MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE FARM IN CHIANG MAI FRESH MILK

FARM, BAN HONG, LAMPHUN, THAILAND

Internship Report

By:
Asiah Putri Humairo
Rr. Alif Chandra K. P.
Nindria Zalsa Drivanova
Hestin Diva Acardia L.
SIN. 175050101111022
SIN. 175050107111058
SIN. 175050100111063
SIN. 175050100111053

FACULTY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF BRAWIJAYA
MALANG
2020
MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE FARM IN CHIANG MAI FRESH
MILK FARM, BAN HONG, LAMPHUN, THAILAND

Internship Report

By:

Asiah Putri Humairo SIN. 175050101111022

Rr. Alif Chandra K. P. SIN. 175050107111058
Nindria Zalsa Drivanova SIN. 175050100111063
Hestin Diva Acardia L. SIN. 175050100111053

This internship is a partial of the requirements to obtain a bachelor’s degree at

Faculty of Animal Science University of Brawijaya

FACULTY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF BRAWIJAYA
MALANG
2020
III
 PREFACE

Praise to Allah for all the grace, so that the author can completed internship report entitle
“MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE FARM IN CHIANG MAI FRESH MILK FARM,
BAN HONG, LAMPHUN PROVINCE, THAILAND”. In this moment authors would like to
thanks to:
1. Prof. Dr. Sc. Agr. Ir. Suyadi, MS., IPU. as Dean of the Faculty of Animal Science
University of Brawijaya.
2. Prof. Dr. Ir. Lilik Eka Radiati, MS., IPU. as the main supervisor who has guided and
motivated authors to accomplish this internship report.
3. Dr. Ir Mardjuki M, Sc., as a lecturer and supervisor in Brawijaya University and in
RMUTL, Phitsanulok Campus, Thailand.
4. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Suntorn Wittayakun as supervisor on the advice and guidance in
Thailand.
5. Dr. Herly Evanuarini, S.Pt, MP., as Head of Animal Science Program University of
Brawijaya.
6. Dr. Khotibul Umam Al Awwaly, S. Pt., M. Si., as the Head of the Department of Animal
Husbandry, Universitas Brawijaya.
7. Dr. Bullaggul Tipnate as Chief of Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm, which has provided the
opportunity and facilities during internship study.
8. All the lecturers in Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, that have taught and
guided authors while in Lampang, Thailand.
9. Staff and employees of Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm, which has provided guidance and
valuable experience to the authors so that the process of internship can be done well.
Hopefully, internship report would be useful for development of dairy cattle industry in
Indonesia.
10. Our parents, family and friends who always give great encouragement and blessing on
all things. In this occasion the author would like to thank all those who have helped in
the process of writing this report, both directly and indirectly. Finally, the authors hope
that this report can be beneficial for all parties.
The authors consider that in compiling this report, there are still short comings, for those
authors need criticism, and constructive suggestions to revise and improve this report
Hopefully, this report will be useful especially for the students of Faculty of Animal Science
Brawijaya University and add insight to the other reader.

Malang, December 1st, 2020

Author

IV
MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE IN CHIANG MAI FRESH MILK FARM, BAN
HONG, LAMPHUN, THAILAND

Asiah Putri Humairo 1), Rr. Alif Chandra Kusumawardhani Prabowo 1),

Nindria Zalsa Drivanova 1), Hestin Diva Acardia Leksono1),

and Lilik Eka Radiati2)

1) Student of Animal Science Faculty, University of Brawijaya
2) Lecturer of Faculty of Animal Science, University of Brawijaya

ABSTRACT

Internship study activity was conducted from 2nd November 2018 to 1st December 2018
in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm that location 379/1 village Lao yao, Ban Hong, Lamphun
Province 51130, Thailand. The purpose of this internship is to learn how to manage dairy cattle
in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm and will get managerial skill for student. The method used in
this internship study are active participation, observation and direct observation relating to the
materials that will be discussed in the management of dairy cattle, interviews with instructors,
and studies literature by collecting data information from textbooks, journals, internet, and other
sources relating to the activities. Maintenance of dairy cattle start from calf until it reaches dry
period in order to obtain an optimal milk production. Population of dairy cattle in Dairy Unit,
Department Animal Science, Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm Thailand are Breed of Holstein
Friesian and also has beef cattle. Management of dairy cattle in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm
is appropriate, in feeding schedule and feed proportions grass: concentrate (60:40). The milk
production in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm that have good enough average production of milk
(20 – 25 liter/day). Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm has included six aspects of Good Dairy
Farming Practices (GDFP). Then from it objects or all of management system can become the
one example of good dairy cattle farming system. So, it can become the reference for doing
internship.

Keyword: Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm, Dairy Cattle, Management.

V
MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE IN CHIANG MAI FRESH MILK FARM, BAN
HONG, LAMPHUN, THAILAND

Asiah Putri Humairo 1), Rr. Alif Chandra Kusumawardhani Prabowo 1),

Nindria Zalsa Drivanova 1), Hestin Diva Acardia Leksono1),

and Lilik Eka Radiati2)

1) Student of Animal Science Faculty, University of Brawijaya
2) Lecturer of Faculty of Animal Science, University of Brawijaya

SUMMARY

Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm was a dairy farm established in 1992 with the owner
named, Mr. Ballagul Tipnate. The farm starts from a small scale and grows up to 20 years. The
farm produces fresh milk by organized farm management activities. The internship study was
conducted from 2nd October 2018 to 31 November 2018 in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm. The
purpose of this internship is to learn about the management of good dairy farming practice in
Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm. The type of livestock is Holstein Friesian with total population
of 1000 cattle. Average production of the milk 20 - 25 liters/cattle/day. The milk production is
affected by feed, environment, animal health and maintenance management.
The method to collect data is by taking parts directly in farm management and informal
interviews with owners, workers and staff officer. Primary data collected in this internship
include production process, human resources, and natural resources, secondary data collected
from available file. The result analyzed descriptively and compared with the related literature.
The practice of dairy farming organized includes of animal health management, feed nutrition,
hygiene, environment, animal welfare, and socio-economic, comply to the Agricultural Food
Organization (2011) guidelines of Good Dairy Farming practice standard.
Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm have management activities with good dairy cattle,
extensive pasture area to meet feed requirements and animal identification to manage the
treatment, all data recorded and reported at the local association to evaluate dairy production in
the local area. Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm should improve the management of dairy cattle
breeding to prevent injured cattle, bad quality of milk and possibly affect the milk production.
Implementing Good Dairy Farming Practice as standard to organize a whole activity on the
farm to reach high production and increase quality of the milk. The farm implementing Good
Dairy Farming to control food safety and the environment damage.

6
 Based on the result of this internship program suggested in particular health cattle
management to give some improvement such as skill of staff for medicinal treatment, improve
the biosecurity system in a whole area of the farm, manage breeding phase for the cow and
repair sanitation system for the shade. In addition, need to control and monitoring for data
recording in regard of cow condition before calving to get the best result.

7
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL SHEET.................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

PREFACE .............................................................................................................................. IV
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. V
SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... 8
Table of Figures ...................................................................................................................... 11
List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1
1.1. Situation Analysis ........................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Problem Identification ..................................................................................................... 1
1.3. Purposes ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.4. Aims ................................................................................................................................. 2
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................................................ 3
2.1. Good Dairy Farming Practices .................................................................................... 3
3.1. Aspect of Good Dairy Farming Practices .................................................................... 3
2.1. Animal Health .............................................................................................................. 3
2.2. Breeding Management ................................................................................................. 5
2.3. Milking Hygiene .......................................................................................................... 5
2.4. Nutrition (Feed and Water) .......................................................................................... 7
2.5. Animal Welfare ............................................................................................................ 8
2.6. Environmental Management ........................................................................................ 8
2.7. Socio-Economic Management ..................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................... 11
3.1. Location and Time ........................................................................................................ 11
3.2. Object of Study .............................................................................................................. 11
3.3. Methods ......................................................................................................................... 11
3.4. Analysis of Results ........................................................................................................ 11
3.5. Terminology................................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND ACTIVITY EVALUATION ............................................. 13
4.1. Location ..................................................................................................................... 13
4.1. Population of Cattle ................................................................................................... 13
4.2. Population of Cattle ....................................................................................................... 13
4.3. Aspect of Dairy Cattle ................................................................................................... 14
8
 4.3.1. Animal Health ......................................................................................................... 14
4.3.2. Housing Sanitation .................................................................................................. 15
4.3.3. Disease Management............................................................................................... 15
Tabel 1 Prevalence of mastitis and age, parity and breed ................................................. 17
4.3.4. Management of Dairy Cattle ................................................................................... 22
4.3.5. Calf Management .................................................................................................... 23
4.3.6. Heifer Management ................................................................................................. 24
4.3.7. Dry Cow Management ............................................................................................ 24
4.3.8. Lactating Cow Management ................................................................................... 25
4.4. Breeding Management ................................................................................................... 26
4.4.1. Artificial insemination (AI) ..................................................................................... 26
4.4.2. Heifers Management ............................................................................................... 27
4.4.3. Pregnancy ................................................................................................................ 27
4.4.4. Calving .................................................................................................................... 28
4.4.5. Aftercare .................................................................................................................. 28
4.5. Milking Management .................................................................................................... 30
4.5.1. Automatic milking systems ..................................................................................... 30
4.5.2. Milking Procedure (pre-milking) ............................................................................ 30
4.5.3. Milking Procedure (post-milking)........................................................................... 30
4.5.4. Overall Milking Procedure ...................................................................................... 30
4.5.5. Milking Hygiene ..................................................................................................... 31
4.5.6. Milking Equipment ................................................................................................. 32
4.6. Nutrition (Feed and Water) ............................................................................................ 32
4.6.1. Feeding Calf ............................................................................................................ 32
4.6.2. Feeding Heifer ......................................................................................................... 33
4.6.3. Feeding Lactation Cattle ......................................................................................... 34
4.7. Animal Welfare.............................................................................................................. 35
4.7.1. Stockmanship .......................................................................................................... 35
4.7.2. Feed and Water........................................................................................................ 35
4.7.3. Environment ............................................................................................................ 36
4.7.4 Husbandry Practices ........................................................................................... 38
4.7.5. Health Management ............................................................................................ 39
4.8. Environmental Management ...................................................................................... 39
4.2. Socio-economic Management.................................................................................... 41
CHAPTER V ........................................................................................................................... 43

