmers, through
1) The use of improved record keeping & understanding of shrimp feed &
feeding costs,
2) The use of improved feed transportation and on-farm feed storage
methods,
3) The use of improved on-farm shrimp feed application methods,
4) The promotion of increased technical support by feed companies to meet
small-scale shrimp farmer needs and requirements, and
5) The development of technical guidelines concerning `Good On-Farm
Shrimp Feed Management Practices’.
TRAINING PROGRAMS
Trainer Training workshops (TOT): Two-day TOTs will be held in Vietnam (Soc
Trang, Jan 15-16), Indonesia (Banyuwangi, Jan 21-22) and Thailand (Bangkok,
Jan 27-28) and Vietnam for 20-25 trainers per country, with the first day
dedicated to lectures, and the second day dedicated to shrimp farm visits and a
group discussion of observed on-farm feed management practices
Farmer Training workshops: multiple farmer training workshops will be held in

Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand & Vietnam for 50-100 farmers per country
over a half to one day period. Training will be conducted in local languages by
selected trainers from the TOT program. Training will be based on the materials
presented during the TOT but adjusted to local country needs & requirements,
and aimed at assisting small-scale farmers how to improve and optimize on-
farm feed management practices
REGIONAL SHRIMP FEEDS WORKSHOP
In addition to the above training programs, a special one-day regional

workshop will be held in Bangkok on 3rd March 2015 for the benefit of the
shrimp feed manufacturing sector within the four target countries and region.
The workshop will focus on recent developments in shrimp nutrition and feed
technology, including feed ingredient selection and use, feed manufacturing
technology, and on-farm feed management.
The workshop will be conducted in English and limited to 100 to 150

participants, and will also include invitees from the region with particular
relevant expertise in the above topics.
Trainer of Trainer (TOT) workshop outline
Day 1: (Registration: 0830; Presentations: 0900-1700; Break 1200-1330)

Training program & topics to be covered
- Objective of the workshop & introduction of participants
- Main factors affecting feed performance & importance of feed management
- Knowing your feed costs & importance of good record keeping
- Feed types, feed labels & importance of national feed legislation
- Feed transportation & on-farm feed storage: do’s and dont’s
- Feed additives, top dressing feeds & potential feed biosecurity risks
- Feeding habits, nutrient leaching & importance of natural foods
- Feeding methods, feeding tables & choice of appropriate on-farm feeding method
- Importance of good pond & water management, including nutrient recycling
• Day 2: (Farm visits: 0800-1300; Group discussion: 1500-1700; Closing)

- Shrimp farm visits (2-3)
- Group discussion on observed on-farm shrimp feed management practices
- Closing & presentation of TOT training certificates
Introduction of the participants
Before we start, need to define what we mean by
on-farm shrimp feed management
“ covers all those activities conducted by the shrimp farmer & his or
her staff concerning the handling, storage & application of shrimp
feed on the farm; shrimp feeds including the use of commercially
manufactured feeds, farm-made feeds, or the use of live/natural
food items applied or produced within the culture system “
Training program is also based on my experiences on shrimp feeds &
feeding within over 20 countries: 1985 to 2014
Brazil New Caledonia
China Nicaragua
Cyprus Panama
Ecuador Peru
Guatemala Philippines
India Saudi Arabia
Indonesia Thailand
Madagascar USA
Malaysia Venezuela
Mexico Vietnam
Conclusion: there many different ways of feeding shrimp depending upon
farming system & financial resources of the farmer
not one single or best method
Main Factors Influencing Shrimp Feed Performance
20/100 20/100
Pond Feed
Biota &
culture
environment
v formulation
& nutrient
content
Feed
On-farm feed
processing
feeding
& physical
method &
property
staffing
Feed
20/100 transportation 20/100
& storage
method
20/100
20/100
Feed
• Ingredient use
v formulation
& nutrient
content
• Nutrient levels
Aquatic protein meals & oils 5-20% Ingredients commonly used in feeds for
Fishmeals & oil: wild & farmed 5-20 PENAEID SHRIMP SPECIES
Squid meal, krill meal 2-10
Seaweed meals & products 1-5
Cultured microbial biomass 1-5
Terrestrial animal proteins & oils 5-10%

