Progettazione di veicoli

aerospaziali (AA-LZ)

D o ce n t e t i t o l a r e : Pr o f. E . C a r r e ra

Le c t u r e s e r i e s :

Conceptual Design of subsonic commercial

aircraft

Dr. Davide Ferretto

davide.ferretto@polito.it

Lesson 1: Introduction to
Conceptual Design and Initial
Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design Guess Data Estimation
and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Davide Ferretto, PhD Research Areas:
Aerospace Systems and Technologies
Current Affiliation: Assistant Professor Aircraft Design
Systems Engineering
Department of Mechanical and Cost Engineering
Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS)
Politecnico di Torino

Research groups:
Design of Aerospace Systems and Technologies (member)
Industrial Systems Engineering and Design (member)
Contacts:
Office: DIMEAS, 1st Floor
Mail: davide.ferretto@polito.it
Latest Projects:
For doubts and requests for clarification, please send an email to
arrange a meeting

https://www.h2020-stratofly.eu/

https://www.h2020moreandless.eu/
https://www.dimeas.polito.it/en/personale/scheda/
(nominativo)/davide.ferretto
 Main Goals

To understand the importance of Conceptual Design among

the design and development phases of an aircraft.

To acquire knowledge about the most up-to-date

methodologies for Conceptual Design of aircraft
Introduction to the
Lecture Series on
To understand the most influential factors on the
Conceptual Design of
subsonic commercial
Conceptual Design of a modern commercial aircraft
a i r p l a n es

To be able to perform a Conceptual Design of a modern

commercial aircraft

To acquire confidence and independence in individual

work execution

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Exam
➢ Individual Summary Report on the application of the
conceptual design methodology for commercial airplanes,
dealing with a specific case study

➢ The content of the Report will be specified all along the

Lectures, with specific requests marked as “Assignment”

Introduction to the ➢ The individual report shall be delivered as a .pdf file, together
Lecture Series on with all supplementary materials (Excel files, Matlab codes,
Conceptual Design of CAD models, etc...)
subsonic commercial
Case Study: A3 5 0 - like aircraft
a i r p l a n es
Case Study: Reference aircraft and com petitors
1 .5 2 pilots
440 passengers
Re q u ir e m e n t s for t h e
Fuselage length < 70 m
developm en t of
s u b s o n i c co m m e r ci a l Cruise Mach number ≥ 0.85
a i r cr a f t ……

1 .6

HOMEWORK Gu e ss d a t a e st im a t io n
f o r su b so n ic
Assignm r ci a1l : aTo
co m m eent write
i r cr a f t down an initial list of requirements for an
aircraft that shall replace A350, with an entry into service in 2030.
Please, while listing the requirements, refer to the categories
reported in Sect.1.4
HOMEWORK

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Estimation (R. Fusaro)
Assignm ent 2 : On the basis of the list of Requirements elicited in
the previous step, identify a good list of reference aircraft and
collect data to be used as meaningful statistical population.

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Estimation (R. Fusaro)

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Reference Material
➢ Lectures presentations

➢ Useful Reference Textbooks

Introduction to the
Lecture Series on
Conceptual Design of
subsonic commercial
a i r p l a n es

Raymer, D. P. (2012).
Aircraft design: a conceptual
approach (AIAA Education
Series). Reston, Virginia.
Torenbeek, E.
(2013). Advanced aircraft
design: conceptual design,
analysis and optimization of
subsonic civil airplanes.
John Wiley & Sons.
Sadraey, M. H.
(2012). Aircraft design: A
systems engineering
approach. John Wiley &
Sons.

➢ Specific support materials

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Tools and Skills

https://www.areait.polito.it/supporto/
risultato_serv.asp?serv=Microsoft&det
taglio=S&id_progetto_servizio=344

Introduction to the
Lecture Series on https://www.areait.polito.it/servizi/de
Conceptual Design of fault.asp?id_progetto_servizio=331
subsonic commercial
a i r p l a n es

https://www.areait.polito.it/supporto/r
isultato_serv.asp?dettaglio=S&serv=So
lidWorks&id_progetto_servizio=297

Please use original products!

