MLIM6315: Collection Management

Electronic Resources (II) –

Fundamentals and Current Issues

Helen Chan
The University of Hong Kong
Faculty of Education
Division of Information and Technology Studies
Master of Science in Library and Information Management
17.5.2023(Wed.)
ALA: Association for Library Collections &
Technical Services (ALCTS)

https://www.ala.org/alcts/resources/collect
ProQuest: ROAD - Directory of
OA resources

https://engage.active.com/uploads/coupon_files/14/140330/flyer_IFLAV22022
-06-22.png
Subtitles are Matters

Time to make
captions became
the norm.

https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/jul/21/subtitles-tv-hearing-no-context-twitter-
captions?fbclid=IwAR3iSkyye1Pz7ujv37DepXWZ8ilGtP9cMFVvfXxWnn1swdmCAIUhE1NfoDQ

(Davies, 2019)
Latest Development of Public
Libraries in UK
A challenge to the world -one public library authority
https://www.librariesni.org.uk/
Milner Library: Ken-Way Studio Photograph
Digital Collection
Go search https://library.illinoisstate.edu/collections/ken-way/
Yale U Library: Digital
Collections Open to Public
Search Now
https://web.library.yale.edu/digital-collections

Video: Digital Collections at the Beinecke Library

https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/digital-collections/digital-collections-beinecke-library

(McGuiness Fulton & Pope, 2021)

Open Educational Resources (OERs) for Digital Research Skills
in University College Dublin

Rationale:
• Research competence increasingly viewed as a critical outcome
for undergraduate students
• Undergraduates require specific guidance on academic integrity,
data management & Internet-based research methods.
• Online and blended learning support collaboration, creativity
• Self-paced interactive e-tutorials offer complementary approach
to digital research skill development
• OERs/RLOs (Open educational resources/reusable learning
objects) enables content and expertise sharing between
educators
• Flexible mixed-mode learning empowers students to transition
from content consumers to content producers and digital leaders
(McGuiness Fulton & Pope, 2021)
Cont’d
Virtual Learning Environment (VLE)
• E-tutorial were embedded in VLE for selected undergraduate and
postgraduate courses, in which digital literacy formed the core
learning content
• All e-tutorials were graded for module credit, and each addressed
a key aspect of digital research, increasing in difficulty

eTutorials
• Manging your research with Web-based Tools
• Understanding Digital Research Ethics
• The Academic Web
• Foundational Social Media Analytics for Research
• Digital Tools for Managing Research Data
• Data Visualisation for Novice Researchers
(McGuiness Fulton & Pope, 2021)
Cont’d
Development

• Purchased sub to Articulate 360 and hired Research Assistant

to create e-tutorials (Feb 2017)
• Created clear learning outcomes for reach e-tutorial
• Build content around learning outcomes – content sequences
and voiceover scripts developed collaboratively
• 10 item quiz in each e-tutorial (MCos -multiple choices, Fill-
in-the-blanks, and T/F)
• Uploaded SCORM packages to VLE (Virtual Learning
Environment) in selected courses
• Created Digital Badges to be awarded an completion

(McGuiness Fulton & Pope, 2021)

Cont’d
Results
• 86 student perspectives gathered post-semester via
anonymous online survey, and two focus groups
• E-tutorial content was perceived as clear, accessible, easy-to-
navigate, and pitched at “about right” level of difficulty
• Disruptive technical glitches underscored the importance of
stable platforms and frequent updates
• Students advocated more e-tutorials in their courses
• Students prefer blended learning over online or F2F only
• 51% indicated that e-tutorials were first online learning
experience
• 90% self-assessed digital research skills as Good to Excellent
• 70% found digital badges motivating

(McGuiness Fulton & Pope, 2021)

Cont’d Award-Winning Authoring Apps

Articulate 360 https://articulate.com/360

Getting Started:
https://articulate.com/support/article/Getting-Started-with-Articulate-Storyline-360

Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbKAqjbVE4s
IEEE

(Paul Canning, 2021)

(Paul Canning, 2021
(Paul Canning, 2021)
(Paul Canning, 2021)
Chelmsford Library & Tile Hill Library: Dimensions autism
friendly libraries training video for library staff

Staff Training and public education are always the keys to the
successful running of an inclusive library.

