Nama : Dara Dwista Telaumbanua

NIM : 222303008

Study Program : Aquatic Resources

Course : English Language

Lecturer : Afore Tahir Harefa, S.Pd.,M,Hum

HOW FISHES TRY TO AVOID PREDATOR

Fish are equipped with the ability to survive predator attacks. Researchers from the
University of Texas found that fish can hide in the sea by manipulating the reflection of light
touching their skin.

. Animals that rely on their size include adult whales, sharks, killer whales, manatees,
dugongs, swordfish, marlin, sailfish, rays, mantas, barracudas, and saltwater crocodiles. But,
the children of all animals are very vulnerable, so each species has developed various ways to
ensure the survival of its offspring.

Many marine dwellers use the strategy of forming large groups, or carrying out escape
and evasion to protect themselves from predators. Schools of fish, such as tuna, cod, herring,
and sardines, consist of thousands that move together. They change so fast that it seems like
beautiful choreography. His unity, shapeshift, and lightning-fast maneuvers left the preadtor
confused.

Some marine animals that are unable to move too fast choose to hide. One form of
hiding is mimicry or camouflage, where fish disguise themselves to resemble their
environment.

Many marine inhabitants use poison and other unexpected methods to repel predators.
Pufferfish are unpleasant prey. When consumed by predators, pufferfish have poison. Not
only that, the additional protection of this small fish can inflate itself like a ball, causing its
spines to stand up. Any predator that insists on eating it will have difficulty even leading to
death.

The following are how fish protect themselves from danger: 1. Rely on body size. 2.
Forming colonies, and carrying out escape and evasion. 3. Hide. 4. Using poison in his body.
If the fish has scales as an integumentary system / body dressing, but for example catfish are
only coated with slippery skin on the outside of the body. Because it has no scales, it causes
catfish to produce more mucus to protect themselves from bacteria and infections and help
catfish movement, both in water and in mud.

Over the past few decades, researchers have assumed that the optimal camouflage for
open-sea fish is to reflect sunlight like a mirror. Because, the reflective elements of the skin
that can act like a mirror. However, it is known that fish skin can also polarize light, so it can
Tetrodotoxin is a very dangerous poison because it is more deadly than cyanide. This poison
can attack the nervous system. Therefore, cleaning and processing puffer fish you must do
very carefully when you want to consume it. fact about fish is that from avoiding enemies is
by removing their racuu. As in puffer fish we can say very poisonous. The surrounding
colors. In polarized light fields, there are many structures in the open ocean, he said, humans
can't see the camouflage, but more than 60 percent of different fish species have some degree
of polarization sensitivity. They can see the structure in the light.

Another way fish protect themselves is by rolling up their bodies and biting their tails
into circles as a safe defense system from predators. Another fact about fish is that from
avoiding enemies is by removing their racuu. As in puffer fish we can say very poisonous.
This is because puffer fish have tetrodotoxin toxins.

Tetrodotoxin is a very dangerous poison because it is more deadly than cyanide. This
poison can attack the nervous system. Therefore, cleaning and processing puffer fish you
must do very carefully when you want to consume it.
 CRITICAL JOURNAL REVIEW

Nama : Dara Dwista Telambanua

NIM : 222303008

Study Program : Aquatic Resources

Semester :2

Course : English Language

Lecturer : Afore Tahir Harefa, S.Pd.,M,Hum

Journal Title

DISTRIBUTION, POTENTIAL INTRODUCTION, AND CONTROL OF DANGEROUS/INVASIVE AND

POTENTIALLY INVASIVE FISH

Author’s Name

Himawan Achmad, Laili Martini, Sutopo Aris Wibowo, dan Lantip Nugroho

Year and Page

Volume 24 Nomor 1 Maret 2020

Main Theory

JOURNAL of fisheries research indonesia

Abstract

Control of the spread of dangerous, invasive and potentially invasive fish in Indonesia mainly
relies on banning the movement of fish at the door of income and expenditure, not on
increasing public awareness and participation. On the other hand, regulations governing fish
traffic are minimal and law enforcement efforts against trade and cultivation have not been
optimal. As a result, 78 species of dangerous fish out of a total of 152 prohibited from
entering Indonesia are spread in ornamental fish trading centers and public waters. So that
public education needs to be increased in line with regulatory improvements through
distribution mapping as carried out in this study. The survey was conducted in Yogyakarta
and surrounding areas to inventory the distribution of target species in ornamental fish
trade locations and get an idea of respondents' perceptions of releases. The study found
that the role of humans is significant in the introduction of alien fish to new habitats,
reflected in propagule pressure, analyzed by Bayesian statistics, in 8 of the total 29 target
species reaching more than 100 individuals. It found Atractosteus spatula, Pygocentrus
nattereri, and Arapaima gigas to be harmful to humans, traded with distribution
percentages of 41%, 30%, and 13%, respectively. Two-way analysis of variance showed
respondents who were located independently provided more target fish species (p<0.05).
The survey to explore the knowledge, awareness, and responsibility of respondents showed
that of the 8 questions asked, only 25% received a positive response to prevent the spread
of target species. In the long term, strategies to control the spread of target species must
involve more community roles. A ban on non-free traffic between areas must be carried out.

Research Objectives
The study found that the role of humans is significant in the introduction of alien fish to new
habitats, reflected in propagule pressure, analyzed by Bayesian statistics, in 8 of the total 29
target species reaching more than 100 individuals. It found Atractosteus spatula,
Pygocentrus nattereri, and Arapaima gigas to be harmful to humans, traded with
distribution percentages of 41%, 30%, and 13%, respectively. Two-way analysis of variance
showed respondents who were located independently provided more target fish species
(p<0.05).

Research Method’s
This study was conducted to determine the distribution of dangerous, invasive, and
Mapping of Dangerous/Invasive and Potentially Invasive Fish Species, Survey of
Respondents' Perceptions of Target Species, Survey of Ornamental Fish Commodities
invasive freshwater fish species traded in Yogyakarta and its surroundings, and determine
the potential for release through human intermediaries based on biological characteristics
that can trigger their release and the perception of traffickers towards the species.
Information from this research is expected to be used to formulate control measures as
input for the preparation of regulations and policies by the government.

Results and Discussion

Mapping of Dangerous/Invasive and Potentially Invasive Fish Species, Survey of
Respondents' Perceptions of Target Species, Survey of Ornamental Fish Commodities

Conclusion

From the analysis of introduced conditions, invasive fish, potential invasive fish and
propagule pressure calculations show that the rampant circulation and high potential for
release of target species are influenced by the lack of community participation in efforts to
prevent circulation. This can be seen from all questions to find out the knowledge,
awareness, and responsibility of respondents as much as 75% are negative responses.
Therefore, control efforts can be carried out with the main target of preventing releases
through education to local government agencies and communities as well as tightening
traffic between areas, including between non-free areas. Stronger legal efforts outside the
place of income and expenditure can be a long-term target if community development and
empowerment efforts have been carried out optimally

Pross

The advantage of this journal is that it indicates how important it is to intensify fish in the
face of attacks by predators and attacks from outside

Disvantages

The drawbacks of this journal are that the literature is incomplete and the incentives in the
discussion are kept briefly.