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design
and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 E1 Organization:

o Lectures with Assignments

Introduction to the
Lecture Series on
Conceptual Design of o Open Discussions
subsonic commercial
a i r p l a n es

o Individual Report Finalization

Class on Thursday, 13.00 – 14.30, Room 29

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 1.1 Conceptual Design among the Aircraft Design phases

1.2 Most recent methodologies for commercial aircraft

conceptual design
Table of Contents
1.3 Mathematical formalization of the Conceptual Design
Problem

1.4 Requirements for the development of subsonic

commercial aircraft

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Customers may wish to
relax requirements

High Level Requirements

Conceptual Design
Can a sustainable aircraft be design and built that meets the entire set of requirements?
No
Yes
1.1
Conceptual Design Preliminary Design
Develop a sustainable full-scale development proposal (You bet your company!)
a m o n g t h e A i r c ra f t Is the plan sustainable?
Design phases No Yes
“A good aircraft conceptual design
seems to miraculously glide Detailed Design
through subsequent evaluations
by specialists without major
Are all the elements ready to be fabricated?
changes been required.”
D. Raymer
Yes No

Manufacturing

Aircraft design results to be iterative and highly multidisciplinary process!

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design
and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Conceptual Design Phase
1.1
Conceptual Design
a m o n g t h e A i r c ra f t
Design phases
Be flexible!
A key aspect of conceptual
design is that it is a very fluid
process. The design layout is
always being changed, both to
incorporate new aspects
learned about the concept and
to evaluate potential
improvements to the design.
During the Conceptual Design Phase, a wide set of conventional and novel
configurations are considered to suggest aircraft concepts which shall be
technically feasible and commercially viable.
At the end of the Conceptual Design Phase, a knowledge of the feasibility for a
certain number of concepts is expected, supported by a first estimate in
terms of size and performance. These first estimates are important to
support the selection process, performed through “trade-off” studies,
having as final goal the identification of the most suitable configuration.
o For conventional layouts (e.g. development of a new version of an already
existing aircraft or development of a classical layout aircraft), the analysis of
reference aircraft and experience from previous design cycles may
shorten the conceptual design stage, reducing the number of iterations
necessary to converge towards a feasible solution.
o For novel layouts, statistical analysis and other methods based on already
existing aircraft data can only be used to derive first guess data estimation.
Novel methodologies and tools shall be developed to support the
design of these novel concepts, leading to longer Conceptual Design
Phases. Technical, technological and commercial risks have to be duly taken
into account.
Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design
and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Preliminary Design Phase
The best option(s) resulting from the Conceptual Design Phase is (are)
subjected to a more rigorous technical analysis. The objective of this
phase is to find the best ('optimum’) layout for the aircraft with respect
to the list of requirements.
Preliminary Design Phase begins when the major changes are over
and specialists in the various disciplines have a sufficient number of
elements to start the detailed analysis. During a Preliminary Design
Phase, sensitivity analyses are carried out and testing is initiated with
1.1 the need to develop mock-ups.
Conceptual Design
a m o n g t h e A i r c ra f t
Design phases

Detailed Design Phase

During the Detailed Design Phase, the layout is refined to a greater
level of detail. With the external shape fixed, the structural framework is
defined. In areas of doubt, finer calculations are performed and validated
by component tests. Throughout this phase the aircraft weight and
performance estimates are continuously updated as more details of
the aircraft layout become available. At the end of this phase the aircraft
is 'released for production'

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 The Paradigm Shift in Aircraft Conceptual Design

1.1
Conceptual Design
a m o n g t h e A i r c ra f t
Design phases

Be careful!
The entire aircraft arrangement is
determined at a Conceptual
Design stage. Therefore,
understanding interactions
between components and/or
design variables, is much more
important than the definition of
the exact geometry of any of the
parts. NASA systems
Engineering Handbook

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 The Paradigm Shift in Aircraft Conceptual Design

From the industrial standpoint,

an urgent need to reduce the
costs committed during the
very early design stages and to
increase the resilience of the
aircraft project, moving as
forward as possible the design
1.1 points.
Conceptual Design
a m o n g t h e A i r c ra f t
Design phases

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Traditional Conceptual Design Methodologies

1.2
Most recent
m e t h o d o l o g i es f o r
c o m m e r c i a l a i r c ra f t
conceptual design

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Innovative Conceptual Design Methodologies

1.2
Most recent
m e t h o d o l o g i es f o r
c o m m e r c i a l a i r c ra f t
conceptual design

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 A well known design process diagram: the V Diagram

Start Disposal

Customer needs Homologation, disposal

Interaction with Stakeholders
Requirement analysis System testing
1.2
System level Assembly
System
Most recent
Concept design System integration
m e t h o d o l o g i es f o r
c o m m e r c i a l a i r c ra f t Subsystem level Subsystem Subsystem level
conceptual design
Preliminary design Subsystems integration

Component level Component Component level

Design synthesis Component testing

Brusa, E., Calà, A., Ferretto, D.