[Video] Dimensions autism friendly libraries training video for library staff
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJLbbJW1BpA
Task 1
Share your experiences of using eBooks
and eResources in different libraries with
your group mates?

source https://ncccelearning.com/blog-2/giving-students-access-to-blackboard-discussions/
Difference between Open
Science and Open Access

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_science
Deep Learning

(Abdul-Mageed, 2021)
Deep Learning
Impact
Natural Language Processing
Cont’d
Challenges of AI Application
Indigenous AI
Responsible Use of AI in
Libraries _3 Strategies
➢ nonscalibilty imperative
➢ avoridng neoliberal traps,
➢ seeing maintanance at innovation.

(Padilla, 2021)
The book on scalability

(Padilla, 2021)
“ Scalable projects are everywhere
with nonscalable worlds.”

“Attention to the wild diversity of

life on earth [requires] a theory of
nonscalability.”
(Anna Tsing, 2021)
Scale

Heterogeneity becomes a problem to solve rather than an

opportunity to engage with.
 Machine Learning (ML): Top Values
➢ What specific values the field is advancing?
➢ Not absolutely due to societal needs
➢ Not consider the negative consequences
➢ Limited concerns on ethics and justices
➢ Usually base on performance, generalization,
efficiency, researcher understanding, novelty, and
building on previous work
➢ Support the centralization of power
➢ Close ties between these high cited papers and tech
companies, and elite universities.
ML Research with limited
concerns on Ethics & Justices

Detect from their faces whether they are homosexual

(Padilla, 2021)
 Ethics and Big Data in Libraries
◦As lib practitioners,” you can mix and match data, like borrowing
history and age, to make sure that library communication isn't just
another email.”
“Analytics-driven targeted marketing allows you to connect with your
customers based on their interest and to keep the conversation going
seamlessly and easily by segmenting each individual based on their
engagement with the library.”
“Automatic grouping based on library users’ transaction history data
and custom groups based on engagement with library services.”
(Berman, 2021)
 Surveillance in Libraries
Stand by Ethics
“…library and information services should reject electronic surveillance
and any type of illegitimate monitoring or collection of users’ personal
data or information behavior that wourld compromis their privacey and
affect their rights to seek, receive, and impart information.” IFLA’s
Statement on Privacy in the Library Enviroment, 2015.

“…We protect each library user’s right to privacy and confidentiality with
respect to information sought or received and resources consulted,
borrowed, acquired or transmitted.” ALA’s Code of Ethics, 2021

(Berman, 2021)
Stay Informed. Stay Hungry

(Berman, 2021)
The Impact of AI on Collection Management

1. Advance library management

systems
2. 2. AI-powered knowledge discovery
tools
3. Individualize user services
4. Enhance information literacy
education
5. Improve library collection
management and planning strategies

https://www.aje.com/arc/ways-artificial-
intelligence-impacts-libraries/
How to spot Fake News: 5 Pillars of
Verification
Provenance: Are you looking at the original account,
article or piece of content?
Source: Who created the account or article, or captured
the original piece of content?
Date: When was it created?
Location: Where was the account established, website
created or piece of content captured?
Motivation: Why was the account established, website
created or the piece of content captured?
Verifying online information: The absolute essentials
https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/verifying-online-information-the-absolute-essentials/
(Kong, 2020)
 How to Handle Disinformation?
• A subgroup which is chaired by Statistics
Netherlands
• Members are representatives from six
NSIs (Belgium, Greece, Spain, France, Italy
and the Netherlands) and Eurostat
• Preparing a set of ‘rules of engagement
• containing recommended practices

1. FACTS: Tell the truth first

2. MYTH: Point out disinformation
3. FALLACY: Explain why disinformation is
wrong
4. FACTS: State the truth and facts again
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/14279253/KS-GQ-22-003-EN-
N.pdf/d0017a54-e394-3887-d4ce-875aea0606fe?t=1643963795410
Bargaining Power@School
Library
➢ Instead of approval plan and blanket order, TL provides themes for Subject
order

➢ Negotiate the terms with eBook vendors: Tryout, more books,

reminder of renewal, reports, functions…
➢ HKPL collections: annual meeting with different stakeholders
➢ Newspapers and Magazines: label each order with class and names
for easy dissemination, shipping arrangement of missing copies