Poultry by-products 5-10
Porcine by-products 2-5
Ruminant by-products 2-5
Terrestrial invertebrates 1-5
Terrestrial plant proteins & oils 10-30%

Oilseed protein by-products 10-30
Cereal protein by-products 5-15
Pulse protein by-products 5-15
Feed additives 0-5%
Other plant proteins 5-15
Vitamins, antioxidants & pigments
Other plant meals & fillers 25-40% Minerals, trace elements, salt
Cereal meals & by-products 15-50 Amino acids, nucleotides, feeding attractants
Root meals & extracts 2-10 Gut modifiers, prebiotics, probiotics, acidifiers
Fruit meals & by-products 1-5 Immune enhancers, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-parasitical
Forage & leaf meals 1-5 Binders, growth promoters, hormones, antibiotics
Essential dietary nutrient requirements of shrimp
Gross energy - E Crude protein - CP Water – H20
Arg His Iso Leu Lys Met Phe Thr Try Val
18:2n-6 18:3n-3 20:4n-6 20:5n-3 22:6n-3 Sterols Phospholipids
Ca Mg P K Na Cu I Fe Mn Se Zn
Bi
A D E K B1 B2 B6 Pa Ni
o
B12 Fo Ch In C
40 + essential nutrients need to be provided in a digestible & available form

Feed
v formulation
& nutrient
content
Feed
processing
& physical 20/100
property
• Feed manufacture
• Water stability
•
AquaSol, Inc.
Feed
v formulation
& nutrient
content
Feed
processing
& physical
property
Feed
transportation
& storage
method
• Feed delivery to farmer

20/100 • On-farm feed storage
Feed
v formulation
& nutrient
content
Feed
On-farm feed
processing
feeding
& physical
method &
property
staffing
Feed
20/100 transportation
& storage
• Feeding method method
• Feeding regime
20
Dr Supis Thongrod – pers com
• Culture method & farming system

• Natural food availability
20/100
Pond Feed
Biota &
culture
environment
v formulation
& nutrient
content
Feed
On-farm feed
processing
feeding method
& staffing & physical
property
Feed
transportation
& storage
method
R/6
AquaSol, Inc.
20/100 20/100
Pond Feed
Biota &
culture
environment
v formulation
& nutrient
content
Feed
On-farm feed
processing
feeding
& physical
method &
property
staffing
Feed
& storage
method
20/100
20/100 20/100
Pond Feed
Shrimp
Biota &
culture v formulation
& nutrient
content Feed
environment
farmer producer
Feed
control On-farm feed
processing control
feeding
& physical
method &
property
staffing
Feed
& storage
method
10/100 10/100
Finally also depends upon strain/stock of shrimp – happy shrm

is a fast growing animal
Prochaska – NBC PT1 (2g - 20g) FCR
pers com (2010) NBC Batch & Tank
unpublished data Replicate g / week SR% FCR
from Lombok,
16-A 2.8 91.7 1.7
16-B 2.8 92.7 1.6
Indonesia with
16-C 2.9 93.2 1.6
L. Vannamei
17-A 2.6 89.2 1.4
NBC facility –
17-B 2.6 89.6 1.5
Global/self feeds
17-C 2.8 86.1 1.3
18-A 2.7 92.6 1.3
18-B 2.8 95.5 1.2
18-C 2.8 93.3 1.2
19-A 3 99 1.1
19-B 3.1 94.2 1.1
19-C 3.2 99 1.1
This rapid growth & low FCR is achieved through the use of high quality feeds rich in animal &
vegetable proteins, including aquatic & terrestrial animal proteins
Wide variety of different shrimp production systems &
therefore widely different feeds & feeding systems
Wide range of stocking densities employed by farmers

(<1 to >600/m3);
Wide range of production units

(earth pond, lined pond, raceway, indoor tank, cage);
Wide range of water management practices

(open flow-through, closed green-water, zero-exchange);
Wide range of aeration methods

(no aeration, paddle wheel, venturi, aerotube, liquid O2);
Wide range of feeds employed