(2018). Systems engineering and its
application to industrial product
development. (Studies in Systems,
Decision and Control, 134). Springer,
Cham, CH.

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 A well known design process diagram: the V Diagram

1.2
Most recent
m e t h o d o l o g i es f o r
c o m m e r c i a l a i r c ra f t
conceptual design

SAE Aerospace Recommended

Practice – ARP4754
Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design
and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 The Conceptual Design Wheel: where does it start?

1.2
Most recent
m e t h o d o l o g i es f o r
c o m m e r c i a l a i r c ra f t
conceptual design

Raymer, D. P. (2012).
Aircraft design: a conceptual
approach (AIAA Education
Series). Reston, Virginia.

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 The Conceptual Design Wheel: where does it start?
Experts involved into an aircraft design process
can never quite agree on which is the entry point
of the Design Wheel.

Designer: ”the conceptual design starts

with a new airplane concept, i.e., with a
sketch!”

1.2 Sizing Specialists: ”Nothing can begin until

Most recent
m e t h o d o l o g i es f o r
c o m m e r c i a l a i r c ra f t
conceptual design
first guess data are made, and especially,
before MTOM is estimated ”
But ... Who does really stand at the beginning of
the design process? Neither Designers, nor
specialists, but stakeholders!

Stakeholders: “The design of a new

product of a re-design of an existing one Raymer, D. P. (2012).
generates our needs, translated into Aircraft design: a conceptual
requirements” approach (AIAA Education
Series). Reston, Virginia.

Civilian and Military Markets have very different

approaches, which can be simplified as “make
money” and “win the war” respectively.

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Aircraft Conceptual Design Process

1.2
Most recent
m e t h o d o l o g i es f o r
c o m m e r c i a l a i r c ra f t
conceptual design

Raymer, D. P. (2012).
Aircraft design: a conceptual
Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design approach (AIAA Education
and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto) Series). Reston, Virginia.
 The Conceptual Design Problem
Origin of the Conceptual Design Problem
A Conceptual Design Problem always originates from a Design Topic (or
assignment), which can be duly expressed through a set of High Level
Requirements. The set of High Level Requirements usually consists of a list
of aircraft performance (e.g. maximum speed, kilometric range, etc...) and
a list of aircraft characteristics (e.g. payload mass, fuselage length,
wingspan, etc...).
1.3
Mathematical This preliminary list of requirements shall be complemented by a set of
f o r m a l i za t i o n o f t h e requirements and constraints coming from the analysis of the foreseen
Conceptual Design operational environment and of the applicable regulatory and
Problem certification framework.

Stakeholders: High Level

Operational
Requirements
Environment
- Customers
- Operators Regulatory
Framework
- End Users Design Assignment
- Sponsors Design Specifications

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 The Conceptual Design Problem
High-Level
𝑞𝑗3 Operational
Requirements
Environment
𝑥𝑗1 𝑝𝑗2
𝑟𝑗4 Regulatory
Framework
Design Assignment
Design Specifications
1.3
Mathematical
f o r m a l i za t i o n o f t h e 𝐻𝑅 = 𝑥𝑗1 ∪ 𝑝𝑗2 ∪ 𝑞𝑗3 ∪ 𝑟𝑗4
Conceptual Design High-level Reqs. (HR)

Problem Where
✓ HR is the entire set of Design Specifications;
✓ 𝑥𝑗1 (j1 = 1:n1) is the set of target performance to be reached
✓ 𝑝𝑗2 (j2 = 1:n2) is the set of design parameters initially set by customers
✓ 𝑞𝑗3 (j3 = 1:n3) is the set of operational requirements
✓ 𝑞𝑗4 (j3 = 1:n4) is the set of constraints superimposed by the applicable
regulatory framework
Reference Material:
[1] Antona, E. "Fondamenti teorici dell’avamprogetto degli aeromobili." Memorie della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Classe di
Scienze Fisiche Matematiche e Naturali 31 (2007): 147-170.
[2] NASA systems Engineering Handbook
Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design
and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Origin of the Design Topic and of the Design Specifications

