Management

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Management (disambiguation). "Manager" redirects here. For
other uses, see Manager (disambiguation).

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Management (or managing) is the administration of organizations, whether they are

a business, a nonprofit organization, or a government body through business
administration, nonprofit management, or the political science sub-field of public
administration respectively. It is the science of managing the resources of
businesses, governments, and other organizations.
Management includes the activities of setting the strategy of an organization and
coordinating the efforts of its employees or volunteers to accomplish
its objectives through the application of available resources, such
as financial, natural, technological, allocated authority, and human resources. "Run
the business"[1] and "Change the business" are two concepts that are used in
management to differentiate between the continued delivery of goods or services
and adapting of goods or services to meet the changing needs of customers -
see trend. The term "management" may also refer to those people who manage an
organization—managers.
Some people study management at colleges and universities; major degree
programs in management within the private sector include the Bachelor of
Commerce (B.Com.), Bachelor of Science/Bachelor of Business
Administration (BSBA/BBA.), Master of Business Administration (MBA.), Master in
Management/Master of Science in Management (MiM/MSM) and, for management in
the public sector, degree programs include the Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Bachelor of
Science (BS) in Political Science (PoliSci) with a concentration in Public
Administration, and the Master of Public Administration (MPA) degrees.
Interdisciplinary degree programs such as the Master of Nonprofit
Organizations (MNO) or the Master of Nonprofit Management (MNM) exist, as well
as the MPA/MBA dual degree program where coursework for both the Master of
Public Administration and Master of Business Administration are taken at the same
time to complete the degree program in a shorter time than doing both separately.
Individuals who aim to become management specialists or experts, management
researchers, or professors may complete the Doctor of Management (DM),
the Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), the Doctor of Public
Administration (DPA), the PhD in Business Administration, the PhD in Management,
or the PhD in Political Science with a concentration in Public Administration. In the
past few decades, there has been a movement for evidence-based management.[2]

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Larger organizations generally have three hierarchical levels of managers,[3] in a

pyramid structure:

 Senior managers such as members of a board of directors and a chief executive

officer (CEO) or a president of an organization sets the strategic goals and policy
of the organization and make decisions on how the overall organization will
operate. Senior managers are generally executive-level professionals who
provide direction to middle management, and directly or indirectly report to them.
 Middle managers such as branch managers, regional managers, department
managers, and section managers, who provide direction to the front-line
managers. They communicate the strategic goals and policy of senior
management to the front-line managers.
 Line managers such as supervisors and front-line team leaders, oversee the
work of regular employees, or volunteers in some voluntary organizations, and
provide direction on their work. Line managers often perform the managerial
functions that are traditionally considered as the core of management. Despite
the name, they are usually considered part of the workforce and not part of the
organization's management class.
 Some professional service employees who have similar duties to and use the
same skills as managers without supervisory duties such as regular employees
classified as white-collar workers with specialized training in liberal arts and pure
sciences education or professional development education as opposed to blue-
collar workers working in manual labor or the skilled trades.
 Some grey-collar workers who are in a career advancement transitional or
intermediary stage between blue-collar and white-collar work, where formerly
blue-collar workers perform managerial duties supervising others that
perform manual labor and/or skilled trades.

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In smaller organizations, a manager may have a much wider scope and may perform
several roles or even all of the roles commonly observed in a large organization.
Social scientists study management as an academic discipline, investigating areas
such as social organization, organizational adaptation, and organizational
leadership.[4]

Etymology[edit]
The English verb "manage" has its roots by the XV century French verb 'mesnager',
which often referred in equestrian language "to hold in hand the reins of a horse".
[5]
 Also the Italian term maneggiare (to handle, especially tools or a horse) is possible.
In Spanish, manejar can also mean to rule the horses.[6] These three terms derive
from the two Latin words manus (hand) and agere (to act).
The French word for housekeeping, ménagerie, derived from ménager ("to keep
house"; compare ménage for "household"), also encompasses taking care of
domestic animals. Ménagerie is the French translation of Xenophon's famous
book Oeconomicus[7] (Greek: Οἰκονομικός) on household matters and husbandry.
The French word mesnagement (or ménagement) influenced the semantic
development of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries.[8]

Definitions[edit]
Views on the definition and scope of management include:

 Henri Fayol (1841–1925) stated: "to manage is to forecast and to plan, to

organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control". [9]
 Fredmund Malik (1944– ) defines management as "the transformation of
resources into utility".[10]
 Management is included[by whom?] as one of the factors of production – along with
machines, materials and money.
 Ghislain Deslandes defines management as "a vulnerable force, under pressure
to achieve results and endowed with the triple power of constraint, imitation and
imagination, operating on subjective, interpersonal, institutional and
environmental levels".[11]
 Peter Drucker (1909–2005) saw the basic task of management as
twofold: marketing and innovation. Nevertheless, innovation is also linked to
marketing (product innovation is a central strategic marketing issue). [citation
needed]
 Drucker identifies marketing as a key essence for business success, but
management and marketing are generally understood [by whom?] as two different
branches of business administration knowledge.