CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS AND

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this session, you should be able to:

✓Discuss the role of circulatory system and

respiratory system
 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

FUNCTION
Play roles in maintenance of other body systems by:
▪ Transporting hormones and nutrients
▪ Taking away waste products
▪ Providing all living body cell with a fresh supply of oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
SYSTEM
Open circulatory system, closed circulatory system

COMPONENT
Heart, blood vessel, blood

PATHWAY OF BLOOD THROUGHOUT THE BODY

Pulmonary circuit, Systemic circuit

CARDIAC CYCLE
Heart beat
 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
❑ Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes
away carbon dioxide and other wastes.
 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
❑ Some Invertebrates such as cnidarian, planarians
and echinoderms do not have circulatory system.
 OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

MOLUSC
Blood + tissue fluid is pumped into
tissue spaces (hemocoel)
As in molusc, arthropods & insects

INSECTS ARTHROPODS

ARTHROPODS
 CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
ANNELIDS

VERTEBRATES

Blood is pumped into blood

vessels
As in annelids & vertebrates
Mammalian heart
 Path of blood in the body Blood enters the heart through the vena
cava. From there, it continues to the:
1. Right atrium
2. Right atrioventricular (AV) valve
3. Right ventricle

Pulmonary circuit
4. Pulmonary valve
5. Pulmunory artery
6. Lungs
7. Pulmunory veins
8. Left atrium
9. Left atrioventricular (AV) valve
10. Left ventricle

Systemic circuit
11. Aortic semilunar valve
12. Aorta
13. To all the cells in the body
14. Returns to the heart through the
vena cava
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cardiac cycle
Each heartbeat, called the
cardiac cycle, can be divided
into three phases

1. The atria contract (while

the ventricles relax)

2. The ventricles contract

(while the atria relax)

3. All chambers rest

The first "lub" is associated

with the closing of the AV
valves, and the "dub" is
associated with the closing
of the semilunar valves.
 Circulatory system has three types of blood vessels
1. Arteries (and arterioles) – carry
blood away from the heart to the
capillaries
2. Capillaries – permit exchanges of
nutrients and wastes between
blood and tissue fluid
3. Veins (and venules) – return blood
from the capillaries to the heart

O2-rich blood O2-poor blood

The blood flow is slowest at capillaries which is good for

exchange of materials
Blood is a liquid tissue

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Plasma Formed Elements

55%
Type Function Type Number (per mm3 blood)

Water Maintains blood volume; Red blood cells

(90–92% of transports molecules (erythrocytes)
plasma)
Transport O2 and help
transport CO2
Plasma proteins Maintain blood osmotic pressure and pH
(7–8% of plasma) 45% 4 million–6 million
Globulins Transport; fight infection
White blood cells Neutrophils Lymphocytes
Fibrinogen Blood clotting (leukocytes)
5,000–11,000
Salts Maintain blood osmotic pressure and pH; Fight infection
(less than 1% of aid metabolism
plasma) 40–70% 20–45%
Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
Gases Cellular respiration
(O2 and CO2)
Nutrients Food for cells
(lipids, glucose, 4–8% 1–4% 0–1%
and amino acids)
Platelets
Wastes End product of metabolism; (thrombocytes)
(urea and excretion by kidneys
uric acid) Aid clotting
Hormones Aid metabolism 150,000–300,000
 Respiratory system

FUNCTION
Play roles in maintenance of other body systems by:
▪Work in conjunction with the circulatory system to provide oxygen to cells within every
body system for cellular metabolism
▪Remove carbon dioxide
▪Helps maintain proper pH levels
▪Helps the lymphatic system by trapping pathogens and protecting deeper tissues within

PROCESS OF BREATHING
External respiration, Internal respiration

COMPONENT
Trachea, lung, bronchus, bronchioles, alveolus

OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT

In the lung, In the tissues
 Respiration
• Respiration
– Sequence of events
that results in gas
exchange between the
body’s cells and the
environment

• In terrestrial vertebrates
includes:

➢ Ventilation – (i.e.,
breathing) includes
inspiration (inhalation)
and expiration
(exhalation)

➢ External respiration refer to gas exchange between the air and the
blood within the lungs.
➢ Internal respiration refer to gas exchange between blood and tissue
fluid.
 An earthworm’s entire external
surface functions in external
GAS EXCHANGE
respiration

Insects have a tracheal system that

delivers oxygen directly to their cells

Vertebrates such as mammals

have lungs with a large total
Fish have gills to assist external
external respiration surface
respiration
 Component of human respiratory system

• Trachea connects the larynx

to the bronchi.

• Two bronchi lead to the right

and left lungs and branch into
bronchioles.

• Bronchioles end in alveoli,

which make up the lungs.

• When we inhale, air move

through nose to nasal cavity,
pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchus, bronchiole and
alveolus.
HUMAN RESPIRATORY TRACT
Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport In the lungs…

1. Oxygen (O2) enters

blood:

• Hemoglobin (Hb)
combines with O2
forming
oxyhemoglobin,(HbO2)
 Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport In the lungs…

2. Carbon dioxide (CO2)

exits blood:

• CO2 is carried as
bicarbonate ion
(HCO3).

• HCO3 combines with

hydrogen ion (H+) to
form carbonic acid,
(H2CO3), which break
down to water (H2O)
and CO2 (exit blood).
Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport In the tissue…

3. Oxygen (O2) exits blood:

• Oxyhemoglobin
(HbO2) gives up its O2
which enters tissues
cells
 Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport In the tissue…

4. Carbon dioxide (CO2)

enters blood:

• After CO2 diffuses

into the blood, it
enters red blood cells,
hemoglobin (Hb) +
CO2 forming
carbaminohemoglobin
(HbCO2)

• Most of the CO2,

however, is
transported in the
form of the
bicarbonate ion
(HCO3-)