High-level performance
and design parameters

Stakeholders Competitors
1.3
Mathematical
f o r m a l i za t i o n o f t h e
Conceptual Design Operational
Problem Requirements

Mission Analysis Concept of Operations

Analysis of
Constraints from Sustainable
Applicable Regulatory Framework aviation!
Regulations

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Origin of the Design Topic and of the Design Specifications

B737 MAX 10
Higher payload-range capacity

1.3
Mathematical
f o r m a l i za t i o n o f t h e
Conceptual Design
Problem

B737-600
Increased runway performance

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Origin of the Design Topic and of the Design Specifications

B737-800
Independent boarding capability

1.3
Mathematical
f o r m a l i za t i o n o f t h e
Conceptual Design
Problem

A320-200
Increased protection against tyre burst

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 High Level Requirements for Passenger Aircraft
Where
✓ HR is the entire set of Design Specifications;
✓ 𝑥𝑗1 (j1 = 1:n1) is the set of target performance to be reached
✓ 𝑝𝑗2 (j2 = 1:n2) is the set of design parameters initially set by 𝐻𝑅 = 𝑥𝑗1 ∪ 𝑝𝑗2 ∪ 𝑞𝑗3 ∪ 𝑟𝑗4
customers
✓ 𝑞𝑗3 (j3 = 1:n3) is the set of operational requirements
✓ 𝑞𝑗4 (j3 = 1:n4) is the set of constraints superimposed by the
applicable regulatory framework

𝐶𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟: 𝑥1 ≥ 0.85

Set of Performance ቐ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: 𝑥2 ≥ 5000 𝑘𝑚
1.4
…
Re q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e
d e v e l o p m e nt o f 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠: 𝑝1 ≥ 10 𝑡
Set of Design
subsonic commercial Categories
Parameters 𝐹𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ: 𝑝2 ≤ 40 𝑚
a i r c ra f t 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛: 𝑝3 ≤ 35 𝑚 (performance, design
parameters, operational
…
requirements and
𝐶𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒: 11 𝑘 ≤ 𝑞1 ≤ 12 𝑘𝑚 regulatory frameworks)
Set of Operational to be considered for
Requirements ቐ 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑞2 ≤ 2ℎ the assignment (see
… afterwards)

𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑛𝑝𝑎𝑥 𝑔[𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑦 ])

Set of constraints
from Regulatory ቐ 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Framework …

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 High Level Requirements for Passenger Aircraft
Example Airbus Zero-e

1.4
Re q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e
d e v e l o p m e nt o f
subsonic commercial © Airbus S.A.S
a i r c ra f t

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Please, read the NASA
checklist to write a
good requirement!
1.4
Re q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e
d e v e l o p m e nt o f
subsonic commercial
a i r c ra f t

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design
and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Case Study: A350-like aircraft

1.4
Re q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e
d e ve l o p m e nt o f
s u b s o n i c c o m me r ci a l
a i r c ra f t

Assignment 1.1: Write a short and comprehensive paragraph to

ASSIGNMENT describe the design problem you are going to solve in E1.

Assignment 1.2: Write down an initial list of requirements for an

aircraft that shall replace A350, with an entry into service in 2030.
Please, while listing the requirements, refer to the categories
reported in Sect.1.4 (performance, design parameters, operational
requirements and regulatory frameworks).

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 A350... Who is that?

Type: Twin turbofan wide body airliner

Manufacturer: Airbus S.A.S
Versions: A350-900 / A350-1000
Powerplant: Rolls Royce Trent XWB
Number of weight variants: 32
1.4
Re q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e
A359
d e ve l o p m e nt o f
s u b s o n i c c o m me r ci a l
a i r c ra f t
Characteristics (A350-900)
Max Payload: 53000 kg
MTOW: 280000 kg
ASSIGNMENT Max Range: 20000 km
Ceiling: 13100 m
Max Operating Mach: 0.85
Take-off Thrust: 758 kN
A35K
© Airbus S.A.S Customer Services

Note: The A350-900 has the record for the longest flight ever recorded for a non-stop
commercial service: New York (JFK) – Singapore, Singapore Airlines, 09/11/2020, 15349 km,
18:50 hrs
Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design
and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)