Before
Payment
Predatory Publisher
Beall’s list
https://beallslist.net/

Cabells Scholarly analytics

https://www2.cabells.com/
Project DEAL: Publish And
Read (PAR) Cost Model

hybrid open
access publishing Scholarly
fee Journals

a central
agreement
administered by
institutions.
https://osc.universityofcalifornia.edu/uc-publisher-relationships/resources-for-negotiating-with-publishers/negotiating-with-scholarly-journal-publishers-a-toolkit/an-
introductory-guide-to-the-uc-model-transformative-agreement/
What is Altmetrics?
Strengths
•Speed
•Range
•Granularity
•Macro view
•Public Sharing

Weaknesses
•Reliability
•Difficulty
•Relevance
•Acceptance
Video: •Context
https://subjectguides.york.ac.uk/bibliometrics/altmetrics
(University of York, 2021)
Libraries Collection adapts to
Modern People’s Needs
Hong Kong public libraries losing popularity
http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/1918981/hong-kong-public-libraries-losing-popularity
Library Collection Formats
Print
Books
Periodicals/Journal:
Abstract journal, Archival journal , Book Trade
journal, Commercial journal, Core journal , Hybrid
journal, Interdisciplinary journal, Methods
journal, Multidisciplinary journal, Primary journal,
Review journal, Synoptic journal, Technical
journal, Trade journal
Non-print
E-books, E-Journals, E-Databases…
Audio Formats:
music, audiobooks, wax cylinders, giant
Victrola records, 78-RPM phonograph
disc records, 33 1/3-RPM phonograph
disc records, audiocassettes, CDs…

Documents Video formats:

Cassettes, DVDs. standard, Blu-ray, 3-D
movies…
Map Collections Other formats:
Games, models, realia, devices,
ephemera, AR books, VR books…

(Acquisitions and Management of Knowledge and Information, 2012)

Digital Vs Virtual
Digital Virtual
“Data recorded or transmitted as “An adjective referring to activities,
discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses objects, beings, and places that have
represented by the binary digits 0 and no actual physical reality because they
1, called bits. In digitized text, each exist only in digital form."
alphanumeric character is represented
by a specific 8-bit sequence called a
byte. The computers used in libraries
transmit data in digital format.
Compare with analog. " (ODLIS, 2017)

E-Resources:
E-books

Digital
documents
Electronic Resources (E-Resources)
“…materials that require computer
success, whether through a personal
computer, mainframe, or handheld
mobile device…they may either be
accessed remotely via internet or locally.”
(Johnson et al., 2012)
"Material (data and/or program(s)) encoded for
manipulation by a computerized device. This material
may require the use of a peripheral directly connected
to a computerized device (e.g., CD-ROM drive) or a
connection to a computer network (e.g., the Internet)."
This definition does not include electronic resources
that do not require the use of a computer, for example,
music compact discs and videodiscs.”
(AACR 2, 2005)

“Electronic resources (or e-resources) are materials in

digital format accessible electronically. Examples of
e-resources are electronic journals (e-journal),
electronic books (e-book) online databases in varied
digital formats, Adobe Acrobat documents.”
(Singapore Management University Libraries, 2021)
Born Digital Vs Digitized Objects

Born Digitized
Digital Objects
Originate in
Reformat
a digital form

Distribute Analog
digitally/hard materials
copy become digital
Different Types of E-Resources
1. E-Journals 9 Statistical database
2. E-Books 10. Image collection
3. E-Newspaper 11. Multimedia product
(e.g. E-audio/visual resources)

4. E-Magazines 12. E-Thesis

5. Indexing and Abstracting 13. E-Clipping
Databases
6. Full text(aggregated) 14. E-Patents
database
7 Reference database 15. E-Standards
8. Online/Mobile apps 16. Others
 Life-cycle of E-Resources
User feedback, Usage Statistics,
Downtime analysis, Review
Problems…
Trial, access needs, License
Evaluation terms /contracts, Price, Order,
& Acquisition Pay, Evaluation…
monitoring

Problem log, hardware

need, Software needs, Providing Providing IP addresses, Proxy server,
Contact info, support access activate/register, A-Z lists/ Lin
Troubleshoot/triage… resolver/Discovery, holding
lists…