9
CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 43
5.1. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 43
5.2. Recommendation ........................................................................................................... 43
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 44

10
 Table of Figures
Figure Page
Figure 1. Location of Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm ............................................................... 13
Figure 2. Holstein Friesian Cross ............................................................................................ 14
Figure 3. Native White Lamphun Cattle ................................................................................. 14
Figure 4. Medication used for after calving cattle; (a) Calcium Borogluconate, .................... 15
Figure 5. (a) California Mastitis Test, (b) Treatment for mastitis ........................................... 19
Figure 6. Treatment for bloated calf using trocar and cannula ................................................ 20
Figure 7. (a). Uterine prolapse, (b) uterine prolapse treatment ............................................... 21
Figure 8. Stuck calf pulled by calf puller. ............................................................................... 22
Figure 9. Disbudding calf using chemical method. ................................................................. 24
Figure 10. Medication treatment for heifer ............................................................................. 24
Figure 11. Oxytocin hormone.................................................................................................. 26
Figure 12. (a) semen tank, (b) checking the rectal position .................................................... 27
Figure 13. Propylene Glycol for preventing ketosis ................................................................ 29
Figure 14. Bottle – fed calf ...................................................................................................... 33
Figure 15. Feed processing ...................................................................................................... 34
Figure 16. (a) & (b), housing in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm providing ad libitum feed and
drink ...................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 17. (a) Milking Process, (b) general disinfection ......................................................... 36
Figure 18. Cleaning the cage regularly .................................................................................... 37
Figure 19. Health treatment ..................................................................................................... 39
Figure 20. (a) wastewater management, (b) biogas ................................................................. 40
Figure 21. Cowshed in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm............................................................. 41

11
 List of Tables

Tabel 1 Prevalence of mastitis and age, parity and breed............................................17

12
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Situation Analysis
Cattle and dairy cows are kept with the aim to produce Milk. The water content in milk is very high,
which is about 87.5%, directions with the content of milk sugar about 5%, about 3.2% protein, and fat
around 3 to 4%. The Nutritional value of milk is particularly high due to the balance of the nutrients that
compose it. the composition varies among animal species and breeds within the same species, and also
from one dairy to the other, depending on the period of lactation and diet (Mourad and Bettache, 2014).
Procedures for the maintenance of dairy cows must be considered continuous, thorough and efficient
both in terms of feed, cage, milking and disease that often affects dairy cow, especially in the period of
lactation. Procedures for the maintenance of good dairy cow will affect the production of milk produced
by the cow. The higher level of maintenance management of dairy cows, in the sense that good
maintenance can be ascertained milk production in dairy cattle is also good.
During the late 1950s Thailand increasingly imported dairy products. The past 50 years the typical
small holder has expanded his herd to around 20 cows, we should, on the other side also note, that the
industry has also created some large commercial farms (Langholz et al., 1977). An excellent example
of this new trend is “Chiangmai Fresh Milk Farm” in Ban Hong, Lamphun province. The farm and
processing plant is owned by Dr. Bulgul Tipnate, a graduate of Chiang Mai University, where he was
educated by academic teachers who have their roots at the TGDP.
The target of Chiangmai Fresh Milk Farm is to keep up to 3,500 cows. Today, after more than 20
years of development, the farm has milked more or less 1000 cows with an average lactation yield of
8,000 liters. The farm and its facilities can be considered one of the best dairy operations worldwide.
Some of the outstanding features include: (i) feeding cows a balanced ration where at least 50 % of
nutrients derive from roughage; (ii) a target production of not more than 5,000 kg of milk assuring the
cow many years of healthy lactations; (iii) a feed supply that is secured mainly through contract growing
operations by nearby smallholders; and (iv) liquid manure is fed into a biogas digester to produce
electricity and liquid gas to power equipment, tractors and vehicles.

1.2. Problem Identification

The problem statement of this internship is on how to maintain the management of dairy
cattle in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm, Ban Hong, Lamphun, Thailand.

1.3. Purposes
The purpose of this activity is to provide insight and experience about dairy farms,
understanding and introducing a new work culture and information on livestock. As well as

1
 studying and resolving the existing problems in the maintenance management of dairy cattle
are:
1. Animal health
2. Milking hygiene
3. Management of feeding
4. Animal welfare
5. Environment
6. Socio-economic management

1.4. Aims
The aims of this internship are improving knowledge and ability of student and the
general public in the maintenance management of dairy cattle in the future.

2
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1. Good Dairy Farming Practices

Good Dairy Farming Practices are aimed at the dairy cattle farming industry to use as
guidance for the effective, hygienic, and safe management of the dairy cattle industry. The
result is good health and hygiene of dairy cattle to produce fresh milk as its full potential for
further processing of safe and good quality milk and milk products for consumption, including
the responsibility for social and environment. Good dairy farming practice also ensures that the
milk is produced by healthy animals in a manner that is sustainable and responsible for animal
welfare, social, economic, and environmental perspectives. Therefore, implementing good
dairy farming practice is good risk management for the short- and long-term future of the dairy
farming enterprise (FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization, 2011).
There are three fundamental factors that determine the health and the productivity of high
– potential dairy cows are nutrition, comfort and reproduction. These factors have a
consequence and interaction between another. For example, if the nutrition is poor, the milk
production will drop and the cows in poor condition will have a disturbed reproductive cycle
(House, 2011)
3.1. Aspect of Good Dairy Farming Practices
2.1. Animal Health
Good dairy farming practices ensures animals to produce milk that is healthy
and good in terms of quality. The good dairy farming practices for animal health are set
out under the following headings ;
a. Establishing herd with resistance to diseases
b. Prevent entry of disease onto farm
c. Effective herd health management program in place
d. Using chemicals and veterinary medicines as directed.
Dairy cattle have different requirements according to the breeds and species. By
selecting dairy animals that are suited to the local environment can reduce risks
to productivity caused by animal health and welfare problems (FAO-Food and
Agriculture Organization, 2011).
Biosecurity is a series of management designed to minimize, prevent and control.
Biosecurity is important in avoiding animal disease but also reducing the risks of
endemic disease. Biosecurity standards on farm are generally based on the assessments

3
of risk, internationally accepted practices and the availability of science to help
mitigate disease. The biosecurity part of dairy cattle addresses the risks Associated
with diseases and pests by focusing on three key actions which are; prevent the
introduction of pathogens to cattle on dairy farms, prevent the spread of pathogens
among cattle within a dairy farm and prevent the spread of pathogens between dairy
farms or from dairy farms to other animal populations (Stanković et al., 2016).
Disease outbreak in any herd could be financially devastating, therefore a
program is designed to prevent disease is more than just a vaccination program. A tight
biosecurity program is designed to maximize disease resistance and to minimize herd
exposures to infectious agents. By identifying some of the disease that are likely to be
of greater risks, prevention and control measures can be developed and implemented
to focus on ones that are more likely to create problems. If herd protocols are
established, losses can be contained. Establishing a practical and sensible farm
biosecurity program involves rational risk assessment and careful planning to manage
that risk (Wallace et al., 2003).
One of the important problems in livestock management is disease control. In
the management of dairy farming in developing countries, mastitis is a major problem
because it can cause a large decrease in milk production (Nurhayati and Martindah,
2014).
Cows prefer to spend more time lying down rather than standing up when the
bedding is soft, deep and dry, proper bedding management plays an important role in
increasing the productivity of dairy farms. The main function of bedding is to provide
a surface for lying with comfort and softness for the animals. Bedding must be durable
and have friction for rising and lying down without slipping (Ferraz et al., 2020).
The life cycle of dairy cow is predictable therefore can largely be managed with
scheduled activities. Dairy farms that maintain a seasonal calving pattern with cows
calving every twelve months, the life cycle of the cow can be linked to an annual
calendar of management events. Therefore, there are numerous approaches to
profitability in dairy farming. There is no ‘best’ system used id dairy farm
management. Which, the ‘best’ system will depend on the cost of feed and labor and
the price of milk but will also reflect differences in skills and resources on a farm
(House, 2011).
Restriction in the dietary proportions of concentrates relative to dry matter intake
may reduce the cow’s ability to consume enough energy for maintenance and milk

4
 production. The cows share the same average genetic potential for milk production, so
a potential lack of energy could increase the risk of negative energy balance (Fall and
Ulf, 2009).