(low/high protein/energy, pelleted/extruded);
Wide range of feeding methods

(hand, boat, truck, feeding tray, automatic feeder);
This is the opposite of other farming sectors - salmon

“
Why we need to
Costo de cultivo de camarón 2009.
reduce shrimp feeds
& feeding costs
Distribución porcentual
Impuestos Costo Financiero

Depreciación
3.9% 2.6%
Admón. Riesgo 7.0%
2.3%
Admón.
3.9%
Mantenimiento
2.5%
Combustible
7.4%
Insumos
1.8% Alimento
53.2%
Fertilizantes
0.7%
Mano de Obra
6.0%
Postlarvas
8.7%
Why need to reduce feeds & feeding costs
• Shrimp feeds & feeding represent the highest

operating cost item for shrimp farmers

Depreciación
3.9% 2.6%
Admón. Riesgo 7.0%
2.3%
Admón.
3.9%
Mantenimiento
2.5% Feeds
Combustible
7.4%
53.2%
Insumos
1.8% Alimento
53.2%
Fertilizantes
0.7%
Mano de Obra
Labour 6.0%
Postlarvas
8.7%
6.0%

• Decreased global production & availability of key
marine feed ingredients such as fishmeal & fish oil

• Increasing global feed ingredient costs &
dependence of upon imports

• Increasing feed manufacturing costs

• Increasing feed manufacturing costs
• Increasing labor & energy costs
• Increasing farm input costs, including cost of
chemicals, fertilizer & seed
• Increasing shrimp production costs & decreasing
margins due to increased global production
• Increasing demand for improved shrimp quality
standards & reduced environmental impacts
The above trends & constraints are also the same for all
animal food production systems, including poultry &
livestock, and the fish & crustacean aquaculture sector
It follows therefore that shrimp sector has to reduce
productions costs to maintain profitability & survival.
The shrimp farming sector is currently doing this

through a variety of means, including through:
• Improved feed ingredient selection & feed

formulation techniques
• Improved feed ingredient processing & feed
manufacturing techniques
• Improved feed handling & on-farm
feed management techniques
• Improved shrimp production & water/solids
management techniques
• Improved shrimp health & biosecurity, and reduced
farm mortalities and increased shrimp survival
• Improved shrimp genetics & breeding, and
production of faster growing SPF/SPR shrimp
Useful publications concerning shrimp
feeds & feeding within the region
Useful publications – further reading
Questions - discussion
• Feeds & feeding costs represent the highest variable cost item of
most semi-intensive & intensive shrimp farming operations,
typically between 40 to 60% of total farm operating costs
• Since feed is usually the largest operating cost item, it follows

therefore that the proper management and usage of feed will
ultimately dictate the profitability or not of the shrimp farming
operation – feed companies usually offering feed on special
extended credit terms (sometimes until after shrimp harvesting)
• Shrimp production costs vary widely from farmer to farmer and

from country to country depending upon the farming system
employed and input costs within the producing country
• All farmers need to know their cost/kg shrimp production

Typical breakdown of operating costs of
a intensive shrimp farm in Mexico

Depreciación
3.9% 2.6%
Admón. Riesgo 7.0%
2.3%
Admón.
3.9%
Mantenimiento
2.5% Feeds
Combustible
7.4%
53.2%
Insumos
1.8% 6.0% Alimento
53.2%
Fertilizantes
8.7%
0.7%
Mano de Obra
Labour
6.0%
Postlarvas
Reyes_Moreno, et al. (2009)
6.0% 8.7%
Distribution of variable shrimp production cost of 16 semi-intensive
shrimp farms in Mexico: feeds & feeding representing the largest
operating cost item (Zendejas, 2005)
100%
80%
t. c o m issio n
tra d in g
F in a n . c o st
60%
T axes
COS T ( % )
F ix e d c o st
m a in te n a n c e
F u e l & lu b .
L a b a n a ly sis
40%
O p e ra tio n m a t.
a d v ic e
Labour
p o stla rv a e
F eed
20%
0%
28
23
18
12
19
15
27
20
17
13
10
4
FARM 9
Different comparative country advantages and/or
constraints have influenced the development of the
industry, and the farmers choice of culture system and
feeds & feeding strategy: including …..
- land availability and cost

