14 Kebutuhan Nutrien Pemberian Pakan Pet Animal

Kebutuhan Nutrien & Pemberian Pakan
Hewan Peliharaan
(Nutrient Requirement for Dairy Cattle)
Departemen Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan
Fakultas Peternakan – IPB
http://intp.fapet.ipb.ac.id
Topik Mata Kuliah
1. Pendahuluan
2. Sistem penyediaan pakan
3. Jenis-jenis bahan pakan
4. Kualitas bahan pakan
5. Teknik formulasi ransum ternak
6. Kebutuhan nutrien unggas
7. Pemberian pakan unggas
8. Kebutuhan nutrien sapi potong
9. Pemberian pakan sapi potong
10. Kebutuhan nutrien sapi perah
11. Pemberian pakan sapi perah
12. Kebutuhan nutrien dan pemberian pakan kambing
13. Kebutuhan nutrien dan pemberian pakan domba
14. Kebutuhan nutrien dan pemberian pakan hewan kesayangan
© 2018 by Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)
Digestive Anatomy of Cat
Digestive Anatomy of Dog
Nutritional Idiosyncrasies (Habit)
• High protein requirement

• Specific requirement for 2 amino acids :
• Arginine
• Taurine
• Arachidonic acid
• Preformed vitamin A
• Preformed vitamin D
• Inability to convert tryptophan to niacin
Feline Nutrient Requirements
(Association of American Feed Control Officials/ AAFCO)
Nutrient Maintenance Growth

Protein, % 26 30
Fat, % 9
Linoleic acid, % 0,5 0,5
Arachidonic acid, % 0,02 0,02
Vitamin A, IU/IU/kg 5000 9000
Vitamin D, IU/kg 500 750
Niacin, mg/kg 60 60
Taurine (extruded), % 0,10 0,10
Taurine (canned), % 0,20 0,20
Canine Nutrient Rquirements
(AAFCO & NRC)
Nutrient Maintenance Fox, NRC

Protein, % 18 22
Fat, % 5
Linoleic acid, % 1
Arachidonic acid, % -
Vitamin A, IU/IU/kg 5000
Vitamin D, IU/kg 500
Niacin, mg/kg 11,4
Taurine (extruded), % -
Taurine (canned), % -
NRC Publications
• For livestock species, serve as the “gold standard” for

nutritional requirements :
• Swine
• Beef cattle
• Dairy Cattle
• Sheep
• Only recently has this been the case for dogs and cats
Energy Requirements of Dogs and Cats
• Carbohydrates (CHO):
• CHO includes simple sugars (glucose) and complex
sugars (starches – are chains of simple sugars)
• No true requirement for CHO as such, but animals do
have a requirement for glucose or adequate glucose
precursors (gluconeogenic amino acids, glycerol)
• Sugars and cooked starches are economical and easily
digested sources of energy
Cont…
• Uncooked starches are less digestible

• Dogs respond to the taste of sugars,
cats do not
• Digestion of sugars (ex - sucrose,
lactose) depends on intestinal enzyme
activity specific for individual sugar
compounds
• Lack of or low enzyme activity
frequently results in diarrhea – hind
gut fermentation
Fats and Fatty Acids for Dogs and Cats
• Fats – essential fatty acids

• Essential fatty acids – those fatty
acids that the body cannot make
enough of to meet the body’s
needs Linoleic (18:2, n-6), α-
linolenic (18:3, n-3), and
arachidonic (20:4, n-6)
• Linoleic and α-linolenic are
precursors for longer chain fatty
acids
Long Chain Polyusaturated Fatty Acids
• Mammals can’t synthesize linoleic acid and

a-linolenic acid
• These fatty acids are essential
• Monounsaturated fatty acids can be
converted to other physiologically
important PUFA’s through the enzyme, 6
desaturase
• Cats have limited activity of this enzyme
Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency Signs
• Poor growth
• Poor coat/hair quality
• Slow wound healing (penyembuhan luka lama)
• Increased susceptibility to infection
Most Mammals
• Linoleic acid prevents most deficiency signs
• Signs of a-linolenic acid deficiency less severe
• Arachidonic acid synthesized from linoleic acid
Arachidonic Acid Requirement of Cats
• Cats fed diets with linoleic acid, but

without arachidonic acid:
• Listless (lesu)
• Dandruff
• Increased infections
• Infertility
• Very low plasma concentrations
of amino acids
Practical Implications
• Linoleic acid : plentiful in plant oils