2.2. Breeding Management

Artificial Insemination (AI) is the manual placement of semen in the
reproductive tract of the female by a method other than natural mating which is one of
a group of technologies commonly known as “assisted reproduction technologies”
(ART), whereby offspring are generated by facilitating the meeting of gametes
(spermatozoa and oocytes) The beginning and end of estrus are very difficult to
determine. The simplest practical method of timing inseminations is to use the a.m. -
p.m. rule (Kumar Patel et al., 2017).
Heifers should be in good health and condition when they are bred. Although the
typical age to breed heifers is between 13 and 15 months of age, heifers may grow at
different rates (Erbst et al., 2013).
Pregnancy diagnosis is an important tool to measure the success of reproductive
management of a cattle herd. Rectal palpation is probably the most commonly used
method for pregnancy diagnosis. Although the technique of palpation is relatively
simple, the use of breeding records greatly increases the accuracy of the diagnosis and
speeds up the palpation process (Instructional Materials Service, 2002).
Calves should be removed from the cow at birth and placed in a clean dry area.
Calves should be given at least four liters of good-quality colostrum during their first
twelve hours of life. This can be given through a bottle or a stomach tube if the calf
will not suckle (House, 2011).
The calf’s umbilical cord should be sprayed with iodine solution (7%)
immediately after birth. Calves must be given a good drink of quality colostrum early
in their lives (SNV, 2017).

2.3. Milking Hygiene

Automatic milking systems (AMS), or milking robots, are becoming widely
accepted as a milking technology that reduces labor and increases milk yield. (Tse,, et
al. 2018).Milking management has always been regarded as an important factor in
achieving high milk production, efficient milking, excellent milk quality, and good teat
and udder health. Automatic milking systems (AMS) have been designed to perform pre

5
and post milking tasks in a similar way to the recommended procedures for human
workers (Morten Dam Rasmussen and Douglas J. Reinemann, 2016).
Check for abnormal milk. Before cleaning the teats, check for abnormalities in all four
quarters by stripping-out a few streams of milk. If the milk shows signs of mastitis, the
cow's milk should be kept out of the milk supply and the cow treated accordingly (Peck
and Swift, 2009).
Ensure milking routines do not injure the animals or introduce contaminants into milk
• Identify individual animals that require special milking management
• Ensure appropriate udder preparation for milking
• Milk animals regularly using consistent milking techniques
• Segregate milk harvested from sick or treated animals for appropriate
disposal
• Ensure milking equipment is correctly installed and maintained
• Ensure a sufficient supply of clean water (Food and Agriculture
Organization, 2011)
The nine components of an efficient milking process are as follows:
1. Parlor preparation;
2. Row filling;
3. Preparation for milking;
4. Preparation in batches and maximizing milk let down;
5. Cluster attachment;
6. Cluster removal;
7. Teat disinfection;
8. Row exit;
9. Parlor hose down. (Teagasc, 2018)
Equipment must be cleaned between milking, and deposits of mineral, milk fat,
and protein must be removed. Cleaning by hot water, disinfectant, or other chemical
agents is effective. Neglecting to wash equipment even once can cause the next shipment
of milk to fail the quality tests performed on every milk shipment. Carefully review milk
test results for any signs of improper equipment function. (Erbst et al., 2013)

6
2.4. Nutrition (Feed and Water)
The quantity and quality of the feed and water provided largely determines the
dairy animals’ health and productivity, and the quality and safety of its milk.
This fact describes good dairy farming practices for managing animal nutrition,
both feeding, and watering. The suggested practices are set out under the following
headings:
a. To secure feed and water supplies from sustainable sources.
b. To ensure animal feed and water are of suitable quantity and quality.
c. Control storage conditions of feed.
d. To ensure the traceability of feedstuffs brought on to the farm.
Good nutrition is the fundamental requirement for dairy animals, and it is
considered as one of the biggest contributors to animal welfare. Improper nutrition not
only affects productivity but also the health, behavior, and welfare of an animal (FAO,
2013, 2012).
Cattle feed can be in the form of forage (grass) or concentrate. Forage is a feed
ingredient that contains the fiber to maintain the normal functioning of the digestive
tract of dairy cattle. The concentrate is a feed that contains nutrients that are easily
digested and needed to accelerate productivity. Feeding only in the form of forage is
sometimes not enough, so we need to add another type of feed in the form of concentrate.
Comparison of forages and concentrates is generally based on the needs of cattle and
the ability of farmers to provide these materials (Gustiar et al., 2014).
Forage for mature cattle generally given as much as 10% of body weight and
additional feed as much as 1-2% of body weight. Lactation cattle require an additional
feed of 25% forage and concentrate in the ration. Fresh grass should be added with the
type of legume. Feeding concentrates that have higher nutritional value than forage, is
intended to provide opportunities for livestock in order to maximize growth/production
(Laryska, Nabila.; Tri, 2013).
The system of providing unlimited drinking water (ad libitum) is good because it
can continue to provide water in the cage so that the cow is not thirsty and needs for
bodily functions are met. The provision of drinking water in an ad libitum is in
accordance with the opinion of (James Blakely; David H Bade, 1991), that in raising
cattle, drinking water must always be available or available because water has a very
vital function. The amount of water supply with sufficient quality can guarantee the

7
continuity of the normal functioning of the livestock body including reproductive
function.
Dairy production systems rely on the input of nutrients. However, dairy systems
are inefficient at converting nutrients into sealable products and lose a large part of the
nutrient input to the environment. The rations were formulated specifically for the
groups (e.g., high – low yielding group, 1st lactation group and older group) and the
target yield set by the farmer (Romer, et al., 2009).

2.5. Animal Welfare

The essence, animal welfare is the application of sensible and sensitive animal
husbandry practices to the livestock on the farm. Animal welfare is primarily concerned
with the well-being of the animal. In general, consumers perceive high animal welfare
standards as an indicator that food is safe, healthy, and high quality. Animal welfare
standards have been incorporated into most on-farm food quality and food safety
schemes.
Many animal welfares codes list ‘five freedoms’ that should underpin the best
farm practice in relation to animal welfare.
Animals should be kept according to the following ‘five freedoms’:
a. Freedom from thirst, hunger, and malnutrition
b. Freedom from discomfort
c. Freedom from pain, injury, and disease
d. Freedom from fear
e. Freedom to engage in relatively normal patterns of animal behavior
Based on Thailand Agricultural Standard Dairy Cattle, Dairy cattle shall be
moved freely and live-in comfort and safety conditions. Dairy cattle health shall be
regularly checked at the appropriate intervals. Immediate action for sick, injured, or
deformed animals shall be properly handled to avoid suffering. Animal welfare
management shall comply with the department of livestock development regulations on
the protection and welfare of dairy cattle at the farm (Thai Standard, 2010).

2.6. Environmental Management

Good dairy farming practice also ensures that the milk is produced by healthy
animals in a manner that is sustainable and responsible from the animal welfare, social,
economic and environmental perspectives. Implementing good dairy farming practice

8
is also good risk management for the short and long term future of the dairy farming
enterprise (FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization, 2011).
It is plausible that an important mechanism for the decrease in milk production
following lameness is lower feed intake associated with pain and reluctance to move to
and stand at the feed bunk. Decreased feed intake associated with foot lesions has been
described. Foot rot and foot warts were associated with smaller decreases in production
than sole ulcers or abscesses in one herd. In the other herd, cows with foot abscesses
and rotten foot have larger decreases in milk production (Warnick et al., 2001).
A key aspect to successfully rearing these animals is to ensure adequate intake
of colostrum to support the animal’s passive immunity. Calves with adequate passive
transfer of immunity have lower mortality and morbidity and fewer antibiotic treatments
compared with animals with failure of passive transfer (Berge et al., 2009)
Open housing system is the preferable to be used under hot climatic conditions,
with varying systems of protection from heat stress, depending on the ambient
temperature. The open housing system consists of shade structure covering a yard
(Hatem et al., 2004).
In the cowsheds for female cattle that are ready to be milked, there was no wall
to separate, only two bars of long tubed pipes are there to separate the shed for the
system was open-housed one, with floor that is made by cement, quite slippery to human
but not when it comes to the cows (Navyanti and Adriyani, 2015).

2.7. Socio-Economic Management

Dairy farming business is a business in the field of animal husbandry that is
carried out by someone/breeder in a certain place which the breeding of livestock and
every activity within the area are regulated as well as supervised by the breeder. A
breeder has the function of becoming the livestock keeper as well as an entrepreneur
who is able to make a decision or an alternative in problem solving. The decision of
accepting and rejecting the change that is carried by the agent of change is determined
by socio-economic factor (Kusumahadi, 2008).
Three parameters that imply a good dairy farming practice. The three of them
are (1) implement effective and responsible management of human resources, (2) ensure
farm tasks are carried out safely and competently, and (3) manage the enterprise to
ensure its financial viability. These good dairy farming practice in socio-economic

9
management can also help to manage the social economic risks to the enterprise (FAO-
Food and Agriculture Organization, 2011).
The success and failure of a large dairy farm is determined by two main factors
that are: (1) the ability of management to have appropriate goals and plans in place,
make appropriate decisions, develop appropriate Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
and (2) the capability and ability of staff to successfully implement the SOPs and be
focused on the business being successful (Moran, 2017).

10
 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1. Location and Time
This internship study activities were conducted from 2nd November – 1st December 2018
at Chiangmai Fresh Milk Co., ltd., Tambon sub district, Laoya0 district, Banhong –
Lamphun Province, Thailand 5113.

3.2. Object of Study

Object of the study internship were Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm, Ban Hong,
Lamphun, Thailand.

3.3. Methods
The methods that used in this internship study activity direct participation in a routine
activity, interviews with the workers, and office staff.
1. Participation
Participation is one method of data development by actively working either
directly or indirectly on all aspects related to activities at the location of internship study
activity. The activities include calving management, milking management, artificial
insemination (AI) management, and feeding management.
2. Interview
The interview is one method of primary data collection carried out systematically
and based on a list of question that have been previously made in accordance with the
objectives of the activity. As stated above, the data is collected by doing interview or
discussion with manager, fellow expert intern and/or employees of the farm that related
to each management.
3. Observation
This observation method used to collect data, facts, and information required.
From the observations made about the state of data obtained general merchandisers
location, location area, so that the data obtained in accordance with the conditions that
exist in the field. Data obtained at the time of observation in secondary data.