- water availability and cost
- power availability and cost
- transportation and cost
- credit availability and repayment terms
- labor availability and cost

- fertilizer/feed availability and cost
- national aqua regulations & environ. controls
- import/export costs and incentives
- proximity to existing markets
Example benchmark on shrimp inputs cost
(values in $ USD)
Country PL´s Feed Diesel Labour Packaging Trade

(‘000) (MT) (lt) ($ / month) ( $ / lb) commision
Ecuador 2.00 400 0.25 170 0.40 2.0 %
Panama 4.50 500 0.37 180 0.45 2.8 %
Colombia 4.50 500 0.21 170 0.40 1.0 %
Thailand 2.95 700 0.27 90 N.A. N.A.
Mexico 6.50 630 0.31 200 0.45 7.5 %
China 1.20 700 N.A. 70 0.15 N.A.
Vietnam 1.65 700 N.A. 60 N.A. N.A.
India 7.00 700 N.A. 26 0.10 N.A.
Brazil 2.80 600 0.56 100 0.25 N.A.
Source: Tellez (2004) Perspectivas del camarón 2004, Banco de México – FIRA, Mexico
SUMMARY
Farming/feeding system, shrimp production & cost
Extensive
Semi-intensive
Intensive
FARMING SYSTEM PRODUCTION COST
Shrimp production Production cost

(mt/ha/yr) (kg live shrimp)
Extensive (no feeding) < 0.5 (head-on) $ 1-2/kg

Extensive (feeding) < 1 (head-on) $ 1.70-2.50/kg
Semi-intensive >1 – 3 (<10) $ 2.20-3.30/kg
Intensive (outdoor) >10 - 40 $ 3.5-5.0/kg
Intensive (indoor) >40 – 340 $ 4-7.5/kg
RECORD KEEPING - COMAPARISON OF COSTS OF DIRECT STOCKING v
USE OF RACEWAYS
KINO SHRIMP FARM (MEXICO) – 500 ha
10HP/4003,100 m3 20.5 x 4.5 x 1.2m

Density (stocking): 33.8 PL/l
Shrimp biomass stocked: 433 kg
Final shrimp biomass: 2,742 kg
Artificial extruded diet fed: 1,890 kg
Feeding frequency: every 2h (24)
Molasses applied: 2,160 kg (30-40%/d)
Floc level: 7-15mg/l
18 days PL10-28 (85% survival)
KINO SHRIMP FARM (MEXICO) – 500 ha
COMAPARISON OF DIRECT STOCKING v USE OF RACEWAYS

PRODUCTION PARAMATERS Direct stocking Raceways
Stocking density (animals/m2) 26.03 26.74
Average final body weight (g) 34.69 35.95
Shrimp production (Kg/ha) 4,844 5,345
Density at harvest (animals/m2) 17.56 19.33
Survival total 67.45% 72.29%
Days of culture 176 168
Average weekly growth rate (g/week) 1.38 1.50
Economic FCR 2.11 2.02
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF DATA Siembra Directa RACEWAYS

Production costs 36.73 35.43
Sales/selling cost 74.32 80.39
For every peso spent we obtain 1.40 1.52
Utility (profit)/ha (US $) 7,769 11,107
Utility (profit)/kilo 21.3 27.6
Questions - discussion
From simple clip boards & paper records……
From paper
records to
monitor
feed use &
water
quality
From paper
records to
monitor
feed use &
water
quality
Paper records supplied by feed company to
monitor feed use & water quality……
Paper records supplied by feed company to
monitor feed use & water quality……
To white boards boards supplied by feed company……
To chalk boards of the farmer……
To white boards boards supplied by the farmer……
To white boards used by the farmer
Use of a simple excel spreadsheet for data input
Use of a simple excel spreadsheet for data input
Feed Conversion Ratio - Calculation:
Because feed is the largest cost to the farmer – the feed or food
conversion ratio (FCR) – is an important indicator if the feed is being
used efficiently or not
FCR is calculated as the total weight of the feed fed to the shrimp
divided by the total biomass increase of the shrimp. For example, if
shrimp are fed 10 kg of feed and then exhibit a 5 kg weight gain, the
FCR is 10/ 5 = 2.0. FCRs of 1.25-1.5 are considered good for most
shrimp farming systems (depending upon shrimp size & stocking
density).
Economic FCR (Feed fed / Shrimp produced), includes mortality