• Arachidonic acid – NOT found in plants, common in animal products
(meat, milk, etc)
Fatty Acids and Early Neonatal Development

 Significant amount of brain growth occurs in the early neonatal period
in dogs, cats, rats
 Require large amounts of long chain PUFA for neural development
 Provided by milk fatty acid composition
Docosahexanoic Acid (DHA), Arachidonic Acid, and Development
• Insufficient DHA associated with visual impairment (high in

outer rod segment cells of retina)
• DHA shown to improve learning ability in rats and humans
• Arachidonic acid required for vascular development and
regulation of blood flow
Long Chain PUFA Intake

 Nursing neonatal animals have higher circulating DHA than formula
fed
 Best if formula fed animals supplemented with DHA and arachidonic
acid
Protein Requirements of Dogs and Cats
• Protein Requirement (NRC, 2005, g/1000 kcal ME)

• Dog : 56,3 (growth), 25 (maintenance)
• Cat : 56,3 (Growth), 50 (maintenance)
• Minimum Protein Recomendation (AAFCO, 2004, % Dry Matter
Basis)
• Dog : 22 (Growth & Reproduction), 18 (Maintenance)
• Cat : 30 (Growth & Reproduction), 26 (Maintenance)
• Kittens (anak kucing) require approximately 1.5 times more
protein than adolescent omnivores
• Cats require 2 to 3 times more protein than adult omnivores
Why Are the Protein Requirements of Cats So Different?
• Evolutionary Considerations :Omnivorous Carnivorous
Carnivorous Animals :
• Have survived using a single type of

food
• Meat does not provide complete
nutrition
• Deficiencies of essential nutrients
• Evolved adaptive metabolic pathways
to handle nutrient imbalance
• Adaptations are key to success of
carnivores
Cats Have Increased Protein Required For Maintenance
• Why the High Requirement? Possible reasons:

• High requirement for one or more EAA
• Higher than normal requirement for N
• High Amino Acid Requirement?

• Adding individual EAA (Essential amino acid) requirement equals
approximately 14% protein
• Estimated using purified amino acids
• Recommendation for cat is 26%
• About 10% more than the EAA requirement
Arginine and Taurine Requirements
• Arginine : Essential amino acid

• Can be synthesized by animals, but
required for growth in rat, chick, dog
• NOT required for maintenance of most
species
• Exceptions: cat, ferret, dog
Cats Fed Arginine-free Diet
• Cats had severe hyperammonemia

• Letarghy : Kelesuan
• Emesis (muntah)
• Hyperglicemia
• Hypersalivation
• Inability to stand
• Rapis weight loss (5-10% BW in 24h)
Arginine Deficiency in the Dog
• Increased blood ammonia

• Emesis (vomiting/muntah) by 2nd day
• Muscle tumors
• Frothing (berbuih) at the mouth
• Decreased food consumption
• Loss of body weight
Taurine Requirement of the Cat
• Taurine : Sulfur amino acid

• Not found in plant proteins
• Synthesized from methionine or cysteine
• Taurine used in bile acid conjugation
• Cats can only use taurine (taurocholic acid)
• Cats cannot conjugate bile acids with glycine (glycocholic acid)
• Other Functions of Taurine :
• Retinal function
• Normal myocardial function
• Retina and myocardium contain 300-400x the taurine found in
plasma
• Necessary for normal reproduction in queens
Taurine Deficiency
• FCRD – feline central retinal degeneration

• Cats fed low protein/vitamin A deficient diet had retinal and corneal lesions
• Vitamin A corrected corneal lesions
• Taurine deficiency caused retinal lesions
• Taurine deficiency can cause blindness within 9 months
Practical Concerns
• Taurine sources:
• Plant-based feedstuff sources do not contain taurine
• Animal products (meat, poultry, fish) contain 0.1 – 0.2% taurine (DM
basis) Crystalline taurine
• Heat Processing :
• Increased passage of taurine to large intestine (less digestible)
• Increased fecal excretion
Air Minum
 Sumber?
 Air segar dan bersih yang diberikan
 Air di makanan (kering = 10%
moisture, kaleng ≥ 75%)
 Air metabolisme
 Fungsi air :
 Mencerna nutrien, absorpsi,
transport
 Reaksi biokimia di tubuh
 Kontrol suhu tubuh
 Lubricant ( cairan di sendi, air mata,
saliva)
 Ekskresi sisa metabolit
 Kebutuhan : 60 ml/kg BB (Kucing<
anjing)
Vitamin
 Larut lemak  Larut air (processing loss)