Administration
User IDs, Access restrictions, URL maintenance, claiming,
Preferences (Store)…
(
Advantages of E-Resources
1. can be access by multiple simultaneous users
2. can search quickly and easily
3. can be accessed by anyone anywhere
4. can enhance interaction between librarian and user
5. can be accessed 24 X 7
6. can be stored in huge amount
7. can count the amount of time spent on the e-resources use.
8. can analyze the purpose of using e-resources by respondent
9. can identify different types of e-resources commonly used by
respondents
10. can provide better services to the user community
Cont’d
11. usually less costly than p-version
12. have different format such as text, audio, video and images
13. can be reproduced, modified, forwarded
14. enable integration of different library resources
15. provide access to a large amount of information resources
Disadvantages of E-Resources
1. problems of copyright protection
2. problems of preserving authenticity
3. request license from publishers
4. alert the Intellectual Property Rights
5. no standards metadata (e-resources) in MARC21
6. cannot afford costly e-resources
7. skillful Manpower
8. lack of infrastructure
Databases
A Database is a collection of information organized in such a way that a
computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data.

Web Searching Engines Vs Databases

Web Searching Engines Databases

E.g. Google Search E.g. JSTOR
Information of the world Special subject searching
Free Must be Paid
Find up-to-the minute information Not up-to-the minute information
Not specific Scholarly content
Anything online Contain old and current information
Aggregators
“A bibliographic service that provides online access to the digital full-
text of periodicals published by different publishers. Because
aggregator databases can be very large, tracking their coverage is not an
easy task for serials librarians. A task group of the Program for
Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) is working on standards for
analytic catalog records for serials titles available electronically from
aggregator services. Currently, the top two journal aggregators in the
United States are EBSCO and ProQuest. Recently, EBSCO has been
building market share by offering higher up-front payments to secure
exclusivity from the publishers of certain journals. The effects of this
competitive practice on libraries and the end-user are as yet unclear.”
(ODLIS, 2017)

http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/proquest-completes-acquisition-of-ex-libris-300193180.html
http://www.metuchenlibrary.org/online-databases/
CDP for E-Resources
➢ Community
➢ Preference
➢ Infrastructure
➢ Technical Issues
➢ Support
http://www.jgu.edu.in/public/library/content/e-journals-multi-format-resources

➢ Availability
➢ Licensing
➢ Privacy concerns
 E-Resource Vendors

Source: http://edblog.hkedcity.net/amazingedcity2011/

Schools
Source: http://www.librarymaster.com.hk/index.php/tag/hk

http://www.apabi.com/cec/pub.mvc/Index2?pid=l
Source: http://allstudentdeals.com/student-discounts/list/amazon-kindle/
ogin&cult=TW http://library.hkbu.edu.hk/main/index.php
Cont’d

Academic Libraries
 Support and Advocate Changes in Scholarly Publishing

Altmetrics.com
Image sources: http://libguides.library.usyd.edu.au/c.php?g=508217&p=3475959

Image Souce: http://leddy.uwindsor.ca/impact-h-index-web-science-and-google-scholar

Image Source: http://blog.crossref.org/2015/11/new-brand-identity.html

How to measure the scholarly
impact?

Video: Video:
A beginner's guide to altmetrics Altmetric for librarians
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6XawJ7-880 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzVxoUx9tfc
E-Serial Subscription
1. Difference between direct subscription
and subscription through aggregate
databases
2. Difference between perpetual right
and access right
3. Embargo period
4. Bundled in packages

63
E-Journal Subscription Example

https://journals.ebsco.com/

Video: Use EBSCO eJournal via eLibrary

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wa5XhoA8HEE
E-Books
“A digital version of a traditional print book designed to be read on
a personal computer or e-book reader. Although the
first hypertext novel was published in 1987 (Afternoon, A Story by
Michael Joyce), electronic books did not capture public attention until
the online publication of Stephen King's novella Riding the Bullet in
March 2000. Within 24 hours, the text had been downloaded by
400,000 computer users. Some libraries offer access to electronic books
through the online catalog. A universally accepted format and simple
delivery system are needed…Synonymous with digital book, e-
book, ebook, and online book.”
(ODLIS, 2014)
eFun eBooks

Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VNSYJTO7Vk
Audio eBooks

https://www.storyjumper.com/book/read/46324666/Oh-to-FLY-
Accessible eBooks_eFunReading
Advanced Development

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VNSYJTO7Vk
http://www.free-management-ebooks.com/dldebk/dlap-evaluating.htm
(Kroski, 2012)
Evaluation Criteria of E-Books
for Academic Users

Figure 1: Awareness
of Ebooks from
different library
departments

(Ghaebi & Fahimifar, 2010)

Figure 2: Agreement
measurement on e-book
functionalities for
academic users.