3.4. Analysis of Results

Analysis of the results of activities are descriptive analysis, and the results of
observations during the internship in accordance with the theory.

11
3.5. Terminology
No. Terminologies Information
1. Forages Forage is a plant material eaten by grazing livestock
2. Calf A calf (plural, calves) is the young of domestic cattle. Calves
are reared to become adult cattle, or are slaughtered for their
meat, called veal, and for their calfskin.
3. Mastitis Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland or udder.
Mastitis in dairy cows is caused by udder infections, usually
resulting from bacteria introduced either during the milking
process or from environmental contact. Examples include
contamination from milking equipment, milking personnel,
manure contamination or dirty stalls.
4. Lactation Lactation is the period of time that a mother secretes milk
from her mammary glands.
5. Colostrum Colostrum is the first form of milk produced by the
mammary glands of mammals (including many humans)
immediately following delivery of the newborn.
6. Heifer Young female dairy cattle that are more than 8 months old
until first calving.

12
 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND ACTIVITY EVALUATION

4.1. Location
Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm is located in Lamphun Province, located 19 km south of
Chiang Mai Province. Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm is a company engaged in milk processing
and its products. Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm has two different locations, one as dairy farm
and the other as milk processing into milk-based products. Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm for
dairy cattle farm is located on a plateau, Lhao Yao Sub – district, Ban Hong District, Lamphun
Province.

Figure 1 Location of Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm

4.1. Population of Cattle

4.2. Population of Cattle
Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm raise two types of cattle which is dairy cattle and
beef cattle. There are about more or less 1000 cattle consisting of 400 lactating cow and
120 heifers, 90 calf, 260 dry cows, 170 pregnant, ready for calving 50 heads, beef cattle
80 heads and 9 bulls. The cattle are grouped according to the age, except for calves
because the calves are put into separate cages. The dairy cattle breed used to produce
milk is Tropical Holstein Friesian, which is crossbred between Holstein Friesian and
Thai native cattle, while beef cattle are mainly from Bos Taurus breed which are Angus,
Charolais and Wagyu.
The dairy cattle that are widely used to produce milk are Holstein Friesian (FH)
cattle. Friesian Holstein are known to be the highest milk producing cattle with the

13
 lowest fat content compared to other dairy cattle. According to Al – amin (2017) dairy
cows are the main milk producing livestock that meets the world’s milk needs when
compared to other milk producing cattle, so breeding is always directed at increasing
milk production. The type of dairy cattle Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm, Ban Hong,
Lamphun, Thailand is Holstein Friesian Crossbred (Figure 2). The Holstein Friesians
are crossed with Thailand’s native breed such as White Lamphun Cattle (Figure 3) to
produce cattle that are able to adapt to the climate in the location.

Figure 3 Holstein Friesian Cross Figure 3 Native White Lamphun Cattle

4.3. Aspect of Dairy Cattle

4.3.1. Animal Health
The biosecurity in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk is located in front of the entrance gate
which is the only place where vehicles, workers, visitors and animals come in and out
of farm. The function of the biosecurity is to prevent disease from occurring and to keep
the farm sterile. According to Stankovic et al., (2015), biosecurity is a series of
management designed to minimize, prevent and control. Biosecurity is important in
avoiding animal disease but also reducing the risks of endemic disease. Biosecurity
standards on farm are generally based on the assessments of risk, internationally
accepted practices and the availability of science to help mitigate disease.
Another thing to do to prevent disease from happening and infecting the animals
are by cleaning the cowshed, cleaning the equipment and medication tools used on the
cows. In an effort to maintain cleanliness in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm, there are two
ways, namely prevention and treatment.
The treatments that is mandatory done in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm is
injecting 4 types of medication (Figure 4) right after the cow has given birth and milked
for colostrum. These medications used are 25 ml of Butasyl, 25 ml of Alamycin L.A.
which is injected in the neck, 25 ml of Catosal is injected in the hip and 50ml of Glucose

14
T.P is added to 500ml of Calcium Borogluconate before infusing into the cow’s jugular
vein.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 4. Medication used for after calving cattle; (a) Calcium Borogluconate,
(b) Glucose T.P, (c) Butasyl, Catosal and Alamycin L.A.

4.3.2. Housing Sanitation

Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm cleans the cowshed everyday by flushing method
and general farm cleaning every two days. Flushing method is done by hosing water
around the cowshed. Cleaning the cowshed floor using water aims to help liquify the
feces so that it is easier for the sludge out into the sewer. Spraying disinfectant on regular
basis and spreading dolomite powder around the farm and cowshed as disinfectant.
According to Pramono et al., (2017), housing in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm is
modeled loose housing with enclosure 8 meters high, 80 meters long and 15 meters
length with floors made of cement. While housing for calf are individual cages made of
plastic insulation and iron with diameter of 50 cm to facilitate air circulation. Cage size
for age 0 – 4 weeks 0,75 x 1,5 m and for calf age 4 – 8 weeks 1 x 1,8 m, equipped with
feed and drink bucket holder for every individual cage. Meanwhile housing for heifer,
lactating and dry cows in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm in general are the same. Loose
housing model with a length of 30 m and a width of 10 m, with the capacity of 30 – 45
cows. Loose housing model gives the cattle a chance to move freely and get fresh air
and sufficient sunlight.

4.3.3. Disease Management

It is well known that health is an important component of dairy cow welfare. The
incidence and duration of an illness considerable affects the health of the animal. The
written health and welfare plan should, as a minimum, have biosecurity arrangements
on – farm and in transport, any specific disease programs, such as salmonellosis, BVD
and tuberculosis; vaccination policy and timing; isolation procedures; external and
internal parasite control; lameness monitoring and foot care. Also, routine procedures
15
such as ear tagging, mastitis control. The health and welfare plan should make sure that
animals get any necessary medical treatment at the correct time and in the correct dose
(Hristov et al., 2008). The disease that often occurs in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm is
mostly mastitis, bloat and diarrhea.
a. Mastitis
Mastitis is a disease that infects the udder making it to turn red and
inflamed. The bovine mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that
affects the animal welfare and has big negative impacts on the health of the
animals and also on the economy of the dairy industry. Clinical mastitis is a
common problem especially in dairy farming that affects the quality of milk
and causes economic losses. Caused by several different bacteria that invade
the udder causing inflammation which can reduce the productivity of the cow
as well as the quality of the milk.
According to Tewari (2014) mastitis can be caused by infectious or
infectious agents. The infectious type of mastitis is the most important one
that frequently occurs due to infection by one and/or other pathogens. The
pathogens are the organisms that have adapted to survive within the host, in
particular within the mammary gland, and are capable of establishing
subclinical infections, which are typically spread from cow to cow at around
the time of milking.
There are namely two types of bovine mastitis, clinical mastitis and
subclinical mastitis. Clinical mastitis is easily detected by the changes in the
physical appearance of the udder such as swelling, redness, rise in
temperature of udder and physical changes in the milk such as consistency of
the milk, color, taste and smell of the milk. Whereas subclinical mastitis
doesn’t show any signs of sickness and can only be detected through
laboratory test. The diagnosis of subclinical mastitis is much more
problematic due to the fact that the milk appears normal. Compositional
changes of milk happen due to subclinical mastitis reflect the degree of
physical damage to the udder tissue. The damaged blood – milk barrier causes
the mammary epithelial junctions to become leaky, leading to the escape of
blood and other fluid components into the lumen of the alveolus and thus a
decrease in milk secretion rate. The blood and fluid components entering the

16
inflamed quarters are mixed with the secreted milk which increases the milk
pH (Kandeel et al., 2019).
According to Rahman, et al., (2009), the prevalence of mastitis increased
with age in dry and wet seasons. The number of lactations had a significant
effect on the prevalence of mastitis irrespective of seasons. The prevalence of
mastitis was lowest in firs lactation (12.3 to 31.6%) in both seasons and
highest in 6th to 13th lactation (41.3%) in dry season and 5th lactation (65%)
in wet season (table 1). The breed did not show a significant effect on the
prevalence of mastitis. Moreover, pregnancy had no influence on the
prevalence of mastitis. This is in accordance with the prevalence of mastitis
in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm, that the number of cattle infected with
mastitis is affected by the seasons and the cleanliness of the shed, number of
lactations can affect the prevalence of mastitis because of the udder’s health
condition. High – yielding and aged cows are more prone to mastitis because
the glandular tissues are more susceptible to infection and the defense
mechanism is old cows is poorer than in younger cows.