1.4
Re q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e
d e ve l o p m e nt o f
s u b s o n i c c o m me r ci a l
a i r c ra f t
ASSIGNMENT
How to write requirements?
Payload (EN1) → The aircraft shall be able to host a maximum
payload of 53000 kg
Payload (EN2) → The aircraft shall be able to host 440 passengers
(120 kg each, including baggage)
Payload (ITA1) → Il velivolo deve essere in grado di ospitare un
payload massimo pari a 53000 kg
Payload (ITA2) → Il velivolo deve essere ingrado di ospitare 440
passeggeri (120 kg per passeggero, bagaglio incluso)
Range, ...
Can you continue?
Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design
and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Design Problem

𝐻𝑅 = 𝑥𝑗1 ∪ 𝑝𝑗2 ∪ 𝑞𝑗3 ∪ 𝑟𝑗4 Origin of the design process

𝑓𝑛 𝑦𝑘 , 𝐻𝑅 = 0

1.5
Guess data estimation
for subsonic Unknown variables 𝑦𝑘 Goal of the design process
c o m m e r c i a l a i r c ra f t
The design problem can be formalized through a set of equations
𝑓𝑛 . The problem is properly structured only if the number of
equations is equal or higher than the number of unknown
variables.

Please, notice that during Conceptual Design, usually, there is a

multiplicity of possible solutions. Therefore, the main goal of the
Conceptual Design phase is to identify all possible solutions and
select the bet one(s)

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Design Problem

Requirements

Synthesis Sizing
1.5
Guess data estimation
for subsonic To move from
Sketch qualitative data to
c o m m e r c i a l a i r c ra f t
quantitative
estimations

Conceptual Design Process

Highly Iterative
Highly Multidisciplinary

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Guess Data Estimation

At the very beginning of the design process, it is important to understand the

limits of the design space (sizing procedure), thus it is fundamental to start
estimating the main design variables, such as:

✓ Maximum Take-Off Mass (MTOM)

✓ Aircraft Level Mass Breakdown (𝑚𝑂𝐸 , 𝑚𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 , 𝑒𝑡𝑐 …)
1.5 ✓ Thrust (𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑞 )
Guess data estimation ✓ Wing Loading
✓ Lift-over-Drag 𝑦𝑖
for subsonic
c o m m e r c i a l a i r c ra f t 𝜖
𝑦ഥ𝑖

For conventional
configurations, methods for
Guess Data Estimation are
usually based on statistical
analysis. Error margins shall
be duly considered.

𝑝ෝ𝑖 𝑝𝑖
known

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Guess Data Estimation: Uncertainties and Margin Philosophy

Allowable Mass is the requirement set by the customers. It is limit against which mass margins are calculated.
Please notice that this requirement already contains a Margin, called “Reserve”.

Mass Reserve: mass allowance defined and retained by the customer or program management for potential out-of-
scope changes or any other unforeseen mass impacts

Mass Limit
1.5 maximum mass that can satisfy all mission
performance requirements
Guess data estimation
for subsonic Predicted Mass estimates the final mass
c o m m e r c i a l a i r c ra f t according to designer’s knowledge (Mass
Growth Allowance) and design best
practice (Design Margins)

Mass Growth Allowance

the predicted change to the basic mass of
an item based on an assessment of the
hardware category, design maturity,
fabrication status, and an estimate of the
in-scope design changes that may still
occur throughout life-cycle.
𝑀𝐺𝐴 = 𝑓(𝜖)
ANSI/AIAA, (2015). S-120A-2015 Mass properties
control for space systems. Washington DC (USA):
ANSI/AIAA.

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Guess Data Estimation: example for a Mach 2 concept
First assumption: payload = 10000 kg
Further assumptions: ?

1.5
Guess data estimation
(example for a
d i f fe r e n t c a s e s t u d y )

Warning! This is just an example

for a different case study.

In your work, remember that

different correlations can be
found!
Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design Point-to-Point (P2P) HydroCarbon (HC) aircraft
and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)
 Case Study: Reference aircraft and competitors

1.5
Guess data estimation
for subsonic
c o m m e r c i a l a i r c ra f t

ASSIGNMENT
Assignment 1.3: On the basis of the list of Requirements elicited
at the previous step, identify a good list of reference aircraft and
collect data to be used as meaningful statistical population.

For detailed aircraft data, look for:

Aircraft characteristics, airport and maintenance planning report (Airbus)
Airplane characteristics for airport planning (Boeing)

Lesson 1: Introduction to Conceptual Design

and Initial Guess Data Estimation (D. Ferretto)