Figure 3: Disagreement
or neutral measurement
on e-book functionalities
for academic users.

(Ghaebi & Fahimifar, 2010)

 Figure 4
Agreement on the
functionalities of
eBooks for academic
professionals

Figure 5
Disagreement on the
functionalities of
eBooks for academic
professionals

(Ghaebi & Fahimifar, 2010)

Figure 6: Agreement
measurement of
information
professionals' on
acquisition restrictions.

Figure 7 Disagreement and

neutral measurement of
information professionals'
on acquisition restrictions.

(Ghaebi & Fahimifar, 2010)

Legal Deposit of Media Resources
“All librarians, whatever their responsibilities are within a
library, should be aware of the potential of audiovisual and
multimedia formats as resource materials and include them
in their collections development considerations. The
library’s collection development policy should explicitly
include media resources. It is necessary to establish
priorities and selection criteria for these resources
separately, and they may vary from format to format. These
criteria can serve as a basis for collection development.”

(IFLA, 2004)
Copyright and Licensing
“In the area of intellectual property rights, there
are specific legal constraints in relation to sound
and moving images. Quite apart from authors' or
composers' copyright there are producers' rights
and performers' rights, which relate specifically to
audiovisual media, and the library community has a
particular interest in rental rights. The legal
position must be clearly established for every item
in the collection.”
(IFLA, 2004)
License
“A legal agreement between parties
authorizing the use of and defining the
business terms for an item provided by one
party and utilized by the other, which can
include the cost, period of access and other
issues”

(Johnson et al., 2012)

http://www.elephants.com.hk/(X(1)S(i0cbfsfz42bzbm32hfsjzsi3))/search/detail.aspx?product_id=116
24895&category_id=1
 The Hague Declaration
“Big Data can reshape the world and save lives…But first,
Intellectual property law must change and access to technology
must be improved, making facts, data and ideas equally accessible
for everyone.”
The Declaration endorses:
➢ Intellectual property for the promotion of research activity
➢ Freedom to analyze and pursue intellectual curiosity without fear
of monitoring or repercussions
➢ Licenses and contract terms: not restrict fact, data and idea
usage
➢ No restriction from Intellectual Property Law on innovation and
commercial research based on facts, data and ideas
The Declaration endorses …
➢ Intellectual property for the promotion of research
activity
➢ Freedom to analyze and pursue intellectual
curiosity without fear of monitoring or
repercussions
➢ Licenses and contract terms: not restrict fact,
data and idea usage
➢ No restriction from Intellectual Property Law on
innovation and commercial research based on
facts, data and ideas
“A license should include provision for affordable,
perpetual access to the licensed information by some
appropriate and workable means.”
“A license should address provisions for long-term
access and archiving of the electronic information
resource(s) under consideration and should identify
and identify responsibilities for these.”

(IFLA, 2016)
“When permanent use of a resource has been licensed,
licensor should provide a usable archival copy of the
licensed content, including any necessary interface. The
license should specify the conditions under which the
licensee may access or refer users to the archival copy
……When subscription-based or renewable use of a
resource has been licensed, a license agreement should
specify what, if any, access to the licensed materials
would continue to be available after subscription period
lapses”.
(AALL, 2016)
“A planned accumulation of selected artefacts. The term is used
in museums as well as in libraries. In the latter it includes not only
books and other printed matter, but also all information
materials. A collection might consist of the whole 80 CODEN
contents of the institution, and is used in this sense in such
phrases as collection management or collection development. It
can also, however, refer to a designated part of the whole,
sometimes known generically as special collections, or to a
particular group of materials on a specific subject or accumulated
by or about a named individual. More broadly, it can also be
taken to include all the information resources to which a library
has access, including those available through physical and virtual
networks.”