Tabel 1 Prevalence of mastitis and age, parity and breed

Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm has a strict milking management to keep
the milk in good quality and to prevent infectious disease that can infect the
cow through the udder while milking such as mastitis. Before the cow is ready
to be milked, the teats are cleaned water and dried with a single use
rectangular clean cloth with each corner of the cloth for each one of the teats.
17
After the milking process happen, the teats are dipped in iodine to prevent
mastitis. Cattle group that is infected with mastitis are milked last and is
injected with Spectrazol in the teat for mastitis medication (Figure 5 (a)).
Mastitis detection in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm is done by using
California Mastitis Test (CMT). CMT uses a special reagent and a paddle
with four parts representing each of the four teats. By mixing milk and the
reagent with 1:1 ratio in the paddle slowly for 10 – 15 seconds, the results
will show immediately with (-) the milk doesn’t show any changes, (+) if the
milk is thickened but no gel formed, (++) thickened milk and slight gel
formation and (+++) gel is completely formed (Figure 5 (b)).
Keeping the cowshed and udder clean, particularly in wet seasons, may
help reduce the prevalence of mastitis. For cowshed, regular cleaning of the
floor, milker’s cleanliness, regular teat – dipping at milking, treating the new
clinical cases properly, identification of sub – clinical mastitis and dry – cow
therapy may reduce the prevalence of mastitis.
Mastitis in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm is checked when the milking
process is done, because the mastitis herd is milked last and the milk goes to
the calf for the calf’s daily consumption. The increase in somatic cell shows
that there is mastitis infection. The cow that’s infected with mastitis is treated
with antibiotic drugs which can directly affect the secreted milk, this is why
the milk is not processed for human consumption. This is in accordance to
Fall and Ulf (2009), reasons other than a higher mobilization of body reserves,
for the relatively high yield in first – parity Holstein cows could be, for
instance, differences in feeding strategy. The result regarding mastitis
frequency have shown that high milk yield is a risk factor for clinical mastitis.
Detailed information on somatic cell counts (SCC) as an indicator of mastitis,
veterinary treatments of mastitis is available in many situations and makes
udder health a potentially good health marker in dairy cows. High milk yield
is a risk factor for clinical mastitis.

18
 (a) (b)

Figure 5 (a) California Mastitis Test, (b) Treatment for mastitis

b. Bloat
Bloat is a form of indigestion marked by excessive accumulation of gas
in the rumen resulting in pressure on the diaphragm and lungs, which affects
breathing and can potentially result in death if not immediately treated.
Bloating can be divided into two types which are pasture (frothy) bloat and
free gas (dry) bloat.
Pasture bloat occurs in both dairy and beef cattle that graze pasture
consisting of bloating forages. It is fairly well established that young animals
are more susceptible to acute and severe bloat than older animals, and it is
suspected that animals get used to eating bloating pastures and are less
susceptible after exposure. The present study on frothy bloat of bovine species
revealed that, the prevalence of frothy bloat was 79.3% and mortality rate of
frothy bloat in kebele Lencha were 20.67%. The mortality rate of frothy bloat
is most common in ruminant animals than freegas bloat. The pasture bloat is
the common pasture bovine than bovine species (Abdisa, 2018).
Acute bloat must be treated quickly. In the last stages of severe bloat, a
few seconds delay can result in the animal’s death. One of the methods to
healing bloated cattle is by using a trocar. A trocar fitted with a cannula
pushes through the rumen wall making a hole in the rumen. After the cannula
and the trocar pierce through the rumen, remove the trocar leaving the cannula
as the only way for the gas to exit the rumen. After all the gas is out, remove
the cannula from the rumen and give medication to the pierced rumen to
prevent from infection.

19
 Figure 6 Treatment for bloated calf using trocar and cannula

c. Diarrhea
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes a wide spectrum of
subclinical and clinical manifestation in affected cattle including infertility,
abortion, reduced milk production, diarrhea and immunosuppression (Han et
al., 2020).
Diarrhea usually infect the calf due to their immune system that’s not
strong enough to resist pathogens that enters the body. Disease is ascribed to
the presence of bacteria or viruses and other pathogens. The causes are
complex, ranging from bacteria, viruses, parasites, environmental conditions,
colostrum deficiency, too much food. The main effect experienced is by water
deficiency, bicarbonate, sodium and potassium from the blood and body
fluids. To overcome dehydration is to replace lost body fluids with electrolyte
(Ahmad et al., 2018)
The prevention effort is supply of vitamin A and D in an amount
sufficient to cattle prior to giving birth, providing a clean environment, proper
disinfection for the cowshed and isolation for sick cattle. In addition, newborn
calf must be given iodine solution on the umbilical cord to prevent from
infection and newborn calf must immediately get colostrum in sufficient
quantity in the first hour after birth.

d. Uterine Prolapse
According to Ishii et al., (2010) uterine prolapse has been recorded in all
animal species, although most commonly seen in dairy cows. Various
predisposing factors have been suggested for uterine prolapse in the cow such

20
as hypocalcemia, prolonged dystocia, fetal traction, fetal oversize, retained
fetal membranes, chronic disease and paresis. In the period immediately after
prolapsing occurs the tissues appear almost normal, but within a few hours
they become enlarged and edematous. Some animals will develop
hypovolemic shock secondary to internal blood loss. It is regarded as a
veterinary emergency because without treatment, the cow is likely to die.
In Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm, the workers are graduate animal
husbandry and animal science faculty which means that the employee are
competent in handling the animal. Uterine prolapse that happened in Chiang
Mai Fresh Milk Farm was handled nicely and immediately as soon as the
stockman sees the injured cow. Replacing the uterus is done by pouring sugar
which work as an osmotic agent and to reduce the swelling in the uterus
(Figure 7.). The uterus was held elevated above ground while cleaning to
prevent contamination. After the uterus got smaller in size, the uterus is
pushed back inside and made sure the cow got the medication she needs. This
is according to Miesner and Andersen (2008) that by applying osmotic agents,
such as salts or sugar, has proved effective to begin reducing and preventing
the edema that rapidly accumulates within the prolapsed tissue. It is also
recognized that these products can amplify endometrial trauma.

(a) (b)
Figure 7 (a). Uterine prolapse, (b) uterine prolapse treatment

e. Dystocia
Dystocia is common in dairy farming, heifers that are bred too young
or with a body weight too low are more likely to experience dystocia. The
consequences of dystocia are increased morbidity and mortality rate of
newborn calves are subsequent reduced fertility of the dam. In heifers,
relative or absolute fetal oversize is a common cause of dystocia. As said in
Choukeir et al., (2019) dystocia has been defined as a difficult birth resulting

21
 in prolonged calving or severe assisted extraction of a calf birth. Dystocia
has negative effects on the dam and the newborn calf by increasing the
stillbirth rate. Furthermore, it increases the prevalence of retained fetal
membranes, injury of the birth canal, culling rate, risk of maternal mortality
and postnatal calf morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the prevention of
dystocia is crucial importance in dairy farm management.
According to Vinze et al., (2018) managing dystocia is still
challenging in dairy cattle practice. Therefore, the risk of dystocia should be
recognized as early as possible, because early intervention has the potential
to prevent stillbirth. Fetal and maternal causes can lead to a difficult birth.
Early recognition of the delay in the calving process and intervention can
improve the economic impact.
Ali and Amin (2016) said that management should ensure that heifers
are inseminated at the proper age and body weight. Dystocia results due to
incorrect disposition, fetus become stuck during delivery. In Chiang Mai
Fresh Milk Farm, dystocia has big effect to the farm. when the calf dies
while calving, the farm loses a replacement stock candidate and as for the
mother cow, death could be the biggest threat. The calf that is stuck while
calving is pulled out by the help of calf puller (Figure 8).

Figure 8 Stuck calf pulled by calf puller.

4.3.4. Management of Dairy Cattle

Health care in livestock is one of the keys to success in raising livestock. The
sick cows wouldn’t be able to produce optimally, and cattle infected with contagious
diseases, meat or products should not be marketed. Health is absolutely necessary
because it can prevent the loss when infected. Thus, the necessary treatment, treatment
and prevention of disease. In the maintenance of dairy farm calf in Chiang Mai Fresh
Milk Farm, the preventive action taken to deal with a variety of diseases is to keep
cleaning the cage. Cages and environment around the cage are cleaned twice a day in

22
the morning and evening. The health condition of livestock in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk
Farm in general is good. This is due to the cattle’s health that is always observed every
day.
4.3.5. Calf Management
Calves reared in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm is from Holstein Friesian
Crossbred. The female calf population later will be used as a replacement stock.
Holstein Friesian Cross cows and calf can be candidates when growth
performance is above average. Calf with growth of live weight and body
performance above the average population needs to be considered as a candidate
for replacement stock.
After calving, the calf is immediately separated from the mother and is
given colostrum milked straight from the mother. According to Cummins et al.
(2017) colostrum is one of the most important sources of essential nutrients to
improve the likelihood of survival. In particular, colostrum contains
immunoglobin, specifically IgG, which, when absorbed, protects the calf from
infectious disease. Therefore, for the first 24 hours of the calf’s life after birth is
critical, feeding colostrum to newborn calf is very important. In Chiang Mai
Fresh Milk Farm, Colostrum is given two times a day in the morning and at noon.
After the 5th week, the call on dairy farm it's fed with liquid in the form of fresh
milk which is accommodated in the bucket with the amount of 3 liters/cow/day.
Fresh milk is given twice a day as well at noon and at night in Chiang Mai Fresh
Milk Farm.
In Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm, one of the ways in maintaining calves
is done by dehorning at a young age. According to Buitrago (2016), removal of
the horn buds at an early age when the horn itself is not formed still is named
“disbudding”. Disbudding’s function is to destroy the small ring of skin
encircling the horn bud. Using caustic paste, disbudding can be chemically done
to destroy the horn’s stem cells. Disbudding in Chiang Mai. Fresh Milk Farm is
done to prevent horns from growing at a later time.

23
 Figure 9 Disbudding calf using chemical method.

4.3.6. Heifer Management

Heifers are female cattle aged 1 – 2 years or more yet still childless.
Heifer maintenance in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm is by simple management.
The heifers are caged by groups and ready to mate and start the reproductive
phase. The average age of the heifer population reach puberty at the age of 10
months. If visible signs of estrous is shown, artificial insemination (AI) would
be done soon for mating.
Medications such as vitamins and anti – parasite are injected into heifer
with dose according to the heifer’s age to maintain healthy growth and to prevent
from getting infectious disease (Figure 10).