Questions & discussion
Trainer of Trainer (TOT) workshop outline
Day 1: (Registration: 0830; Presentations: 0900-1700; Break 1200-1330)

Training program & topics to be covered
- Objective of the workshop & introduction of participants
- Main factors affecting feed performance & importance of feed management
- Knowing your feed costs & importance of good record keeping
- Feed types, feed labels & importance of national feed legislation
- Feed transportation & on-farm feed storage: do’s and dont’s
- Feed additives, top dressing feeds & potential feed biosecurity risks
- Feeding habits & nutrient leaching & importance of natural foods
- Feeding methods, feeding tables & choice of appropriate on-farm feeding method
- Importance of good pond & water management, including nutrient recycling
• Day 2: (Farm visits: 0800-1300; Group discussion: 1500-1700; Closing)

- Shrimp farm visits (2-3)
- Group discussion on observed on-farm shrimp feed management practices
- Closing & presentation of TOT training certificates
Feed types, feed labels & importance of
national feed legislation to protect the farmer &
safeguard the consumer
Wide range of different shrimp feed types used by shrimp farmers:

• Natural food organisms (wild/in-situ): the natural diet of the animal
• Natural food organisms (wild caught): Artemia, fish, shrimp, squid, clams, polychaetes
• Cultured natural food organisms: algae, rotifers, Artemia, polychaetes, microbial floc
• Farm-made shrimp feeds & supplementary feeds & additives, incl. C:N control,
• Commercial nutritionally complete pelleted shrimp feeds
Extensive Extensive
Semi-intensive Semi-intensive
Intensive Intensive
On-farm feed management practices covers all feed types
• Natural food organisms within culture system

• Natural foods (wild): Artemia, fish/shrimp, squid/clams, polychaetes
• Cultured natural foods: algae, rotifers, Artemia, polychaetes, floc
• Farm-made/supplementary feeds & additives, incl. C:N control
• Commercial nutritionally complete pelleted shrimp feeds
99% conventional steam pelleted, <1% extruded
Estimated that 85% of total farmed shrimp production is currently based on the use
of commercial aquafeeds (ca. 6 million t) with current economic FCR of about 1.7
In most shrimp producing countries, including Indonesia, Philippines,

Thailand & Vietnam, commercial shrimp feed production is regulated by
government for the benefit of both the shrimp farmer & consumer
Philippines National Standard – Aquaculture Feeds
Multi-sector
Philippines National Standard – Aquaculture

Feeds






Shrimp feed label from Indonesia
Declared nutritional content
Typical
Shrimp feed
label
The label just complies with national feed manufacturing
laws & proximate composition guarantees for the farmer
However, the label does not give any indication of the

essential dietary nutrient content of the feed or concerning
the bioavailability of the nutrients present
However, the label does not give any indication of the

essential dietary nutrient content of the feed or concerning
the bioavailability of the nutrients present
Moreover, fish & shrimp do not have a dietary requirement

for protein per se but for the specific essential amino acids
contained with the protein which varies considerably
Dietary requirement for essential
amino acids: either derived from
ingredients used or supplemented
Farm animals do not have a specific dietary requirement for

‘protein’ per se but rather for the individual essential amino acids
(EAA) contained within the protein
In general the nutritive value and ultimate biological value of a

dietary protein source, whether it be fishmeal or soybean meal, will
largely be determined by its amino acid composition, and in
particular by its essential amino acid (EAA) profile, and the biological
availability of the amino acids to the animal in question
Essential amino acids can be defined as those amino acids that
cannot be synthesized within the animal body or at a rate sufficient
to meet the physiological needs of the growing animal, and must
therefore be supplied in a ready made form in the diet.
Wide variety of EAA levels observed within commercial shrimp feeds
due to absence of precise information
Amino Ácidoson dietary EAA requirements
3
Lysine 1.68 to 2.63% diet (as-fed basis)

2.5
Threonine 1.10 to 1.64% diet Treo

Met
1.5 Lis
M+C
0.5
Methionine 0.43 to1.20% diet

0
22 different shrimp feed samples from Brasil (% diet) – bioavailability of AA present?