(oxidation )  Thiamin
 A  Riboflavin
 D  Niacin
 E  Pantothenic Acid
 K  Pyridoxine (B )
6
 Folic Acid
 Biotin
 B
12
 C
Mineral
Mineral= ~5% max dari BB

Tidak dapat disintesa maka harus ada dalam makanan
Mineral makro:
• Calcium
• Phosphorus
• Sodium Mineral mikro:
• Chlorine • Iron (Fe)
• Potassium • Iodine (I)
• Magnesium • Copper (Cu)
• Sulfur • Zinc (Zn)
• Selenium (Se)
• Co, F, Mn, Mo, Cr
Rasio Ca : P pada Anjing
 Ratio Ca:P pada pakan anjing = 1.4 :1

 Ratio Ca/P optimum maka vit D min.
 Diet dengan phytat tinggi atau vit D rendah maka terjadi
gangguan serapan Ca
 Yg lebih jauh mengakibatkan retak tulang, bengkok tulang
atau keropos
 Pada puppies (30 hr) bila mengkonsumsi 1 g Ca, maka yg
diserap hanya 0,3 g
 Anjing ras besar membutuhkan 100-175 mg/BBM
Kebutuhan Nutrien Anjing & Kucing
Air
– 60 ml/kg BB
– 1 ml per kcal energy intake
– 2.5 ml X gr bahan kering intake
Energy
Kcal/h = (30 X kg BB) + 70 ( untuk 2-50kg)
Kcal/h = 140kg0.75 (anjing), 100kg0.75 (kucing)
Protein
– Anjing: 2 g/kg BB per hari
– Kucing : 4 g/kg BB per hari, perlu TAURIN
Lipida
- Asam lemak esensial : n3, n-6
- Kucing :Perlu asam lemak Arakhidonat
Perbedaan Pakan Anjing & Kucing
 KALORI dan PROTEIN

 Kucing mengkonsumsi protein dan fat yang tinggi, maka kucing
tidak bisa diberi pakan anjing
 Anjing dapat makan diet kucing
 Kucing selalu butuh TAURIN di diet
 Anjing ras/breed besar juga butuh taurin
 LEMAK
 Kucing butuh ARACHIDONIC ACID
 Anjing dapat mensintesa asam arachidonat dari assam lemak
esensial
Ransum Anjing
Kebutuhan nutrien (NRC 1985)/ NRC Dog & Cat

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Status MP (g/BBM) ME (Kal/BBM)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Umur 3 mgg 8.1 274
Umur 6 mgg 6.5 274
Tumbuh 3.8 200

Dewasa 1.5 132
Bunting 5.7 188
Laktasi 12.4 470
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Catatan Nilai koefisien kecernaan makanan 0.85
Komposisi Nutrisi Anjing Ras Kecil
Mini Junior Mini Adult Mini Mature

Nutrien
(2-10 bulan) (10bulan-8 tahun) (8 tahun keatas)
Protein (%) 23 27 27
Fats(%) 20 16 16
Omega 6 fatty acid 4.02 3.5 3.55
Omega 3 fatty acid 0.67 0.6 0.6
Minerals(%) 5.5 4.8 4.5
Karbohidrat (%) 26.3 37.8 37
Dietary Fibre(%) 7.2 6.4 7.5
Kebutuhan Mineral Anjing Ras Kecil
Mini Adult
Mini Junior Mini Mature
Nutrien (10bulan-8
(2-10 bulan) (8 tahun keatas)
tahun)
Minerals
Calcium (%) 1 0.8 0.7
Phosphorus (%) 0.8 0.7 0.6
Magnesium(%) 0.08 0.14 0.14
Iron (mg/kg) 208 160 155
Copper(mg/kg) 23 23 24
Manganese (mg/kg) 65 67 73
Zinc(mg/kg) 216 227 239
Iodine(mg/kg) 3.1 3.4 3.7
Selenium(mg/kg) 0.27 0.3 0.3
Sodium(%) 0.35 0.35 0.2
Chlorine(%) 0.5 0.6 0.45
Potassium (%) 0.6 0.6 0.67
Bahan Pakan untuk Anjing & Kucing
Mini Junior Mini Adult Mini Mature