Figure 10. Medication treatment for heifer

4.3.7. Dry Cow Management

Cows at dry period are given feed less than the cows in lactation. The
period of dry cow is between 60 – 90 days to allow the mammary glands to heal
before the cow is ready for the next AI. According to Grewal et al., (2018) dry
period is also called as resting period in which cow udder is prepared for the next
lactation. Dry period is necessary because the mammary gland of the dairy cow

24
 requires a nonlactating period prior to parturition to optimize milk production in
the subsequent lactation. High producing dairy cows experience a negative
energy balance during transition period therefore, a successful transition period
is essential for better animal health and productivity of animals.

4.3.8. Lactating Cow Management

In Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm, dairy cow maintenance is highly
customized, and with it, showed that milk production is high at 15 – 30
liters/cow/day. The lactating cows are divided into two groups which are the
high lactating cow and the medium lactating cow. Besides from feed intake, milk
production can also be affected by external environmental factors. The various
environmental factors in genetic evaluation should be taken into contributions to
the milk production of dairy cows. Temperatures in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm
in the morning can reach 16 – 17o C and temperature during day can reach 23 –
25o C this is because Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm is located on a plateau.
Calderon, et al., (2005) stated that there is a significant difference between the
performance of livestock production in the lowlands with a plateau. Differences
in productivity is closely related to temperature and humidity factors.
The medium milk production group in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm is
injected with oxytocin hormone (Figure 11) in order to accelerate the milk
production. This is in accordance with Caldwell and Young (2006) in
Hafizuddin, et al., (2013) that the function of oxytocin hormone is to stimulate
strong contractions in the uterine wall so that it makes it easier to help the birth
process. In addition, this hormone also functions to secrete milk by stimulating
the contractions of the lactiferous ducts of the mammary glands (udder) for
breastfeeding.

25
 Figure 11 Oxytocin hormone

4.4. Breeding Management

4.4.1. Artificial insemination (AI)
Artificial insemination (AI) is the manual placement of semen in the
reproductive tract of the female by a method other than natural mating which is one of
a group of technologies commonly known as “assisted reproduction technologies”
(ART), whereby offspring are generated by facilitating the meeting of gametes
(spermatozoa and oocytes). Based on Patel, Haque, and Madhava (2017) farm fresh milk
is using artificial insemination for facilitating the reproduction management. Artificial
insemination is used because it's way easier and way effective than bringing the bull to
the heifers. This action will lead to saving money or capital and also less energy for the
worker. All this process need only a straw of semen and a semen injector.
The correct timing of insemination is as important as the correct placement of
semen. Field experience has shown that the best results are obtained when the
insemination is performed at or near the end of estrus. The beginning and end of estrus
are very difficult to determine. The simplest practical method of timing inseminations
is to use the a.m. - p.m. rule based on Patel, et al., (2017). Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm
also uses the same method to know when the cow is having an estrus. The worker checks
the cow in the morning and does the artificial insemination at noon. They also have to
do the artificial insemination in the peak of the estrus cycle so it will come out as a good
or best result. Chiang Mai fresh milk do the artificial insemination when the heifers
reach the peak of the estrous.
Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm does the first artificial insemination when the
heifer reaches the weight of more than 300kg, at the age of 16 – 18 months. This is in

26
accordance with Aswan, et al., (2016) heifers are ready to get the first artificial
insemination at the age of 15 months with weight around 300 – 350 kg. In Japan, the
standard age of first mating is when the heifer reaches the range of weight 300 – 350
kg, reached at the age of 15 months and will be at calving by the age of 24 months.
Dairy cows can experience a delay at the first mating age because of the body weight
factor which has not been reached in time for the first mating, high temperature and
humidity are also one of the factors that can affect the first mating age.

(a) (b)
Figure 12 (a) semen tank, (b) checking the rectal position

4.4.2. Heifers Management

Heifers should be in good health and condition when they are bred. Although
the typical age to breed heifers is between 13 and 15 months of age, heifers may grow
at different rates (National Milk Producers Federation 2010). Must be in properly fitness
and situation whilst they may be bred. tracking a heifer for symptoms and symptoms of
puberty crucial through gazing them mounting every other, or lacking hair or hair swept
backwards at the tail head also are properly symptoms and symptoms they have got
started biking and reached puberty. Research suggests the extra estrous cycles heifers
have previous to breeding, the extra fertile they'll be whilst the breeding season begins.
In farm female young cows will be breed at 12 until 14 months at their age. 12 until 14
months it's a perfect age for female young cow because by this time heifers should have
reached or be close to reaching puberty

4.4.3. Pregnancy
After the cement already injected, the next step is to wait until the pregnancy
sign is shown. If the pregnancy signs are shown already the next step is a pregnancy
diagnosis. Pregnancy diagnosis is an important tool to measure the success of

27
reproductive management of a cattle herd. There is a View way to make sure that the
cow that already injected by semen is pregnant such as using an ultrasound and rectal
palpation. Rectal palpation is probably the most commonly used method for pregnancy
diagnosis. There are many functions of rectal palpation such as to determine the stage
of the reproductive and determined ovarian condition. Although the technique of
palpation is relatively simple, the use of breeding records greatly increases the accuracy
of the diagnosis and speeds up the palpation process. Pregnancy diagnosis is an
important tool to measure the success of reproductive management of a cattle herd.
Rectal palpation is probably the most commonly used method for pregnancy diagnosis.
Although the technique of palpation is relatively simple, the use of breeding records
greatly increases the accuracy of the diagnosis and speeds up the palpation process.

4.4.4. Calving
When the cow is pregnant, the cow will be moved to a special cage for calving.
When the calving process begins, observe the animal frequently to make sure the birth
is progressing normally. Most cows calve without assistance. Heifers and younger cows
are more likely to require assistance than older cows (Holstein Foundation (2009)). On
the farm, the worker used to assistant the birthing process for observing if everything
works normally. observing is important for knowing if there is something wrong with
the cow while they birth. When's if there is something not normal worker have to do
some procedure to help the cow. In cases that occur during the internship, some cows
have problems during childbirth, the cow leg is visible, but the baby cows are not
coming out which can cause the baby to experience disturbance in the future or even are
not saved. The thing that should be done is pulling the babies feet with the Rope. In
other hard cases, the worker uses the calving Jack. In other cases, there is a Retained
placenta. Retained placenta usually is defined as a failure to expel fetal membranes
within 24 hours after parturition. The procedure that should be done is treating with
antibiotics. In this type of case, manual removal should be avoided to prevent excessive
Hemorrhage in the uterus, or it will be introducing additional infection into the uterus.

4.4.5. Aftercare
Cow in late pregnancy should be move to a special cage for giving birth. But in
some cases, the pregnant cows just gave birth in the regular cage. Separating the
newborn how is harder when it's on the original cage because many other cows around

28
them. The worker used to bring a carrier for transporting newborn baby cows to the
newborn cage. Calves should be removed from the cow at birth because they have to
place in a clean dry area. Calves should be given at least four liters of good-quality
colostrum during their first twelve hours of life. This can be given through a bottle or a
stomach tube if the calf will not suckle (House (2011). After the cow gives birth next
step to do is milking the mother cow milk called colostrum. Colostrum itself is a for
milk produced by the mammary glands in the late pregnancy and the few days after
giving birth. Colostrum contains a high level of antibodies that calves the need to
prevent diseases caused by organisms present on most dairy farms.
after giving birth, mother aftercare really important. First thing getting mother
cow infused by calcium borogluconate, this solution treatment is for hypocalcemia (also
called parturient paresis and commonly called milk fever). After that feeding mother
cow with propylene glycol (Figure 13) in cows after calving very often there is a
shortage of energy, a decrease in blood glucose levels and the activation of fatty
reserves, which leads to the initiation of the synthesis of harmful ketones that’s why
propylene glycol is important for cow aftercare. Newborn calf aftercare is the calves’
umbilical cord should be sprayed with iodine solution (7%) immediately after birth
(SNV (2017)). Calves must be given a good drink of quality colostrum early in their
lives. After the birth of the newborn cow the worker also cut the umbilical cord and
sprayed with iodine to prevent the infection and make the newborn cow sick. Make sure
all the mucus is clear from the mouth and respiratory Passage.

Figure 13. Propylene Glycol for preventing ketosis

29
4.5. Milking Management
4.5.1. Automatic milking systems
Automatic milking systems (AMS), or milking robots, are becoming widely
accepted as a milking technology that reduces labor and increases milk yield (Tse, et al.
(2018)). Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm is a big milk company that uses an automatic
milking system or milking robots for making the job easier and more hygienic because
of less contact with a human hand. the automatic milking system will make the milking
process easier and increases milk yield. This machine will make the work faster.

4.5.2. Milking Procedure (pre-milking)

The first thing to do before milking is checking the udder. Before cleaning the
teats, check for abnormalities in all four quarters by stripping-out a few streams of milk.
If the milk shows signs of mastitis, the cow's milk should be kept out of the milk supply
and the cow treated accordingly (Holstein Foundation (2009)). Checking is for knowing
if there is a shown sign of mastitis or any teats problems. Check if there is discoloration,
look or feel for swelling or hardness at the top middle or end of the teeth. cow Behavior
also can be a sign of a problem that happened when the cups touch the teats.