Once the bag is opened &
tampered with prior to
feeding – end of liability &
control of feed company
Bottom line: all shrimp feeds, including
national or imported shrimp feeds, must
comply with existing national laws &
regulations regarding feed formulation,
feed manufacture & feed labelling
Always look at date of manufacture and expiry date

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TRAINING WORKSHOP ON THE

SHRIMP STOCKING DENSITY COMPLETE DIET FEEDING

The objective of the training will be adoption of `Improved On-Farm Feed

Farmer Training workshops: multiple farmer training workshops will be held in

In addition to the above training programs, a special one-day regional

The workshop will be conducted in English and limited to 100 to 150

Day 1: (Registration: 0830; Presentations: 0900-1700; Break 1200-1330)

• Day 2: (Farm visits: 0800-1300; Group discussion: 1500-1700; Closing)

Terrestrial animal proteins & oils 5-10%

Terrestrial plant proteins & oils 10-30%

Gross energy - E Crude protein - CP Water – H20

18:2n-6 18:3n-3 20:4n-6 20:5n-3 22:6n-3 Sterols Phospholipids

40 + essential nutrients need to be provided in a digestible & available form

• Feed delivery to farmer

• Culture method & farming system

Finally also depends upon strain/stock of shrimp – happy shrm

Wide range of stocking densities employed by farmers

Wide range of production units

Wide range of water management practices

Wide range of aeration methods

Wide range of feeds employed

Wide range of feeding methods

This is the opposite of other farming sectors - salmon

Impuestos Costo Financiero

• Shrimp feeds & feeding represent the highest

Costo de cultivo de camarón 2009.

Impuestos Costo Financiero

• Shrimp feeds & feeding represent the highest

• Shrimp feeds & feeding represent the highest

• Shrimp feeds & feeding represent the highest

• Shrimp feeds & feeding represent the highest

The shrimp farming sector is currently doing this

• Improved feed ingredient selection & feed

• Since feed is usually the largest operating cost item, it follows

• Shrimp production costs vary widely from farmer to farmer and

• All farmers need to know their cost/kg shrimp production

Impuestos Costo Financiero

- land availability and cost

- labor availability and cost

Country PL´s Feed Diesel Labour Packaging Trade

Ecuador 2.00 400 0.25 170 0.40 2.0 %

Panama 4.50 500 0.37 180 0.45 2.8 %

Colombia 4.50 500 0.21 170 0.40 1.0 %

Thailand 2.95 700 0.27 90 N.A. N.A.

Mexico 6.50 630 0.31 200 0.45 7.5 %

China 1.20 700 N.A. 70 0.15 N.A.

Vietnam 1.65 700 N.A. 60 N.A. N.A.

India 7.00 700 N.A. 26 0.10 N.A.

Brazil 2.80 600 0.56 100 0.25 N.A.

Shrimp production Production cost

Extensive (no feeding) < 0.5 (head-on) $ 1-2/kg

10HP/4003,100 m3 20.5 x 4.5 x 1.2m

COMAPARISON OF DIRECT STOCKING v USE OF RACEWAYS

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF DATA Siembra Directa RACEWAYS

Economic FCR (Feed fed / Shrimp produced), includes mortality

Day 1: (Registration: 0830; Presentations: 0900-1700; Break 1200-1330)

• Day 2: (Farm visits: 0800-1300; Group discussion: 1500-1700; Closing)

Wide range of different shrimp feed types used by shrimp farmers:

On-farm feed management practices covers all feed types

• Natural food organisms within culture system

In most shrimp producing countries, including Indonesia, Philippines,

Philippines National Standard – Aquaculture Feeds

Philippines National Standard – Aquaculture