Nutrien
(2-10 bulan) (10bulan-8 tahun) (8 tahun keatas)
Komposisi
Vitamins Nutrisi Anjing Ras Kecil (Lanjutan)
Vitamin A(IU/kg) 23000 20000 20000
Vitamin D3 (IU/kg) 1200 1200 1300
Vitamin B1(mg/kg) 9 5 9
Vitamin B2(mg/kg) 4 3 4
Vitamin B6 (mg/kg) 29.7 26.4 30
Vitamin B12 (mg/kg) 0.09 0.05 0.09
Niacin (mg/kg) 17 10 17
Biotin(mg/kg) 2.9 2.5 2.3
Folic acid (mg/kg) 11.3 11 11.5
Choline (mg/kg) 2000 1000 1000
Vitamin E (mg/kg) 500 500 500
Vitamin C (mg/kg) 200 200 200

Other nutrients
Taurine (%) 0.19 0.12 0.07
Bahan Pakan untuk Anjing & Kucing
 Tepung ayam Minyak jagung

 Tepung gandum Minyak ikan Cod
 Daging kambing bawang putih
 Dedak gandum Vitamin : A,D3,B12, C
 Lemak ayam Calsium phospat, KCl
 Tepung Whey (susu) As Folat, Biotin, Niacin
 Bungkil jagung Riboflavin, Thiamin
 Butter milkMononitrat,Ca panthotenat
 Skim Milk FeSO4, ZnO, CuO, MnO
 Telur CaCO3, CaI2, Fe2O3, Na2Se
 Keju
 Ati ayam (taurin)
Batasan Penggunaan Bahan Pakan Anjing
Jenis bahan Penggunaan

Tepung tulang dan daging19
Tepung jagung 49-50
Daging ayam atau limbah ayam 10 -20
Bungkil kedele 7,5 – 10
Tepung kedele 10 - 20
Pati atau maizena 21
Vitamin mix 0,1 – 0,3
Mineral mix 0,8 – 3,3
Susu skim 2,5
Bentuk Pakan Anjing
• Ransum kering : KA 10-12%, berisi

cereal
• Ransum dalam kalengan : KA 74 –

78 %, berisi daging sampai 75 %
• Ransum basah (semimoist) : KA 25

– 30%, limbah daging, limbah
susu, mineral mix
Tugas Praktikum
Buat formula ransum untuk anjing ras kecil dengan kebutuhan nutrien
Mini Adult
Mini Junior Mini Mature
Nutrien (10bulan-8
(2-10 bulan) (8 tahun keatas)
tahun)
Protein (%) 23 27 27
Fats(%) 20 16 16
Carbohydrate (%) 26.3 37.8 37
Dietary fibre(%) 7.2 6.4 7.5
Calcium (%) 1 0.8 0.7
Phosphorus (%) 0.8 0.7 0.6
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14 Kebutuhan Nutrien Pemberian Pakan Pet Animal

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Kebutuhan Nutrien & Pemberian Pakan

• High protein requirement

Nutrient Maintenance Growth

Nutrient Maintenance Fox, NRC

• For livestock species, serve as the “gold standard” for

• Uncooked starches are less digestible

• Fats – essential fatty acids

• Mammals can’t synthesize linoleic acid and

• Cats fed diets with linoleic acid, but

• Linoleic acid : plentiful in plant oils

Fatty Acids and Early Neonatal Development

• Insufficient DHA associated with visual impairment (high in

Long Chain PUFA Intake

• Protein Requirement (NRC, 2005, g/1000 kcal ME)

• Evolutionary Considerations :Omnivorous Carnivorous

• Have survived using a single type of

• Why the High Requirement? Possible reasons:

• High Amino Acid Requirement?

• Arginine : Essential amino acid

• Cats had severe hyperammonemia

• Increased blood ammonia

• Taurine : Sulfur amino acid

• FCRD – feline central retinal degeneration

 Larut lemak  Larut air (processing loss)

Mineral= ~5% max dari BB

 Ratio Ca:P pada pakan anjing = 1.4 :1

 KALORI dan PROTEIN

Kebutuhan nutrien (NRC 1985)/ NRC Dog & Cat

Tumbuh 3.8 200

Mini Junior Mini Adult Mini Mature

Mini Junior Mini Adult Mini Mature

 Tepung ayam Minyak jagung

Jenis bahan Penggunaan

• Ransum kering : KA 10-12%, berisi

• Ransum dalam kalengan : KA 74 –

• Ransum basah (semimoist) : KA 25

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