4.5.3. Milking Procedure (post-milking)

Automatic milking systems (AMS) have been designed to perform pre milking
and post milking tasks in a similar way to the recommended procedures for human
workers (Rasmussen and Reinemann (2010)). For pre milking the machine robot already
designed to track the data of the cow with a chip that hang on the cow neck. For post
milking, the machine is designed to transport the milk to the tank and make it more
hygienic because of less human contact. The machine is designed to stop when the milk
is no longer available. Milking management has always been regarded as an important
factor in achieving high milk production, efficient milking, excellent milk quality, and
good teat and udder health.

4.5.4. Overall Milking Procedure

Nine components of an efficient milking process are as follows:
1. Parlor preparation;
2. Row filling;
3. Preparation for milking;

30
 4. Preparation in batches and maximizing milk let down;
5. Milking Cluster attachment;
6. Milking Cluster removal;
7. Teat disinfection;
8. Row exit;
9. Parlor hose down. Teagasc (2018)
In Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm, milking process happens twice a day start from
5 a.m. until 8 a.m. and at noon start at 4 p.m. and here at 8 p.m., the milking process
starts with parlor preparation that is preparing the parlor that will be used as a place to
milk the cow. After that row filling, that means filling the row with cow. And then
preparation for milking these steps contain check the teat and cleaning the teat with a
cloth that been soak in lukewarm water, this step is important, the purpose of cleaning
the teats is primarily to remove dirt and other particles that can contaminate the milk.
And the next step is repairing the batches. After that attaching the cluster to the teat.
When it's enough already the worker removes the cluster or even the cluster will be
removed automatically by the system. After finish milking, the next thing that should
be done is dipping the teat with iodine. When milking and disinfection are done the next
step is letting the cow out from the parlor. And hose down that means ready for the next
batch of cow.

4.5.5. Milking Hygiene

Milking management it's not just about milking cow but it's also contained
milking hygiene and prevent dairy cattle from Animal Welfare. Make sure that the cow
doesn't injured is a must, based on good Dairy farming practices (FAO 2011) Ensure
milking routines not injure the animals. Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm has ensured
milking routines do not injure the animals or introduce contaminants into milk. Stress
or sick dairy cattle will produce low milk and indirectly makes the profit drop. That's
why dairy cattle cannot be stressed when they are milked.
• Identify individual animals that require special milking management
• Ensure appropriate udder preparation for milking
• Milk animals regularly using consistent milking techniques
• Segregate milk harvested from sick or treated animals for appropriate disposal
• Ensure milking equipment is correctly installed and maintained

31
 • Ensure a sufficient supply of clean water
Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm has a good supply of clean water because clean water is
important for farm management especially cleaning in the milking process. Chiang Mai
Fresh Milk Farm also have it correctly installed and maintained milking equipment that
will be good for the milking process.

4.5.6. Milking Equipment

Equipment must be cleaned between milking, and deposits of mineral, milk fat,
and protein must be removed. Cleaning by hot water, disinfectant, or other chemical
agents is effective. Neglecting to wash equipment even once can cause the next shipment
of milk to fail the quality tests performed on every milk shipment. Carefully review milk
test results for any signs of improper equipment function (National Milk Producers
Federation (2010)). In Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm, the equipment cleaned every after
the milking process is done. The worker used to clean it with chlorophyll and hot water
to remove the dirt the fat and the leftover milk.

4.6. Nutrition (Feed and Water)

The Nutrition given considers quantity, quality, and continuity to support the
management of Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm in Thailand. The concentrate was given
production of feed mill is from Betagro’s Feedmill industry and the forages is from their own
farm. The concentrate saved in Silo Storage. Composition of concentrate consisting of corn,
mineral mix, soybean, cassava, pineapple shell, palm kernel and multivitamin. Chiang Mai
Fresh Milk Farm had land area for the crop to provide forage and grain. Napier grass harvest in
60 days. Corn/Maize harvest in 70 – 75 days. This is the one of way to reduce feed cost and
manage the feeding to the cow. This is according Romer, et al., (2009) that dairy production
systems rely on the input of nutrients. However, dairy systems are inefficient at converting
nutrients into sealable products and lose a large part of the nutrient input to the environment.
The rations were formulated specifically for the groups (e.g., high – low yielding group, 1st
lactation group and older group) and the target yield set by the farmer.

4.6.1. Feeding Calf

Newborn calves first 24 hours must be given high quality colostrum, which
requires producers to consistently provide neonatal calves with a sufficient volume of
clean colostrum within the first hour of life (Godden, 2008). To support immune
32
 function by providing feed an adequate volume of colostrum. Feed colostrum promptly
after birth (within 1-2 hours and again by 6 hours maximum). Each day give
approximately 8 liters, in the morning (07.00 a.m) is 4 liter and in the evening (20.00
p.m) also 4 liters. Colostrum given to the calf using tools that resemble with the teat
of the dairy cow in Figure 14.

Figure 14. Bottle – fed calf

For the next 2-3 weeks calves will primarily feed on milk using bucket or
manually use bottle by the worker. In addition to adequate milk, calves should also
have free access to high quality starter grain (18% or more crude protein) and water.
In 4 weeks calves feed by pellet and hay. Calves be given additive feed that is 1 kg
forages per day which has been cut into small pieces with a chopper machine. The
purpose is important to promote the growth of the muscular layer of the rumen and to
maintain the health of the epithelium. Forages appear to be the primary stimulators of
rumen muscularization development and increased rumen volume. In 2-3-month-old
give the concentrate by total protein is 18-20%.

4.6.2. Feeding Heifer

The feed given to the heifer was forage is cassava, Napier grass, and rice straw
without any provision of concentrates. Giving straw and forage performed three times
per day ; morning, noon and evening. Existing feed ingredients cut into pieces 5-20 cm
long and mixed (Figure 15). Feed was mixed and circulate using a machine shaped car
carrier feed to make easier for workers to feeding the heifers. Provision of drinking
water using ad libitum system

33
 Figure 15. Feed processing

4.6.3. Feeding Lactation Cattle

Lactating cows are divided into several groups for the type of milking so that
the feeding is also different according to the group. Lactating cows are divided into three
groups, The following groups:

1. Cowshed 3,4: Category high milk production

2. Cowshed 5,6: Category medium milk production
3. Cowshed 7,8: Category mastitis

Lactation cattle are fed with a different composition using Total Mixed Ration
(TMR). This makes it easier to control the milking process. In the first group (high milk
production) are given feed 2 times per day in the morning and evening. The provision
of varied feeds such as concentrate, cassava fermented by yeast, silage, cassava chips,
soybean meal, corn, elephant grass silage and pineapple silage. The second group which
has a milk production medium is given morning and evening feed too. The feed given
is in the form of concentrate, cassava, corn ferment by yeast, soybean meal, corn,
elephant grass silage and cassava chips. The third group, in the mastitis category, was
given feed twice a day in the morning and evening. Concentrate which has 16% protein
is given. Feed was mixed and circulate using a machine shaped car carrier feed to make
easier for workers to feeding the milking cow.
The composition of concentrate consists of corn, mineral mix, fish meal, and
multivitamins. In accordance with the statement Ako (2013) found a very high quality
of concentrate has> 75% TDN with> 16% crude protein content. The concentrate is
given to lactating cattle as much as 3.5 kg per cattle for high milk production, 1 kg per
cattle for medium milk production, and mastitis cattle.

34
 The method of giving drinking water is done ad libitum to meet the needs of
milk production. Animal drinking water consumption is approximately 40 liters / head
/ day. The place for drinking water is in the cage to facilitate access to water.
The storage system of feed materials in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm uses FIFO
(First in First Out), which is the first feed material that comes first used, and conversely
the last feed ingredient that comes will be used when the first feed ingredient has been
used up. This method is applied with the aim of not decreasing the quality of the feed
ingredients due to too long storage (Wulandari, Widjaya and Suryani, 2017)

4.7. Animal Welfare

Animal welfare is one of the keys to support production. Animal welfare is an attempt to
provide an appropriate environmental condition for animals, which has an impact on improving
the psychological and physiological systems of animals. Animal welfare in Thailand have a
policy set by Department of Livestock Development regulations on the Protection and Welfare
of Dairy Cattle at Farm B.E. 2544 (2001). It is measured by five key action areas such as
Stockmanship, Feed and water, Physical environment, Husbandry Practices and Health
management.

4.7.1. Stockmanship
Good stockmanship underlies the success of the dairying operation. The
stockmanship in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm is divided by stations such as milking,
feeding, artificial insemination, animal health, and cleaning. The staff in milking,
cleaning, and feeding is available for routine and peak doing that activities. The
veterinarians and other experts available when needed to advise on the care of the
animals, they do the activity to treat the pregnant cow and dairy cow that have mastitis
or other disease. The special expert of Artificial Insemination is always ready in dorm,
in the morning and night they do Artificial Insemination in Milking station with the
sufficient skill and knowledge to ensure the estrus cow. All the stockmanship in Chiang
Mai Fresh Milk Farm have empathy and knowledge about the needs and typical
behavior of the dairy cow.

4.7.2. Feed and Water

Animal should have access to sufficient feed and water, suited to the animal’s
age and needs, to maintain normal health and productivity, and to prevent prolonged

35
hunger, thirst, malnutrition or dehydration. Feed and water available in the house of
Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm with the different treatment at every age of dairy cow.
Feed for dairy cattle can be forage, concentrates and additional food. The milk produced
87% of water and the rest of the form of dry matter. To get 1 liter of milk, a dairy cow
requires 3.5 to 4 liters of drinking water. The water provided ad libitum in Figure 16,
that cattle can access. The feeder is clean the leftover feed every morning and evening,
then give the feed according to the data feed needs.

