Transport Phenomena Fundamentals

3rd Plawsky Solution Manual

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x=0

xo xo

∆x
F
Figure 2.1 Extension of a spring under the application of a force. Hooke’s law and the spring constant.

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Ai

∆y L
y
x

Ai

∆y L + ∆L F

Figure 2.2 Deformation of a solid object. Hooke’s law and the modulus of elasticity.

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vx
Force

Surface area—As

∆y Velocity profile

Figure 2.3 Fluid flow in response to an applied shear stress.

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Area—As Fx
y=L
n

µ, ρ n y
y=0 x

Figure 2.4 Fluid flowing in between two flat plates.

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∆x
Insulation

Constant Constant
temperature Heat flow temperature
T1 T2

T1 > T2
Boiling Water–ice
water mixture

Figure 2.5 Heat flow caused by a temperature gradient.

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Insulation

Figure 2.6 System cutaway view.

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Air ca = caL
Area—Ac

∆x

cao

Figure 2.7 Diffusion resulting from a concentration gradient.

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Area—Ac

Current flow

∆x
Voltage
source
Amps Φ+ Φ–

Figure 2.8 Current flow under an applied electric potential.

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Qo

Figure 2.9 Point source of heat surrounded by a hypothetical sphere of radius, r.

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Tz+∆z
Ty+∆y

∆y
∆x
Tx ∆z Tx+∆x

Ty
(a) Tz

Tz+∆z
Tr
r∆θ
Tθ+∆θ

Tθ ∆z
Tr+∆r
z
∆r
r
Tz
θ y
x
(b)
Tθ+∆θ
Tr T +∆

z
θ T ∆r
r
x y Tθ
(c)

figure 2.10 (a) Cartesian coordinate system, (b) cylindrical coordinate system, and (c) spherical coordinate system.

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0.6 29.53
29.31
0.4 29.08
28.86
28.64
0.2 28.41
28.19
27.97
0 27.75
Y

27.52
–0.2 27.30
27.08
26.85
–0.4 26.63
26.41
26.18
–1 –0.8 –0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
(a) X

80.16
0.5 76.60
73.04
0.4
69.48
0.3 65.92
0.2 62.37
0.1 58.81
55.25
0
Y

51.69
–0.1 48.13
–0.2 44.57
41.02
–0.3
37.46
–0.4 33.90
–0.5 30.34
26.78
–1 –0.8 –0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

(b) X

Figure 2.11 Isotherm flux plots for an (a) isotropic material (amorphous carbon) and an (b) anisotropic material (graph-
ite). Notice the angle between flux and isotherm. Scale is temperature in °C.

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Inlet Vent

z=L
yao
HCl
gas

ya = mkxa
z=0

Liquid

To
xaL Dab
z = –L

Figure 2.12 Heat and mass transfer resulting from a heat of solution process.
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Type b wire Type a wire

Th Tc

To

+ –

Eo

Figure 2.13 A simple thermoelectric circuit consisting of two materials, a and b. The junctions at T h , Tc, and To are
isothermal.

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T1 T2

Power
Ammeter supply

Figure 2.14 Thermoelectric effects occurring in a nonisothermal conductor.

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xao xbo
y=0
Mixture of a
and b

y
Deep
g well
y=L

Figure 2.15 Pressure diffusion of a through b in a deep well.

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Insulation

Mix of Mix of
a and b a and b
T1 T2

Figure 2.16 Thermal diffusion of a mixture of a and b from one container to another.

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+ –

Φ+ Φ– W
H
Solute mass cao HWL = constant

Figure 2.17 Electrophoretic separation of a protein.

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µo

µ∞

Figure 2.18 Pseudoplastic viscous behavior.

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Newtonian Viscoelastic

Figure 2.19 Newtonian versus viscoelastic flow behavior.

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Negative
resistance

Diode
conduction

Φ Φ

Reverse
breakdown
(a) (b)

figure 2.20 Circuit elements that do not obey Ohm’s law: (a) Zener diode and (b) tunnel diode.

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q(x)
A(x)

Figure P2.11

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1m T1 = –150°C

k = 15 W/m K
y

2m
x

T2 = –10°C

Figure P2.12

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R
r

Mixture of m and w
in a centrifuge tube

Figure P2.19

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