(Feather and Sturges, 2003)

 International Copyright Law
WIPO Study on Copyright Limitations and
Exceptions for Libraries and Archives (2015)
➢WIPO = The World Intellectual Property Organization
➢sets international copyright law
➢Facilitate information services to people cross borders
http://copyright.laws.com/international-copyright/international-
copyright-act-1891

EIFL booklet, “The internet is global – but copyright exceptions stop at the
border: Why we need an international treaty for cross-border access to
knowledge”

➢ An international treaty
➢ for cross-border access to knowledge
Cross Border Library Collections
Electronic Information for Libraries (EIFL)
➢collectively contribute to the cultural heritage of
humankind
➢the building of intercultural understanding.
Cont’d
Association of European Research Libraries (LIBER):

➢best research comes from cross-border collaborations

➢cross border library activities including,
⚫ interlibrary loan
⚫ licensing
⚫ the use of orphan works and out of commerce works
⚫ document supply
⚫ the purchase of analogue information across borders
➢preservation, collection development, and sharing
Cont’d
Australian Library and Information
Association (ALIA)
➢Problems of National Library : unable to digitize or get access to
digitized copies of some microfilm of official documents relating to
Australia and the Pacific that are in archives and offices in the UK.

EIFL sets an international

treaty for cross-border access
to knowledge
E-Resources@HKPL
➢ E-Books: HyRead
https://www.hkpl.gov.hk/en/e-resources/e-books/description/89392/hyread-ebook

➢ E-Magazine
➢ E-databases
➢ Digital collection Awards to HKPL

➢ Content highlights
https://www.hkpl.gov.hk/en/about-us/intro/awards/apicta2015.html

➢ "Library at Your Fingertips“ Mobile App…

Build the E-book Collection

http://www.acml-egypt.com/Ebsco.html

Video: How to check the price of a eBook?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvcdOJ7sqf8
Video: How do I create a PDA with ECM?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=beGAnu9tQRc
Transforming Libraries

Overdrive
https://www.overdrive.com/

bibliotheca
http://www.yourcloudlibrary.com/index.php/en-us/

Video: 3M™ Cloud Library: Get the app

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBDFVXdAREc

Video: 3M™ Cloud Library: Browse, Search and Check-out E-books

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMkzpUDSKnA
E-Books@HkEdCity
Hong Kong Education City:
Hong Kong Reading City-
Source: http://www.hkedcity.net/schoolpage/index.php?mode=admin

Recommended Books
https://www.hkreadingcity.net/book/popular

eBooks of eReading Scheme

https://www.hkedcity.net/ereadscheme/

International Children’s Digital Library

http://en.childrenslibrary.org/
 “Library reads are currently 45%
of our total digital book reads in
eBook Publishers the U.S. and growing,”
Macmillan Chief Executive John
Adjust “Windowing” Sargent said in an interview.
“They are cannibalizing our
digital sales.”
https://www.wsj.com/articles/e-books-make-macmillan-rethink-relationships-with-libraries-11564063800 Jul 25, 2019

The Metered
Model:
a fixed fee
for every e-
book copy
VS
Selling on a
“perpetual”
basis: bought
once but could
be lent
indefinitely
References
Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad (2021). Deep Learning: Applications and Ethical Considerations [Ppt].
Retrieved from https://www.ifla-wlic2021.com/events/sessions/the-social-impacts-of-
artificial-intelligence
Berman, Erin (2021). Responsible AI/ML operations in libraries[Ppt]. Retrieved from
https://www.ifla-wlic2021.com/events/sessions/the-social-impacts-of-artificial-intelligence
Breeding, Marshall. (2012). Cloud computer for libraries. Chicago, IL: ALA Techsource.
CDI (2014)。Basic Education Curriculum Guide – To Sustain, Deepen and Focus on Learning to Learn
(Primary 1 – 6) (2014). Retrieved from www.edb.gov.hk/tc/curriculum-development/doc-
reports/guide-basic-edu-curriculum/index.html
Education and Manpower Bureau(2003). Education Bureau Circular Memorandum No. 541 : Provision
of Teacher-librarians to Aided Special School. from  http://www.edb.gov.hk .
Education and Manpower (2001). Education Bureau Circular No.30/ 2001 : Provision of Teacher-
librarians in Aided School. Retrieved from  http://www.edb.gov.hk/en/curriculum-
development/resource-support/sch-lib-services/index.html .
Education Bureau (2007). Teacher-librarians. Retrieved from  http://www.edb.gov.hk.
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