(a) (b)

Figure 16. (a) & (b), housing in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm providing ad libitum feed and drink.

4.7.3. Environment
• Milking Station Environment
The milking process in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm is in accordance with
the standard of animal welfare in Figure (17). In the milking process there are
several processes or requirements that must be met include the examination of
cow health to be milked, health officers, the ground should have a non-slip-
surface, well drained and free of mud and manure, cleanliness of equipment
and cleanliness of milk chambers. While things are prepared in milking is
calming cows, this is aimed so that the process of milking can run smoothly,
clean the cow and body parts of the cow, washing hands, and lubricate the
udder.

(a) (b)
Figure 17. (a) Milking Process, (b) general disinfection

36
• Feedlot Area
The Feedlot area are opened and not humid, the surface type and area
appropriate for the nature and frequency use to ensure that animals do
not suffer discomfort. Holding areas in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm
designed to enable sufficient resting/recumbence time; as well as reduce
underfeeding and the risk of mastitis and lameness associated with
confinement.
• Housing of Dairy Animals
All animal housing should be adequately ventilated allowing
sufficient supply of fresh air to remove humidity, allow heat dissipation
and prevent build-up of gases such as carbon dioxide, ammonia or
slurry gases (FAO, 2011). Housing system in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk
Farm has fulfilled the standard of animal welfare. The cage area is
cleaned using an automatic manure scraper. Cowshed areas are well-
drained, dry, safe and comfortable, and are cleaned regularly in Figure
18. Where there is a concrete surface to lie on which is covered with a
soft base material. There is a back scratcher to indulge the dairy cows.
The cow cage grouping at Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm is divided into
5 cages, namely the calf cage (0-4 months, weaning cage (4-8 months),
lactation cage (8 month - 2 years), adult cow cage (more than 2 years
and lactation) and dry cow cage.

Figure 18. Cleaning the cage regularly

37
4.7.4 Husbandry Practices
• Milking
Dairy animals should be kept in appropriate social groups to allow
for positive social behavior and minimize injury, distress and chronic
fear. A basic understanding of animal behavior is important for all stock
workers and this is especially important when designing and operating
cattle handling facilities, particularly during milking. The dairy cow in
Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm is familiar with the system and must go
through the shedding system at every milking, irrespective of whether
they are to be shed or not. The manual separation system requires the
operator to physically hold the cows, opening the gates according to the
cowshed category. Races accommodate animals in a single file and
have an internal width of about 680-760mm. Race side height
approximately 1.5m (NADIS, 2009). The handling facility is large
enough to accommodate the cowsheds needed for milking and lead
directly to the milking process.
• Reproduction, Birthing and Weaning Process
After milking the cows are directed to herringbone treatment races
for routine handling of cattle. These are used for artificial insemination,
dosing and vaccinating, routine veterinary work and TB testing. Cows
that have been marked in heat for artificial insemination are entered
stalls arranged side-by-side have a calming effect with access from the
milking parlor exit. Short term confinement stalls are 0.7metres wide x
1.75 meters long with 1.1-metre-high partitions which give good
control. Dairy cow closes to giving birth provided with a quiet and
hygienic place where they can give birth undisturbed by herd members
and kept under surveillance. When a dairy cow is having difficulty
giving birth appropriate assistance given to ensure the health and
welfare of the cow and newborn is protected to the greatest extent
possible. New-born and other young dairy animals handled and moved
in a manner that minimizes distress and avoids injury, bruising and
suffering and provided colostrum.

38
 4.7.5. Health Management
Health management plans should meet relevant national and
international veterinary requirements. Viral, bacterial, and parasitic
diseases should be prevented and controlled through appropriate
biosecurity measures, adequate layout and management of the keeping
system and good management practices including prophylaxis and
monitoring (FAO, 2011). Health management of dairy cattle in Chiang
Mai Fresh Milk has been in accordance with the standard of animal
welfare in Figure 19, that includes managing injuries, vaccination,
dehorning treatment, quarantine, isolation and hygienic measures.

Figure 19. Health treatment.

4.8. Environmental Management

The sustainability of a dairy farm depends on many factors, one of them is housing,
which is comparable with the statement written in GDFP (2011) that elucidates about one of
many things that play major role in determining the sustainability of environment, economic
and social of a good dairy farming is housing, for the cows are entitled to be treated kindly, as
well as providing them comfortable places to rest and easy access to feed and water in
continuous water and feed. In Chiang Mai Fresh Milk, the company is always stressing the
importance of good housing to every cattle inside the farm, in order to prioritize the comfort of
each individual. That being said, as Warnick et al. (2001) has stated, the discomfort and pain
that are usually associated with lameness can also damage the management of milk herds
systematically through their effects on resting, walking, and eating behavior which all of them
are correlated with the importance of good housing in a farm.
There are also many aspects that can measure the value of a good dairy farm. One of
the aspects are waste management. Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm has managed their waste
nicely. By utilizing the waste for biogas and man – made lake for wastewater management
(Figure 20). As stated by Berge et al. (2009), healthy environmental parameters include timely.

39
As stated by Berge et al. (2009), healthy environmental parameters include timely colostrum
feeding, housing, type of bedding materials, hygiene of milk, and water are the key to successful
replacement of calf rearing. Calves section, which was one of the four sections of the Chiang
Mai Fresh Milk internship learning programs, contained a lot of lesson that quite different with
the other three. The lesson consisted of so many stuffs, such as helping the mother cow to give
birth, the precision of time of giving the newborn calf colostrum, putting the calf to the
comfortable shed with cozy bedding inside, checking the health of the calves, as well as the
accessibility of the calves to get both feed and milk.

(a) (b)
Figure 20. (a) wastewater management, (b) biogas dome

As it has been well known that Thailand is similar to Indonesia when it comes to many
things, especially climate for our mainland is near to equator, it is a good choice to apply the
open housing system to prevent from heat stress, for the location of Chiang Mai Fresh Milk
itself is not that near to equator, it is in the North part of Thailand, so the ambience temperature
is rather cool, comparing to other places in Thailand. This is comparable to the statement of
Hatem et al. (2004) that explained about the preferable of open housing system to be used under
hot climatic conditions, with varying systems of protection from heat stress, depending on the
ambient temperature of the place.
The cowsheds of Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm were separated based on their type
(calves, heifers, cows that are ready to be milked, and beef cattle). In the cowsheds for female
cattle that are ready to be milked, there was no wall to separate, only two bars of long tubed
pipes are there to separate the shed for the system was open housed one, with floor that is made
by cement, quite slippery to human but not when it comes to the cows (Figure 21). (Navyanti
dan Adriani, 2015).

40
 Figure 21. Cowshed in Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm.

4.2. Socio-economic Management

Chiang Mai Fresh Milk is a company that runs a business in the field of animal husbandry,
especially dairy cows that is carried out by a manager who manages and supervises the staffs
under his care and is able to make a decision or an alternative in problem solving. This is
comparable to the statement said by Kusumahadi (2008) which elucidates that dairy farming
business is a business in the field of animal husbandry that is carried out by someone/breeder
in a certain place which the breeding of livestock and every activity within the area are regulated
as well as supervised by the breeder. A breeder has the function of becoming the livestock
keeper as well as an entrepreneur who is able to make a decision or an alternative in problem
solving. The decision of accepting and rejecting the change that is carried by the agent of change
is determined by socio-economic factor.
A good dairy farm has to provide its farmers and their wider communities with economic
and social benefits all along, in order to run a good relationship between the company and its
staffs. Chiang Mai Fresh Milk is a farm with obeyable regulation to every staffs, such as precise
time of working that is balanced with the exact precise time of breaking, make sure that
everyone got their work needs is fulfilled, provided proper toilets, and etc. This is comparable
to FAO (2011) that explained about socio-economic management of good dairy farming
practice, there are three parameters that imply a good dairy farming practice. The three of them
are (1) implement effective and responsible management of human resources, (2) ensure farm
tasks are carried out safely and competently, and (3) manage the enterprise to ensure its
financial viability. These good dairy farming practice in socio-economic management can also
help to manage the social economic risks to the enterprise.

41
 The success and failure of a large dairy farm is determined by two main factors that are:
(1) the ability of management to have appropriate goals and plans in place, make appropriate
decisions, develop appropriate Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) and (2) the capability and
ability of staff to successfully implement the SOPs and be focused on the business being
successful, based on the statement by Moran and Chamberlain (2017). This is pretty much the
parameters that are suitable to be applied to Chiang Mai Fresh Milk for it is already considered
a large company. Chiang Mai Fresh Milk is considered passing those two parameters for the
SOPs is formed since the start and has been successfully implemented along the way.
Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm also does not only employ citizens of Thailand, there are
also Myanmar citizens, the company is very professional in placing workers, those who have
high education and experience about livestock will certainly be placed in more complex and
specific parts. Human resources (HR) have a central position in realizing development
performance, which, which places humans in their functions as development resources in Figure
22.

Figure 22. Photo with the workers of Chiang Mai Fresh Milk Farm

42
 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

5.1. Conclusion
Good Dairy Farming Practice (GDFP) has six aspects that must be considered in order of
running the management of dairy cattle farm. Chiang Mai Fresh Farm has done almost all of
the aspects of GDFP, the maintenance and management done is good enough. However, there
are some things that needs to be improved. So, the management system that’s been implemented
can be used as an example of a good dairy farm management system.

5.2. Recommendation
Biosecurity management and disease management should be improved to prevent disease
becoming one of the main causes of low milk production. Feed management must be considered
following the needs of the cow’s condition. This advice is expected able to give insights more
on students and the general public, especially farmers.

43
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